Gravity waves expand our knowledge of the universe.

Scientists have developed a novel optical system to enhance LIGO’s sensitivity, pushing gravitational-wave detection to unprecedented depths. This breakthrough could unlock cosmic secrets and revolutionize astrophysics. Credit: SciTechDaily.com (ScitechDaily, This Gravitational-Wave Breakthrough Could Rewrite What We Know About the Universe)

Gravity waves are a new tool for astronomers. The new tool always brings new knowledge. The formation of gravity waves is one of the most exciting things in the world. The question is: does that thing form in things like black holes? Or does it form outside the black hole's event horizon? Supermassive black holes like Sagittarius A* give data about the strange world inside the event horizon. 

Black holes oscillate all the time. The material disk around them flashes all the time because the mass of material that Sgr A* and other supermassive black holes pull inside them is not stable. When those monsters pull more material inside them that causes a flash in the material- or acceleration disk. Those flashes are the X- and gamma-ray bursts that those things send all around the galaxy. And an interesting thing is, how those flashes interact with gravity waves that the black hole sends. 

There is a model there the black hole in the middle of the galaxy connects two material beams together. The black hole pulls material inside it from the galaxy around it. But also. From up and bottom of the galaxy. That means a little bit of material travels straight into the black hole from Galaxy's halo. And that material interacts with the black hole's relativistic jet. The relativistic jets are the highest energy beams in the universe. 

The light cone is the thing that can introduce how energy focuses on the black hole in the middle of the galaxy. It acts like a phonon in the surface wave experiments. The galaxy around the black hole is its transition disk. And that galaxy is like the metasurface of the present.  The gravity waves form similarly in a black hole or near its event horizon. 

The light cone. 

One thing is that when those two cones impact the disk around the black hole just in front of its event horizon that is the thing, that can explain gravity waves as the surface waves just like the surface waves that the phonons make when they aim their acoustic waves into one point. 

The time arrow (Arrow of time) and the black holes are interesting combinations. The transition disk or acceleration disk is the thing. Where the time dilation is extremely strong. A time arrow is a particle that transmits energy to particles around it. So we can think that the black hole is the time arrow that transfers energy to fields and particles around it. And that forms the time dilation into the particles around it. 

That means it transfers energy to the black hole. The time paradox is that if the time arrow can be a particle the energy level is very high. When the time arrow travels slower than the speed of light it dilates time in fields and particles around it. But the particle must cross the speed of light. So that it can send so much energy that other particles travel back in time. 

The idea is similar to a stone that falls to the ground. If that stone drops fast enough it releases energy around it. And that can make things like other objects jump up. 

When we think that the relativistic jet is at very high energy level. The first time travels very fast in that thing. But when the energy level of its particles turns closer to its environment the energy travels out from them slower. And that means the opposite time dilation turns slower. And time travels again slower than in the moment when it left from the plasma ball. 

But then we must realize that crossing the speed of light is impossible. Black holes can break that rule only because the escaping velocity around them is higher than the speed of light. Or because black holes pull fields inside them that thing doesn't break the laws of physics. In a black hole, all particles move at the same speed. 

Then we can return to think about the time arrow and its effect on the black hole and the material around it. The time arrows can push the material back in time also in other ways. The time arrows must fly past the object very often. And if those objects cannot move the energy that the time arrow pumps to them sooner or later those time arrows push other particles to the past. The thing in the event horizon is that it is like a well or tunnel where the plasma whirl rotates. 

"Highly focused ultrasound created plastronic waves traveling at 45 times the speed capillary waves usually travel. Credit: Maxime Fauconnier" (ScitechDaily, 45x Faster: Scientists Just Shattered Wave Speed Records). e can think that the light- or radiation cone replaces the ultrasonic cone. Those things also interact with surfaces.  

That means energy cannot travel out from the black hole. The plasma whirl is like a series of time arrows and they push the black hole or the singularity to the future. The requirement is that the plasma whirl cannot let energy travel out from the black hole. The black hole is in the superposition with its plasma ring. 

We see that plasma ring as the event horizon. The inner structure is the tight strings. That forms a structure that doesn't allow energy to travel out from it. So black hole itself is the gate in time. But without that plasma, the black hole will vaporize. The black hole brings energy from the past to the future. The past is higher energy than the future. 

And that means information normally travels from the past to the present and future. Because of energy levels in the environment, black holes turn smaller. And they release energy that is stored behind their event horizon. That means the black hole is the tunnel from the past to the future. 

So can the dark energy be the energy that black holes bring straight from the past to the hypersurface of the present? 

In the same way, the black hole's relativistic jet causes time to travel slower in the galaxy than outside it. Time dilation is very strong in the acceleration disk. But time travels at different speeds in high- and low-energy areas. Time dilation means that the time travels slower in particles. And finally, if the energy level rises high enough time starts to travel backwards. 

When a particle releases its energy that means the particle travels black in time. The extremely high energy level in relativistic jets causes situations where time travels faster in that jet than in the galaxy. When that high-energy jet releases its energy it slows time around it. 

https://scitechdaily.com/45x-faster-scientists-just-shattered-wave-speed-records/

https://scitechdaily.com/this-gravitational-wave-breakthrough-could-rewrite-what-we-know-about-the-universe/

https://scitechdaily.com/surface-wave-driven-metasurfaces-open-a-new-era-for-terahertz-optics/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

A new quantum phenomenon in ordinary light.

"Quantum dynamics emerge from classical light! Researchers unveil hidden coherence, unlocking breakthroughs for scalable quantum tech and advanced imaging systems. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Found a Quantum Surprise in Ordinary Light)

"Through advanced techniques, they isolated subsystems exhibiting quantum interference, paving the way for scalable quantum technologies and new insights into many-body systems."(ScitechDaily, Scientists Found a Quantum Surprise in Ordinary Light)

The quantum phenomenon in the photonic whirl can also make things like protective fields possible. Those entangled photons will not let material or energy travel through them. 

The new quantum phenomenon challenges ordinary physics. That thing can tell something about black holes and other complicated systems. There is a possibility that photons can entangle in the photonic whirls.  It's possible photons can close some space inside those photon whirs.  And that can cause a situation in which information or some part of information cannot come through that photonic whirl.

"Using advanced techniques such as photon-number-resolving detection and orbital angular momentum (OAM) measurements, the team transformed a classical pseudothermal light field into isolated multiphoton subsystems. Within these subsystems, they observed two contrasting behaviors:" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Found a Quantum Surprise in Ordinary Light)

 

"This diagram illustrates the process of multiparticle scattering mediated by twisted paths endowed with orbital angular momentum (OAM). The number of photons in each twisted path is measured and correlated using photon-number-resolving (PNR) detectors. Credit: Mingyuan Hong" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Found a Quantum Surprise in Ordinary Light)

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1) Classical Coherence: The majority of subsystems behaved predictably, consistent with the principles of classical optics.

2) Quantum Coherence: A smaller subset exhibited interference patterns reminiscent of quantum phenomena observed in entangled photon systems.

(ScitechDaily, Scientists Found a Quantum Surprise in Ordinary Light)

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The quantum phenomenon in the photonic groups makes it possible to share information between multiple systems. That makes those quantum systems scalable. 

Making the new quantum solutions possible. If the photon looks like the donut. That we can see in image 3. That thing means that the entropy is also in the photon. The entropy is the thing that destroys all systems. When the size of the system in comparison to its material grows that thing leaves space in the system. And that increases entropy. 

The scalable quantum technology makes it possible to form quantum computer networks and quantum sensors. 

It improves quantum technology. It's possible that many (or all) other physical systems hide the quantum phenomenon. Classical physics handles the entireties. In quantum versions of the physical models, the quantum phenomenon can involve sub-phenomena. 

Quantum physics handles parts of entireties.  Things like quantum whirls can exist on the surface of quarks. Those quantum phenomena and sub-quantum phenomenons can explain entropy in all systems. The quantum whirl can form entropy even in the smallest systems. And those whirls cause the rise of entropy. 

Image 3. Can a photon look like this donut? Or can some superstring tie around it? Like in image 4. (Images by Gemini) 

Image 4.

One of the things that can cause problems in the event handling in quantum systems is time dilation. There is no time in photons. That means photon moves all the time. 

When we look at the image of the photon we see the donut-shaped structure. The interesting thing is the photon doesn't turn older in the frame. That can mean that the photon is moving all the time. The photon can move like a wheel around its axle. 

Or it can roll itself crossing the structure. 

Maybe the photon has some kind of substructure. If that movement crosses the shape of photons is like a wheel that forms crossing wheels. Maybe the photon looks like the thing that we see in image 3. That means that every sub-particle can rotate independently. 

And it can drive wave movement through it. So if the string of wave movement travels through that structure it can glue two photons together. When we look at things like quantum entanglements and energy bridges that transport data in that thing. 

There should be entropy in the structure that transports data in the superposition and entanglement. In all structures is the entropy that destroys the quantum system. 

That means quantum whirls can destroy the smallest possible systems. Those whirls can form in the superstrings and they are the beginning of entropy that rises all the time. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-found-a-quantum-surprise-in-ordinary-light/

Superposition and time.

The quantum teleportation between two particles. Under the common quantum field. That quantum field forms the channel between those particles. And that channel minimizes disturbance between those particles. 

Quantum entanglement and superposition are key elements for quantum teleportation. The Pauli exclusion principle says that there cannot be two identical fermions in the same quantum system. If there are two identical particles even in the same universe, that means sooner or later those particles make quantum superposition and entanglement. 

But anyway, those particles can be almost identical. The quantum superposition and entanglement require that another particle has a lower energy level. But there is the possibility. Those particles that oscillate in the same frequency make the quantum bridge between them. 

Then there is the information that travels from the higher energy participant of the quantum entanglement to the lower energy participant. When those particle's energy levels reach the same level. Those particles will jump away from each other. Theoretically, there is no limit for the range of the quantum entanglement. 

But before the quantum teleportation can begin those two particles must be inside the common quantum field. The quantum field is like a bubble around those particles. And if those particles are in the separated quantum fields that border destroys the quantum entanglement. 

When the system makes the quantum entanglement by making the quantum shadow, or lower energy area between those transmitting, and receiving particles it stretches the quantum field around the transmitting particle. That quantum field is like a soap bubble that should close the receiving particle inside it. In a long-range quantum teleportation, the system should put a row of the particles inside the same quantum field that unites them. That minimizes the artifact effect. 

"Entanglement and superposition may seem bizarre, but they ultimately give rise to stable realities like ours".(Interesting Engineering, Classical world naturally emerges from parallel quantum universes: Study) 

"A pencil-shaped ultracold gas of frozen two-level atoms interacting via photon-mediated interactions, with elastic and inelastic components. A continuous laser drive excites the atoms on-resonance. Atoms also spontaneously emit photons into free-space. Credit: Steven Burrows/Rey Group and JILA" (ScitechDaily, Breaking Quantum Boundaries: Atoms Defy Synchronization in Free Space)

"Researchers used simulations to support quantum findings. (Representational image) "Entanglement and superposition may seem bizarre, but they ultimately give rise to stable realities like ours".(Interesting Engineering, Classical world naturally emerges from parallel quantum universes: Study) 

Above: Cosmic microwave background. 

When particles are under one quantum field. That makes the condition where the photon can travel faster than the photon travels outside that quantum field or tunnel. 

Researchers can create quantum entanglement and superposition between simple systems like two photons. Theoretically is possible to transport more complex systems like atoms. But the problem is that. When an electromagnetic tunnel forms between two atoms. It pulls atoms in there. 

The thing that denies the atom broke is energy that comes from the back. That energy pushes the atom into the electromagnetic tunnel. So we can theoretically transport even complex atoms through that energy tunnel called a wormhole. The wormhole presses energy against those particles and denies their destruction. For making successful quantum teleportation there must not be any type of disturbance in that wormhole. 

But there is the possibility that in the strange quantum world, information can form spontaneously another, mirror information. In that information whirl time travels backward. But if that mirror information is somewhere, what would be the name of that structure? 

That somewhere might be the opposite universe. The opposite- or mirror universe means the spacetime where the time travels backward. The idea is that when the particle makes the quantum superposition entanglement can form between the two ultimately complex quantum systems by one particle after another. So, in this model, the other universe forms particle by particle. 

Some researchers think that the mirror universe where time travels backwards would be the reason for time. When time travels forward in transmitting participant superpositioned and entangled universes that means the time goes backward in the receiving participant of those universes. 

The thing is this: if that antiuniverse exists the universe where we live is the transmitting participant. And the other universe is the receiving participant.  The reason why we cannot see another universe is that information can travel in one direction in the quantum entanglement. 

When we think about the simple systems that are easy to put in superposition and make entanglement between them. We can say that simple systems like energy fields can be a very large thing. It's possible to make quantum teleportation between two points by surrounding an object with an energy bubble. 

Then there is another energy bubble that oscillates with the same frequency but whose energy level is lower. There should be a bridge between those bubbles. And then the lower energy bubble pulls the object through that energy bridge. That principle can make the quantum teleportation possible also for complex structures. 

https://interestingengineering.com/science/classical-world-from-parallel-quantum-universes

https://www.sciencealert.com/quantum-teleportation-achieved-over-internet-for-first-time 

The veilless black hole.

"Quantum research supports Penrose’s theory that black holes obscure singularities, with the quantum Penrose inequality linking black hole entropy to space-time structure." (ScitechDaily, Guardians of the Universe: How Quantum Black Holes Hide the End of Space and Time)

The event horizon is like a membrane or veil between the singularity and the universe. Or it's a veil between a world where time travels opposite to the world where we live. 

The cosmic censorship means. That there cannot be naked singularities in the universe. All black holes have a membrane between them and the outside world. That membrane forms into the distance from the singularity where escaping velocity reaches the speed of light. And we call it the event horizon.  In that theory, there can be miniature, quantum-size black holes even in every single elementary particle. 

In Einstein's models, the mass of a black hole can be unlimited. But there is no minimum mass for a black hole either. That means energy can press quarks or gluons into the black hole. Inside the event horizon time should go backwards. 

And if time is like a whirl we can make a model where the time that travels forward the whirl is also rotating certain direction. If time moves backward. That whirl rotates opposite direction. So if we think that the event horizon is the point where time stops, we can ask: could there be a point where there is no time at all? 

In the most interesting models can those opposite rotating time whirls cause "time friction"? Could the time be some kind of radiation? 

Or we can think that those whirls are the time arrows that move in opposite directions. If the time arrow travels near some object it pushes energy into it. And that pushes them back in time. But what if the object is between two-time arrows that travel in different directions? 

The friction in time is an interesting thing. If those time whirls or time arrows travel in opposite directions forming a ball-shaped surface or event horizon between them there should be whirls on that structure. Those whirls are the entropy in the black hole. 

So, if the black hole is the onion-shaped structure the entropy is the 2D whirls between those layers. Those structures form when quantum fields and material fall into the black hole following the spiral trajectory. Those whirls can make small holes in the event horizon. 

And maybe hypothetical Hawking radiation could be radiation that the centripetal force pushes through those holes. Or maybe Hawking radiation turns gravitational waves. Just when it escapes from the black hole. The spin of a black hole is enormous. That means there can be also a centripetal effect that is very powerful. Also, small asymmetries in falling energy and materials can form situations in which some radiation or particles can escape from the black hole. 

If a particle escapes from a black hole its speed should cross the speed of light. That causes a violation of the cosmic speed limit. But if those particles slow their speed very fast, that can cause a situation where we cannot see the slowing.

When a particle comes through the event horizon its speed could decrease immediately. When that happens there forms a powerful quantum shockwave ahead of the particle. That shockwave can form a false vacuum. That stretches particles like rubber bands. 

That releases ultimate energy levels. And that can explain the temperature and energy level in the acceleration disk. So maybe we cannot see those particles but we should see the shockwaves that they send when they impact with the Higgs field. 

And that means there is entropy also inside the black hole. That entropy causes quakes in the black hole. And we see those quakes as the gravitational wave bursts. 

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The next part is a loan from: 

https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/*/Cosmic+Censorship+Conjecture

"Cosmic Censorship Conjecture"

"Given high enough densities, Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicts that matter can suffer a cataclysmic collapse to a point-like region where both the density of matter and the curvature of spacetime diverge (tend towards infinite values). This is referred to as a singularity, and also describes the formation of a black hole."

"In the case of a black hole, the singularity is hidden from view by an event horizon, but there is nothing in general relativity that says that this has to be the case. In other words, general relativity does not preclude the existence of naked singularities. This is very disturbing on both theoretical and observational grounds, as physical conditions become increasingly extreme, and ultimately the laws of physics break down entirely, as one approaches a singularity."

"To avoid this situation, in the late 1960s Roger Penrose proposed that there be some physical principle, as yet not understood, that excludes naked singularities as solutions to the equations of general relativity. In other words, every singularity must possess an event horizon that hides the singularity from view. This is known as the ‘cosmic censorship conjecture’."

https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/*/Cosmic+Censorship+Conjecture

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When we think that a time arrow that travels forward pushes objects backward in time. We can say that sometimes an arrow travels in the opposite direction that thing moves objects around it forward in time.  That is the Eddington model of the time arrow. And it's one model of the gravity and spacetime models. 

Albert Einstein and Roger Penrose made those models. The Penrose model. Where naked singularity is impossible. At least in our universe. 

Those ideas about the impossibility of naked singularity. Based on the idea. That quantum fields. And acceleration zones will cover the singularity. That means we cannot see the event horizon either. Because those acceleration zones are so bright. 

If we want to make the naked singularity we must remove all material and quantum fields from around the black hole. 

The naked singularity can exist outside the universe. Where there is not so much material and quantum fields. As in our universe. 

That means. The energy and material might not be able to cover the singularity. The naked singularity denies us to see the future. And that could be a fundamental step in the research of Einstein's Theory of General relativity. 

The Theory of General Relativity is not completed. Gravity waves may behave another way on the edge of the universe. In that place is possible that gravitational waves stretch at the edge of the universe and that turns gravity into another wave movement. This means without resistance gravity exists as gravity ends. 

This thing causes interesting visions. If there is some kind of system. That forms a real vacuum. Or conditions that exist outside the universe. And that thing can make antigravity possible. That is one of the reasons why those black holes are so interesting. 

https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/*/Cosmic+Censorship+Conjecture

https://scitechdaily.com/guardians-of-the-universe-how-quantum-black-holes-hide-the-end-of-space-and-time/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

Can the photon itself be the origin of dark energy?

"AI-generated representation of an accreting supermassive black hole, surrounded by gas spiraling toward it along the equatorial plane (the accretion disk) and emitting powerful winds of matter as it falls in. This representation is based on a NASA’s artist’s concept that illustrates a supermassive black hole with millions to billions of times the mass of our sun. Credit: Emanuela Tortosa, edited" (ScitechDaily, Supermassive Black Holes Defy Physics to Become Cosmic Titans)

Dark matter and dark energy mysteries are heavily entangled with each other. Maybe supernovas, black holes, and new images of photons can solve another of those two mysteries. It's possible. That the photons are the source of dark energy. The ring-shaped structure means that energy that hits the ring travels into the middle of it. And maybe that thing is the source of the mysterious wave movement that rips the universe into pieces. 

If we think that black holes can turn all photons around it into one direction that causes a situation where the photons send the small energy string away from the black hole. And the other energy pike travels to the black hole. We know that photons can store energy that expands their size. That means the black hole's energy may expand the photon so much, that it can close the black hole in it. 

That means the photon can form a ring around the black hole. The model is that the photon is like a skyrmion. And that means it can turn so large. That it can form a ring around supermassive objects. If a photon can form that ring it can pump lots of energy into the black hole. But that is not sure. 

"A new theory, that explains how light and matter interact at the quantum level has enabled researchers to define for the first time the precise shape of a single photon. Credit: Dr. Benjamin Yuen" (ScitechDaily, Quantum Leap: Scientists Reveal the Shape of a Single Photon for the First Time)

Black holes. And especially supermassive black holes defy physics. The thing is that the black hole pulls wave movement and particles into it. Even if we see the black hole as the stoned object those monsters oscillate all the time. 

That thing means that they could make the same thing to gravity fields as time crystals make to electromagnetic wave movement. The black hole pulls energy fields into it. And some of those energy fields start other orbit the event horizon. When strings that form in the photons hit those fields they cause oscillation that we see as gravitational waves. 

The problem with dark energy and the dark gravity effect is that. There is something that causes gravity waves and quantum fields to move. The movement of those things is the thing that we see as gravity and dark energy waves. The problem with dark energy is that nobody knows its origin. 

"Detecting axions via gamma rays from a supernova could unlock the secrets of dark matter, with UC Berkeley researchers pushing for advanced telescopes to ensure we don’t miss this fleeting opportunity. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, A Nearby Supernova Could Finally Solve the Dark Matter Puzzle)

In some models, dark energy is the thing that forms when a gravity wave collapses. The idea is that the gravity wave is the energy ditch or lower energy area that travels in the Higgs field. If a gravity wave faces some other energy wave that energy wave can fall into the energy ditch or gravity wave. And that thing makes the energy impulse through space and time. 

But then we can think of things like supernovas as the things that can confirm the weakly interacting massive particles, WIMP's existence. The major question is always can the WIMP exists, and the other thing is that. Can regular, or visible material turn into the WIMP? 

The model is that when the energy travels out from the material elementary particles can turn flat. And it's possible that those flat particles can rotate around its axle. That turns the WIMP look like a twisted rag. When energy fields hit those particles they form the energy vacuum or energy shadow around that particle. The quantum fields start to travel into that bubble when the distance of the object is far enough. The WIMP is a theoretical object. 

Things like supernova explosions that happen near Earth can uncover the mystery. But it's possible that we must wait for Betelgeuse to explode as a supernova before we can make those observations. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-nearby-supernova-could-finally-solve-the-dark-matter-puzzle/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://scitechdaily.com/supermassive-black-holes-defy-physics-to-become-cosmic-titans/

The holographic dark energy model. And the expansion of the universe.

"For the first ~3 billion years of cosmic history, the star-formation rate rose and rose until reaching a peak, but has fallen off significantly in the ~10-11 billion years since. Although an enormous number of photons have been cumulatively produced by stars, an even greater number were produced in the Big Bang" (Big Think, What created more light: the Big Bang or stars?)

The photons that the Big Bang sent have already left the universe. 

The thing is that the photons that we see cannot match the Big Bang light. The photon is the only thing that can reach the speed of light. That means those photons that the Big Bang sends are traveling ahead of the material. The second thing is that the Big Bang is not one single case. It was a series of events that formed material into the form that we know it. The thing that we can see is the last stage of the event, that formed the universe. 

The universe's expansion causes the form of energy levels in the environment to change. Those photons in the Big Bang were released in an absolute vacuum, which is impossible in our universe. Another thing is that at least most of those photons travel outside the universe ahead of the material. So it's possible. That we cannot even get observations about those photons. That means (almost) all photons that we see formed after the Big Bang. 

Materia cannot ever reach those photons that the Big Bang released. 

When we sometimes think about material like the possibility that the top quark and two bottom quarks form a hadronic structure and muons replace electrons that material is not possible in the modern universe. But in the young universe energy level was higher. And energy levels between particles and the environment were lower. 

In that young universe, it's possible that also other fermions than electrons and up and down quarks form material. But in the modern universe, the difference between energy levels of other fermionic particles and the environment is so high, that energy travels out from muon and those higher energy quarks is very fast. And that energy impulse destroys this material. Same way, muons and top and bottom quarks will decay very fast. 

The holographic dark energy model is one of the most interesting models of dark energy sources. Some researchers say we should not compare the holographic dark energy field with water. And those persons are right the holographic dark energy field is rather a vapor. But how do you model vapor that pulls objects with it?

When particle or wave movement travels in that holographic field it forms a channel. Then that field which could be the Higgs field flows back into that channel. That affects pack-tight or denser fields at that point. 

That quantum field closes all material (particles) and energy in the universe in it. The thing in this model is that the quantum field called the Higgs field is homogenously spread around the universe. When the universe expands the quantum fields turn weaker. And that means material always sends wave movement. 

The source of dark energy is in real or virtual particles. Things like standing waves are so-called virtual particles. In some models oscillation that quarks send into the middle of hadrons forms standing waves, the virtual particles that send energy waves around them. 

"The discovery of the Universe’s accelerated expansion led to the problematic dark energy concept. IKBFU scientists proposed a stable holographic model based on quantum principles, viewing the Universe as a holographic entity." (ScitechDaily, Holographic Dark Energy: A New Model for Understanding the Universe’s Expansion)

Because energy levels around particles decrease that increases the speed of energy flow away from particles. Sometimes those energy waves from standing waves. Those standing waves are like virtual particles until their energy level rises to so high level that the standing wave starts to send energy or wave movement around it. 

In standing waves, the symmetrically impacting wave movement fronts pack energy into one point. And when the energy level in that standing wave rises to high enough energy starts to flow away from it. 

Dark energy waves in the Higgs field are things that push particles away from each other.  The term dark energy means wave movement, which source is The most common theorem is that the source of this wave movement is in some tiny part of atoms. 

Those energy waves push atoms and also subatomic particles away from each other. When particles, or more accurately said, elementary particles send wave movement or energy waves they lose their mass. That means that those particles turn lighter. Also, the material turns lighter. This makes the gravity effect weaker. 

In some other models, the colder point in the Higgs field forms a situation in which the field starts to move. And in the case of dark energy, the thing is in the movement of the Higgs field which is the base energy level or energy bottom or energy minimum in the universe. 

"Timeline of the expansion of the universe, where space, including hypothetical non-observable portions of the universe, is represented at each time by the circular sections. On the left, the dramatic expansion occurs in the inflationary epoch; and at the center, the expansion accelerates (artist's concept; neither time nor size are to scale)." (Wikipedia, Big Bang)

The density of energy and material compared to space decreases when the universe expands. Or the material is one form of energy. It's packed wave movement that antimatter impacts are proving. When antimatter- and material particles impact, that turns both things into wave movement.

When somebody asks which one was brighter the Big Bang or all stars in the universe, we must say that all light and material released in that thing. Or all materials and wave movement that can interact with 3D material released in the Big Bang event. So in the young universe, the light and energy were in the same area. Then some part of the energy turned into particles. 

That means all energy and material that the Big Bang released are in the larger area. That means energy density in the modern universe is lower or otherways saying, the universe is colder. Because all energy that it involves must be in the larger space. 

In many models, the universe is like a bubble in the middle of nowhere or a great vacuum. The energy level in the universe is always higher than outside it. So energy travels out from the universe symmetrically out from its borders. 

And that energy flow forms wave movement that pulls the most out particles in the universe away from the point, where the Big Bang happened. So we should not compare the universe with a balloon where we blow air. We should compare it with a balloon that is in the vacuum chamber. 

The balloon expands until it explodes. In cosmological models, air is the energy and material and the vacuum is space around the universe. All energy and material that we know involves the universe. There is no other energy and material source than the Big Bang. So when the balloon expands and there is no outside gas coming that means the pressure in the balloon decreases. 

Because all energy and wave movement that we know is in the universe the distance between particles and superstrings grows. That means the material and energy density in the universe decreases because space is compared with material and expansion of the universe means that there is the same energy and material that the Big Bang released but in a larger area. And that means there is less material and energy when we compare those things with the situation at the beginning of the universe. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/more-light-big-bang-stars/

https://scitechdaily.com/holographic-dark-energy-a-new-model-for-understanding-the-universes-expansion/

https://www.space.com/25126-big-bang-theory.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

Superphotons or photonic Bose-Einstein condensate can create an ultra-secured data network.

"Thousands of light particles can merge into a type of “super photon” under certain conditions. Researchers at the University of Bonn have now been able to use “tiny nano molds” to influence the design of this so-called Bose-Einstein condensate. This enables them to shape the speck of light into a simple lattice structure consisting of four points of light arranged in quadratic form. Such structures could potentially be used in the future to make the exchange of information between multiple participants tap-proof. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Super Photons Unveiled: Sculpting Light Into Unbreakable Communication Networks)

"When numerous light particles are cooled to a very low temperature and simultaneously confined in a compact space, they suddenly become indistinguishable from one another and behave like a single super photon. Physicists call this a Bose-Einstein condensate and it normally resembles a blurry speck of light. “However, we have now managed to imprint a simple lattice structure on the condensate,” says Andreas Redmann from the Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) at the University of Bonn." (ScitechDaily, Super Photons Unveiled: Sculpting Light Into Unbreakable Communication Networks)

"The researchers at the IAP create super photons by filling a tiny container with a dye solution. The side walls of the container are reflective. If the dye molecules are excited with a laser, they produce photons that bounce back and forth between the reflective surfaces. These light particles start off relatively warm. However, they repeatedly collide with the dye molecules as they move between the reflective surfaces and cool down until they finally condense to form a super photon." (ScitechDaily, Super Photons Unveiled: Sculpting Light Into Unbreakable Communication Networks)

In extremely low temperatures conditions are very stable. And in that stable cold photons can make similar structures as atoms. When the energy level of photons is very low, that denies the oscillation or oscillation transfer to another photon. When photons are in the lowest possible energy levels their quantum fields expand like in Bose-Einstein condensate. That thing leaves space for a photon to move inside its quantum field. The low energy quantum field cannot transmit oscillation like in normal energy levels. And that makes photons to look like stable. 

"Shown on the left in an exaggerated form; the reflective surface is facing upwards), the researchers were able to imprint a structure onto the photon condensate (right). Credit: IAP / University of Bonn" (ScitechDaily, Super Photons Unveiled: Sculpting Light Into Unbreakable Communication Networks)

The second image introduces a very low temperature from the energy cup, that closes photons inside it. Because the energy level is lower than in the environment. Energy travels to those photons. That denies the outside sensors to see them.  And that makes it impossible to break that data transportation from outside. 

The low-energy area does not let photons go away from it. And that makes the superphoton possible. There are information transportation and sensor roles to that very strange material. In sensors, electromagnetic wave movement oscillates those photons. And that can help to detect extremely low energy signals. 

The photon crystals or super photons are the photonic version of Bose-Einstein condensate. The ability to create this kind of structure by manipulating light makes it possible to create an unbreakable quantum network. The photonic version of Bose-Einstein condensate is possible in the case, that photons energy levels are very low. That energy field or "shine" around photons is large but the most out layers are in a very low energy level. That causes a situation in which a photon's oscillation doesn't have so hard effect on another photon because that happens through the minimum energy quantum fields. 

In photon-, or photonic crystals all photons are in the same quantum field. When those weak quantum fields connect to each other, they turn stronger. Closing those photons inside one quantum field, and because the energy level in photons is lower than in the energy field around them, those photons are locked as one entirety. So that means photons can form crystal-like structures, that transport information with very high safety. 

https://scitechdaily.com/super-photons-unveiled-sculpting-light-into-unbreakable-communication-networks/