How can the universe expand faster than light? And a quantum gravitational problem.

   

“The observable universe extends far beyond its age in light-years because space itself has expanded during the journey of distant light. Yet even within that vast region, some galaxies are destined to fade from sight forever. Credit: Shutterstock.” (ScitechDaily, The Universe Can Expand Faster Than Light Without Breaking Physics)

Can the universe expand faster than light? The answer is yes. If. The limit of the universe is the distance between two photons. That left from the Big Bang. That means those photons that travel at the speed of light. Are moving away from each other. With. A speed that is virtually two times faster than the speed of light. The total escaping velocity of those photons is two times the speed of light. 

Same way. If the mutual escape velocity between two galaxies. It can be virtually faster than the speed of light. When. Two objects are growing apart. That causes the Doppler effect. While. Those objects’ distance grows. The wavelength of waves that travel between them turns longer. This means light that travels between distancing galaxies turns red. Or the spectral lines of those galaxies shift to red. 

This is why the Doppler effect is known as redshift. When. Objects are on an impact course. This causes the effect. The wavelength turns shorter. The particle pushes the wave movement ahead of it. That means light or spectral lines shift to the blue. That causes the name blueshift for objects that travel toward each other. 

When the mutual escape velocity. That is Between. Two objects. It turns fast enough. The redshift between those objects turns so strong. 

That. The wavelength grows so long. That the observations between those two objects. They turn impossible. The wavelength of the light turns so long. That those waves. They will stretch out from the optical area. If. The mutual escaping velocity is high enough. All radiation that reaches another object is radio waves. Finally, redshift stretches all radiation out from the known electromagnetic spectrum. 

Black holes are also stretching light and all other radiation. This causes a situation. The black hole’s redshift is very strong. Because. Gravitation stretches radiation. Black holes. They seem. To be. At a longer distance. Than it actually is. 

So, could Hawking radiation have such a long wavelength? That. Its wavelength is longer. Than. Any known radio wave has. So, that means Hawking radiation. It could be outside the known electromagnetic spectrum. 

"An animation illustrating how the Doppler effect causes a car engine or siren to sound higher in pitch when it is approaching than when it is receding. The red circles represent sound waves." (Wikipedia, Doppler effect)

Electromagnetic spectrum. 

Could the Hawking radiation have such a long wavelength? That it’s outside the visible electromagnetic spectrum? So, are researchers searching for that radiation on the wrong side of the electromagnetic spectrum? 

Redshift is one of the reasons. Why. We cannot see the black hole. A black hole’s gravity stretches light. And all wave movement. This means that if the photon or some wave movement can escape from the black hole’s event horizon. That means that this wave movement. Its wavelength is extremely long. So, this model. It causes an idea. That maybe Hawking radiation. It has an extremely long wavelength.  Could that wavelength be so long? That it's longer than known radio waves? 

“Physicists have long assumed that uniting quantum mechanics with gravity would require spacetime itself to behave quantum mechanically. A new theoretical framework suggests that some apparent signs of “quantum gravity” may instead be explained by quantum particles moving through ordinary spacetime, raising new questions about what future experiments must actually detect. Credit: Shutterstock. (ScitechDaily, Quantum Gravity May Be Far Less Quantum Than Physicists Expected)

“A quantum superposition of gravitational fields or spacetimes (top) and a “test” particle in a quantum superposition of locations in an ordinary gravitational field (bottom). The gravitational field could be that produced by a star, black hole, or even another quantum “source” particle. Credit: Joshua Foo/Kyushu University. “ (ScitechDaily, Quantum Gravity May Be Far Less Quantum Than Physicists Expected)

Can we put gravitational fields into superpositions? 

Even if the particle is in a superposition, the superposition between gravitational fields is not necessary. The ability to put particles into superposition. And if that thing puts gravitational fields around those particles into superposition. That means that. Gravitational field. around those particles. Will reach half of its power. 

So by using multiple superpositioned particles. It’s possible that those particles. could suck gravitational fields away from around those objects. The idea is the same as photonic decay. The photon can decay. It can form another photon. But in that multiplying process. Those two photons have, let’s say, 50% of the mass of the original photon. 

Or. Those two photons' Total mass. It is the same as the original photon. If. Gravitational fields follow the same rule. This. Is one of the most interesting Things in the history of physics. If. The gravitational field around particles behaves like a photon. That makes negative gravitation possible. But the system. It should make multiple superpositions in gravitational fields. Or. In some other models, superposition. It can suck another particle’s gravitational field from around it. This is one version of how gravitational fields interact at the quantum level. 

So, a gravitational field. It’s the sum of the quantum gravitational centers. That forms another interesting model. The black hole’s singularity has no internal structure. That means. That it. Forms the strong quantum gravitational effect. 

The black hole’s gravitational center. The singularity seems like a quark from outside. The gravitational effect is similar to quarks. But its strength is stronger. This gravitational field stretches other quantum fields, such as the electromagnetic field. And the fields of weak and strong nuclear forces. 

The gravitational field is like a lasso. It pulls particles with it. So. If we could see the pothole of the gravitational field. That pothole travels to the stronger gravitational field. Or, a deeper gravitational pothole. That deeper gravitational pothole breaks the edge of the smaller pothole. And then that opposite slope of the gravitational field pushes the object to the stronger gravitational field. 

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-can-expand-faster-than-light-without-breaking-physics/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-gravity-may-be-far-less-quantum-than-physicists-expected/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift

It’s possible that a wormhole opened in the universe for ten milliseconds.

"The most massive binary black hole merger. This graphic shows a still from a numerical relativity simulation consistent with GW190521. The ripples illustrate the spacetime curvature and gravitational waves produced by the pair of merging black holes. The bottom shows the gravitational wave signal as a function of time. The left shows representations of the black hole event horizons for GW190521 and other massive black hole binaries detected by LIGO/Virgo. (Credit: D. Ferguson, K. Jani, D. Shoemaker, P. Laguna, Georgia Tech, MAYA Collaboration). (Phys.org, Study shows that the GW190521 event could be explained by primordial black holes)

Do you know what gravitational wave  GW190521 is? Researchers think. This gravitational wave formed. In a primordial black hole merger. That means those primordial black holes can bring information from the time before the universe existed or formed. Maybe it’s evidence of the wormholes, energy bridges across the universe. In models, the wormhole. The Einstein-Rosen bridge forms between two black holes that oscillate at the same frequency. That means the wormhole is the superposition and entangled black holes, or the superposition’s “Einstein’s spooky action at a distance” between black holes. And that means the wormhole is the black hole. Or the extreme version of quantum entanglement. 

If the gravitational wave GW190521 was formed when a wormhole opened in the universe, the gravitational wave GW190521 uncovers the most interesting phenomena in the universe. That thing proves that Einstein was right, and the Einstein-Rosen bridge is true. 

There is also other, so-called non-straight evidence of the wormhole. When black holes merge, they produce a larger event horizon than both of them had. There is a possibility that when black holes collide, they pull the wormhole open. And that wormhole, if it exists, pushes energy into black holes. In that model, all black holes are connected to the wormhole. When black holes merge, those wormholes are separated from the singularity and bring more energy into the event horizon. That bulges like a balloon. In some models, the singularity is actually like a ring. When black holes spin, the extremely strong force pulls the hole into that extremely dense structure. 

“The cosmic web is part of the universe's large-scale structure. It is composed of dark matter, gas, and galaxies. A frame from the Illustris Simulation shows a massive galaxy cluster at the center. Red, orange, and white colors show hot gas, while the blue and purple filaments depict a cosmic framework of dark matter. Credit: Illustris Collaboration” (Astronomy, What is the cosmic web made of?)

"A wormhole visualized as a two-dimensional surface. Route (a) is the shortest path through normal space between points 1 and 2; route (b) is a shorter path through a wormhole." (Wikipedia, Wormhole)

The wormhole also explains dark energy. When a particle travels in the wormhole, it cannot turn older. Otherwise, we can say that the particle cannot release its energy. When a particle comes out of the wormhole, it suddenly releases the energy that is stored in it. Because the future is lower energy than the past, the particle is at a higher energy level than it should be. In the same way, the radiation that travels in the wormhole has a higher energy than the radiation outside the wormhole. 

There is a possibility that  ion whirls can form a wormhole if the speed of that whirl is high enough. In that case, the ion whirl pumps energy to the object inside it. The idea is transformed from the Tipler Cylinder. There, the fast-spinning cylinder stops or dilates time inside it. The idea is that the wormhole locks energy in the object, and that stops time inside it. 

There is also evidence that not all black holes are spinning. The thing is that the black hole's spin is relative to other black holes. And if two black holes spin with the same speed, and they are just in line, they might look frozen. Or their spin is impossible to see if we observe that black hole pair. So if black holes are in a chain and all of them spin in the same direction with the same speed, those black holes look static if we compare them with other black holes in the chain. 

The thing. That supports the wormholes. Or their existence, at least in some form, is the intergalactic material flows. In those cases, in those extremely large megastructures, there must be some kind of channel or structure that pulls material around them. The structure is a combination of dark matter, galaxies, and ions, but the main question is what pulls these structures together. Into the form. That looks like a slime mold. There is something that pulls dark- and visible matter into the network-shaped structure. 

This means that the so-called cosmic web can be the wormhole network. This is one way. To see things. We are made of acoustic and electromagnetic wormholes. But. Confirming the gravitational wormholes would be the most fundamental event in physics. This thing can also bring evidence of the multiverse. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/what-is-the-cosmic-web-made-of/

https://phys.org/news/2021-03-gw190521-event-primordial-black-holes.html

https://www.rudebaguette.com/en/2025/09/scientists-detected-a-signal-from-another-universe-wormhole-opened-for-10-milliseconds-while-physics-community-panics-about-parallel-worlds/

https://www.sciencealert.com/unusual-gravitational-wave-may-be-sign-of-wormhole-linking-universes

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-discover-colossal-cosmic-bridge-linking-galaxies-across-space/

https://scitechdaily.com/einstein-was-right-again-ripples-in-space-time-confirm-century-old-theory/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW190521

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipler_cylinder

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

 

Gravity from entropy in an interesting theory.

"Diagrammatic representation of the entropic quantum gravity action. The action for gravity is given by the quantum relative entropy between the metric of the manifold and the metric induced by the matter field and the geometry. Credit: Physical Review D (2025). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.111.066001" (Phys.org, Gravity from entropy: A radical new approach to unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity)

If we think that gravitation occurs in cases where the spinning particles store energy in the. And transform that energy into kinetic energy, we can explain special features of gravity like this. All parts of atoms are spinning. And all particles have their own individual quantum gravity field. So if we try to look at the gravity fields around atoms, we would see multiple different-sized whirls. Gluons, W, and Z bosons, quarks, and electrons conduct energy into themselves. 

But also things like quantum fields and quantum field tunnels between quarks and around the atom's spin. That spinning movement binds energy to those particles and fields. And those particles and fields turn that energy into kinetic energy. 

So, energy, or quantum fields, can also bind energy and make energy travel to those fields. In the same way as in all objects, the spin or speed of a particle or field accelerates until it starts to deliver energy. That means things like black holes will send gravitational waves that are emitted from those objects. When their spin speed slows, they start to deliver energy. Even a black hole cannot create energy from nothing. It must conduct energy somewhere if it spins more slowly. And in that process, a black hole delivers energy. As well as all other objects in the universe. 

In the same way, if we think that quantum fields form superstrings, that explains some interesting things in gravity. Theoretical superstring is the rolled quantum field. So when a superstring moves, it harnesses energy from its environment. The superstring doesn’t form energy; it harnesses and stores it from fields around it. When a superstring slows, it releases a gravitational wave or some other energy wave. Just like all other gravitational centers. 

Gravitation from entropy, or entropic gravity, is a new and exciting model to explain quantum gravity. And attempt to fit quantum gravity into Einstein's general relativity and special relativity. That model tries to connect quantum gravitation to the larger-scale gravitation. Entropic gravitation holds the idea that gravitation is like electromagnetic radiation, or one of the quantum fields.

So, if gravitation is like radiation, there should be a so-called G-field that gravitational radiation forms. That G-field or free gravitational field is like any other radiation field, but gravitational radiation or gravitational wave movement forms that G-field. The G-field could form particles because wave-particle duality (WPD) is also possible between gravitational waves. 

"Representation of the gravitational field of Earth and Moon combined (not to scale). Vector field (blue) and its associated scalar potential field (red). Point P between earth and moon is the point of equilibrium." (Wikipedia, Gravitational field)

When we think about how difficult it is to fit quantum gravity with larger-scale gravitational objects, we must dare to ask one question. Did somebody forget fields when they made gravitational models? That means spinning, or moving quantum fields, can also act like a gravity center. The idea is that a fast-spinning field also binds energy fields from around it. And that makes those fields travel to that field. 

That means in theory the field can also act as a gravity center. The idea is that particles are also waves. Or they are condensed wave movements. In reactions like annihilation, antimatter-matter impacts turn antiparticle-particle pairs into the wave movement. That means matter is packed with energy. And when a particle hits its anti-particle pair, it releases energy that is stored in particles. 

The wave-particle duality means that particles can turn into energy or wave movement. And wave movement can turn into particles. If a G-field exists and some particle spins in it, that particle also rolls the G-field in it and turns that field into kinetic energy. That is one way to close this theorem. But the other way is to think that there are no absolute vacuums in the universe. There are always some kinds of fields and things like superstrings that are extremely thin energy fields. In the same way as superstrings and particles store energy, the spinning quantum field stores energy. 

Those things form the smallest structures in the universe. When a superstring or any other structure spins, that structure stores energy into it in the form of kinetic energy. When a spinning structure turns energy into kinetic form, it harnesses that energy from around it. That makes energy move to the structure. An energy field from outside the pulling area tries to fill that energy pothole. The energy movement to the object continues until the object’s energy level rises so high that energy can break the whirl around that object. 

But again, we can replace the word spinning by using word movement. The moving particle or object, like a moving field, stores energy. If we think that entropy is space where it is moving and oscillating, that thing can explain the form of gravity. Those particles store and deliver energy, and that can explain gravity. The question is always, what causes those quantum fields to move? Moving quantum fields take particles and radiation with them. And that makes the effect known as gravity. 

https://phys.org/news/2025-03-gravity-entropy-radical-approach-quantum.html

https://www.quantamagazine.org/is-gravity-just-entropy-rising-long-shot-idea-gets-another-look-20250613/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic_gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_field