Researchers detected the first signal from the zeptoverse.

Above: ATLAS sensor at the LHC. 

“Zeptoverse’: Scientists find evidence of particle decay sought for over 40 years Further research into the Zeptoverse could help find signs of new physics, which the Standard Model cannot explain.”(Interesting Engineering, ‘Zeptoverse’: Scientists find evidence of particle decay sought for over 40 years)

“After a search lasting more than four decades, a Cambridge-led team of physicists has found evidence for the rarest decay of a subatomic ‘beauty’ particle ever seen. The results could open the door to a strange new world known as the zeptoverse, where particles that could help explain mysteries like dark matter and how matter came into existence during the Big Bang may be hiding.” (University of Cambridge, Physicists knock at the door of the zeptoverse)

“The team, working at the upgraded LHCb experiment at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva, were studying beauty quarks, exotic cousins of the up and down quarks that make up all atomic matter in the universe.”(University of Cambridge, Physicists knock at the door of the zeptoverse)

“When these beauty particles are created, they live for just one and a half trillionths of a second before they decay. The way they decay can tell us about physics that happens at very short distance scales: trillionths of billionths of a metre.”(University of Cambridge, Physicists knock at the door of the zeptoverse)

(Interesting Engineering, ‘Zeptoverse’: Scientists find evidence of particle decay sought for over 40 years)

Zeptoverse is the smallest structure in the universe. A rare particle decay gave the first signal from that strange world. Zeptoverse is very difficult to detect. Because. All waves. That come from that world are zeptometer-class. That means all other waves cover them. And that is one of the things that we must realize. Maybe. Gravitons hide in the zeptoverse. In some visions, the answer to dark matter and dark energy could be found in that extremely small world. There is a possibility. That there is a ring-shaped structure in quarks or between them. 

We could call that structure a zeptometer-class skyrmion. When. Quarks' spin changes direction. They release gluons. Those. Maybe little bit photon-shaped bosons transport. The strong nuclear interaction. Quarks send those bosons outside. But. Sometimes the quark sends gluons also into the middle of them. That can cause. An effect where the gluon or ring-shaped structure starts to focus energy. Into. The middle of it. 

If. That structure exists between quarks or inside quarks. It could. Send or collect radiation and transform it into a wavelength. That is hard to detect. The wavelength of that radiation would be very short. That makes it impossible to detect. But. There is a possibility. To see the shadow of that strange world. That world includes things like superstrings. 

That ring focuses energy that comes from quarks. And maybe that energy jumps up and down from the center of that zeptometer-class ring. That ring forms so-called quantum low pressure. That can keep the quarks in protons and neutrons. So maybe that kind of structure. That looks like the photon is the thing. That puts electromagnetic, or quantum, fields to travel into that ring. That ring forms a flow. That we see as gravity. That is possible. In some other models, the space between quarks pulls wave movement into them. And that wave movement can be the thing. 

That. We call dark energy. But all those models are hypothetical. In some very wild ideas, that ring-shaped, purely hypothetical structure is the thing. That turns matter dark.  In that model, that ring is an elementary particle. Energy hits that ring. It collects waves. Into. The middle of it. When the energy level around the particle turns low. That. Increases the energy flow. That energy forms an energy spike. That energy spike stretches the quantum field around the particle. The phenomenon could look like cases. A massive solar flare stretches the Earth's magnetic field. In that case, the stretched quantum field drives electromagnetic radiation past the particle. If. That really happens. That explains dark matter and dark energy. 

https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5pvgxkkv4dzo

https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/zeptoverse

https://interestingengineering.com/science/particles-decay-zeptoverse-lhcb

There was no dark energy. Or dark matter in the young universe. A new theory suggests.

“Schematic representation of rotating disc galaxies in the distant Universe and the present day. Observations with ESO’s Very Large Telescope suggest that such massive star-forming disc galaxies in the early Universe were less influenced by dark matter. As a result the outer parts of distant galaxies rotate more slowly than comparable regions of galaxies in the local Universe. Their rotations curves, rather than being flat, drop with increasing radius.” (SciTechDaily, ESO Observations Show Dark Matter Less Influential in Galaxies in Early Universe) 

That means that. Dark and visible matter were once the same. But then their energy levels turned different. And they lost their ability to interact in any way other than through gravity.  

In the beginning of time. Just after the Big Bang. There was no dark matter. And no dark energy. All matter and energy were the same. In some models, it was the distance from the Big Bang. Or. Differences in energy levels in the young universe caused. That visible and dark matter started to separate. 

Visible matter. And. Dark matter separated. And visible energy separated from dark energy. When the universe started to expand. And. Matter started to form. There formed pockets. When. Matter started to form galaxies. There formed cosmic low-energy areas. Today, those areas are called great voids. Those voids separate galactic superclusters. From. Each other. When matter went into those voids. It. Lost its energy. That formed matter; that energy was different from normal matter. This means that. Dark matter could be matter. That energy level is different than visible matter. In this case, we must think oppositely. 

We should think that dark matter is normal matter. And visible matter is very rare. Because. Only 4,9% of the universe is visible. 26.8% of matter is dark. And 68,3% of energy is dark. In. Some models. Dark energy is a remnant of particles. Existed in the young universe. Those particles vanished. Or they bound into other particles. 

Observations suggest dark matter was less influential in the early universe. This suggests. A difference between dark matter and visible matter was lower. Than. In the modern universe. This causes a thought. That maybe the energy level makes visible matter visible. And dark matter is dark. Maybe the energy levels of dark and visible matter are different. 

And that causes an interesting idea. It’s possible. That matter can turn into dark matter when it travels into a cosmic void. Or maybe matter turns dark. When. It travels out from a galaxy. When. A photon hits visible matter. That particle takes its energy into its quantum field. 

Then it starts to deliver that extra energy. As. Electromagnetic radiation. When a particle travels into a lower-energy area. It. Starts to deliver energy out of it. In this model, dark energy. That. Hypothetical WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) deliver. The idea is that. When. A particle travels out of a galaxy. It delivers energy. And its size expands. Because. Its environment’s quantum pressure cannot push against it. When. Particle travels. Out. Of the galactic cluster. It delivers energy again. 

This means: Energy that those very low-energy particles send. It might not be very strong. But there are lots of objects. In that model, dark matter is matter. That energy level is lower than it is in galaxies. And in that model, dark matter is originally visible matter. Particles send low-energy photons when they travel out of the galaxy. And. Then those particles send photons again when they travel out of galactic clusters’ halos. Their energy level is lower. 

Than. The energy level in galaxies is. In this model, visible matter can turn into dark matter. In. This model. The dark matter. Is like an elementary version. Of. A Bose-Einstein condensate. In that model, elementary particles can expand to a very large size. 

Dark matter doesn’t resonate. That is. The thing. That makes dark matter invisible. This means that two things can make hypothetical WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) invisible. There is a possibility.  WIMPs are elementary versions of the Bose-Einstein condensate. This means. Those particles are heavily expanded versions of particles that we know. 

Another version of that model is this. The WIMP spins very fast. And it stores and focuses energy in a new way. This means that the hypothetical WIMP particle transforms the wavelength of the wave that hits it. And. If the dark matter particle's size differs from regular matter. That means they cannot resonate. In this theory, the dark matter particles are so-called fuzzy. They can receive energy. But they deliver it very slowly. 

That means they emit radiation. But that radiation is too weak. We cannot see it through the galactic halo. The densest point of dark matter is near the galactic center. But most of the dark matter is in the galaxy’s outer edge. And. The dark matter halo surrounds the entire galaxy. Most of the dark matter is in the dark matter halo. That raises an interesting question. That question is. Could dark matter form when regular matter, like electrons, protons, and neutrons, escapes from the galaxy? 

The idea is this. When. Those particles leave the galaxy. They will enter an area where the energy level is very low. That means quantum fields don’t press those particles. Those particles will start to expand. So could that expansion turn particles into “ghosts”? Positions. Where the dark matter is located. Supports that model. This means that when particles escape from galaxy clusters, they lose energy once more. And that expands their size. So, in this model, dark matter has a lower energy level than galaxies. And galaxy clusters. If we continue this chain. 

We can think that. Outside galactic clusters is a very large mass of matter. Whose energy level is so low that we cannot see it. If. That is the dark matter. We cannot create instruments that see that matter. That matter cannot emit radiation that we can see. The reason for that is this. That matter has a lower temperature than the minimum in a galaxy. So we cannot create a sensor. That temperature is low enough. That. We can see that dark matter. 

So, what makes dark matter special? Why can't we see dark matter in a galaxy? It could be that. When. Galactic gravity pulls that matter. In. The galaxy. Dark matter behaves like a plastic bag or a half-empty balloon. Gravity stretches those particles. And that causes an effect: it doesn’t interact with the environment. Or other interactions happen so weakly. That other radiation covers it. And that’s why we cannot detect that matter. 

https://interestingengineering.com/space/26-7-billion-years-old-universe

https://science.nasa.gov/universe/overview/building-blocks/

https://scitechdaily.com/eso-observations-show-dark-matter-less-influential-in-galaxies-in-early-universe/

https://www.uottawa.ca/faculty-science/news-all/theory-predicting-older-universe-without-dark-matter-dark-energy-passes-key-cosmological

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Fermium-255's rugby-shaped core. It can explain. Why. Heavy elements have short half-lives.

“Tiny artificial samples exposed a rugby-ball-shaped nucleus whose properties closely match modern nuclear theory. (CREDIT: The Brighter Side of News)”(The Brighter Side News, Lasers reveal a rugby-ball-shaped nucleus inside fermium-255)

The shape of nuclei in the rarest elements, Fermium-255. And Neptunium. May explain why heavy elements are so short-lived. Reseachers used ultra-sharp laser pulses to scan Fermium-255 and Neptunium nuclei. Surprisingly, they found that those atoms had rugby-ball-shaped cores. That shape. It can explain why super-heavy elements have such short half-lives. 

When. The weak nuclear force sends energy impulses to electrons. The rugby-ball-shaped nucleus doesn’t send those impulses symmetrically. The rugby-ball-shaped structure. It forms energy spikes from the top and bottom of the atom. Those energy spikes are high-energy gamma photons. When those gamma photons travel through the atom’s electron shells. They create holes in those shells. Those gamma photons transport energy. Out. Of atoms. 

Or. Their cores. That gamma interaction pulls energy out from the core. This means that the atom’s core starts pulling photons from electrons into it. Those photons increase the energy level in the particles, protons and neutrons. In the same way. 

Energy travels out from the top and bottom of the core. They push electrons into the equatorial orbit. This means photonic interaction at the core’s equator turns stronger. That increases energy polarization and energy asymmetry in the core. When. That interaction stretches the atom.  At the bottom and top of the “rugby ball,” the energy level decreases compared with its equatorial energy level. 

That causes. Energy. Asymmetry in the atom’s core turns energy flow from the equator to the top and bottom. When difference. Between energy levels rises. That energy flow turns stronger. That energy rips the core into pieces. So. Asymmetry in the core's energy level starts radioactive decay. Alpha decay is the thing. That turns an atom into another. 

That energy. Pushes protons and neutrons away from each other. That means they release photons between them. Those photons form free, entropic energy between those particles. And. That rips those atoms’ cores into pieces. We see that energy as gamma rays. Those gamma rays push electrons away. We see that part as beta decay. There, those atoms push electrons farther from the core. And. Finally. The Coulomb decay sends a helium ion (or ions). We call that sequence alpha decay. 

Those energy spikes push electron layers away. 

And then. That causes a situation. The energy levels in electrons and electron shells are not symmetrical. The situation is the same. As. We will push the balloon with a needle. We can drop the balloon to a quite deep depth. It can resist that symmetrical pressure. 

But when we push the balloon using a needle. That breaks it immediately. The energy spike. That. Leaves from the rugby-ball-shaped core. Creates a channel through the electron shells that transfers energy to those spikes. 

That energy channel causes an effect. The energy starts to travel out. From the nucleus, faster. And. Sooner or later, that energy starts to pull protons and neutrons away. From. Each other. That starts the gamma-ray transmission. Then those gamma rays push electrons away. That is called beta decay. Finally. That. The atom sends alpha radiation, or helium ions. That asymmetry in the atom’s core can explain. Why large. And. Heavy atoms have so short half-lives. 

https://interestingengineering.com/science/rugby-ball-shaped-nuclei

https://scitechdaily.com/a-rare-radioactive-element-reveals-a-hidden-secret-about-the-heaviest-atoms/

https://www.thebrighterside.news/post/lasers-reveal-a-rugby-ball-shaped-nucleus-inside-fermium-255/

Can neutrinos be behind “silent supernovas”?

 

"A supernova is the explosive death of a star, releasing an enormous burst of energy and scattering newly forged elements into space. These stellar explosions help seed future stars, planets, and potentially the ingredients needed for life. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, 

Neutrinos are leptons with almost no mass. Those particles can travel through planets without interacting. And that makes them interesting. When. Neutrinos travel through particles or matter. Those particles take energy with them. Just. Before a supernova explosion. A star sends A strong energy burst. When. A large number of neutrinos travel through the star. The star loses a lot of energy in that process. This means that neutrinos take energy with them. That can cause a situation. There, the star loses its heat energy. And. The star falls because of gravity. If that neutrino burst is strong enough. 

That causes a situation. Where. That star collapses. Into a “silent supernova”. The silent supernova means that the star collapses without drama. When. A heavy and bright star collapses. 

An observer sees the star vanish. When. A neutrino burst is strong enough. There. It cannot form a shockwave. If. Neutrinos take too much energy out of the star. The shockwave formation takes too long. And when the star starts to collapse. The core collapses. And when that core turns into a black hole. It starts to pull material into it. This raises its mass. And the Schwarzschild radius increases. That can prevent the supernova explosion. The Schwarzschild radius. It is. The event horizon’s distance from the black hole's core. When. The black hole’s mass increases. The Schwarzschild radius increases. And if that radius is at the front of the shockwave. We see that star vanish. 

 

"Magnetic Neutrino Laser Cannon A bold proposal to make a “neutrino laser” has run into a fundamental quantum obstacle. The reason lies in how neutrinos interact with the atoms that produce them. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, MIT Study Reveals Why a Neutrino Laser May Be Impossible

The problem is that. Neutrinos don’t interact with magnetic fields. A laser accelerator. It can be. The only thing that can accelerate neutrinos. The magnetic side will transport protons to the atom core. That system can use beta-plus decay to produce neutrinos. 

"Physicists proposed a way to focus ghostly neutrinos into a laser-like beam, but new MIT calculations show that violent atomic recoil and the particles’ own quantum nature prevent the effect from taking hold." (ScitechDaily, MIT Study Reveals Why a Neutrino Laser May Be Impossible)

The neutrino laser would be an interesting and fundamental tool. But there are two main problems with that thing. The first problem is producing neutrinos. And one thing is how to moderate them. Beta decay can form neutrinos. But then. Those neutrinos must be collected. Beta decay is not easy to moderate. And without that ability. The neutrino laser is impossible to create. 

Neutrinos are an interesting thing. MIT researchers think. That. A neutrino laser will ever work. Theoretically, it is possible to create photon-accelerated neutrinos. The bigger problem is how to form neutrinos. That is the key problem in neutrino beam production. There is a possibility. To use nuclear reactors. For that purpose. But that makes those neutrino beams impractical. A neutrino beam travels through an atom’s core. It can. Make it. Possible to create quantum-sized black holes. The system could remove energy from atoms. 

If. A neutrino beam is possible. It could moderate plasma in a fusion reactor. But neutrinos are hard to produce. They are hard to control. But a neutrino laser can be the most fundamental tool in history. Making that tool is very hard. And maybe it will never be possible. 



https://scitechdaily.com/ghost-particles-may-decide-whether-a-dying-star-explodes-or-becomes-a-black-hole/

https://scitechdaily.com/mit-study-reveals-why-a-neutrino-laser-may-be-impossible/

https://scitechdaily.com/silent-giants-how-a-star-became-a-black-hole-without-exploding/

CERN didn’t find evidence of quantum-sized black holes.

“The LHC has ruled out another hiding place for microscopic black holes while unveiling a new way to hunt for physics beyond the Standard Model. Credit: AI/ScienceDaily.com” (ScienceDaily, The LHC just ruled out another hiding place for quantum black holes)

“Physicists at UC Santa Barbara have pushed the search for microscopic black holes at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) into new territory.”(ScienceDaily, The LHC just ruled out another hiding place for quantum black holes)

“These hypothetical black holes would be extraordinarily small and short-lived. If they could be produced at the LHC, their existence might help physicists address some of the deepest unanswered questions about spacetime and gravity. The search also gave researchers a chance to test a new technique for finding rare and previously unknown particles.”(ScienceDaily, The LHC just ruled out another hiding place for quantum black holes)

Could those quantum-sized black holes be the gravitons? And the induction question is: could those mythical WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) be the same quantum black holes? 

Reseachers probably saw one WIMP in deep underground sensors. If. A WIMP is a quantum-sized black hole. That explains why that particle can tunnel itself through everything. The extremely high-energy halo can push those particles through quantum fields away from the route. 

In some models, those quantum-sized black holes can be inside every single particle. That has mass. In those models, quantum-sized black holes form quarks around them. So, if that is right. The quantum pressure keeps those black holes in their form. When. Those quantum fields that we call elementary particles vanish. That. Causes immediate destruction. Without. Quantum pressure. That black hole evaporates immediately. 

“Physicists searching through Large Hadron Collider data found no evidence that the machine has been producing microscopic quantum black holes, but the result sharply narrows where such exotic physics could still be hiding. These hypothetical black holes could form if extra spatial dimensions make gravity much stronger at extremely tiny scales, potentially offering clues toward the long-sought theory of quantum gravity.” (ScienceDaily, The LHC just ruled out another hiding place for quantum black holes)

This means that CERN and the LHC couldn’t create those quantum-sized black holes. One reason could be. Those collisions. And the energy. That formed in them. it. Wasn't symmetrical enough. This means. The impacting particles, like protons, couldn’t compress quarks into quantum-sized black holes. This could explain why. The LHC could form those interesting miniature black holes. 

Another possibility was that the proton-proton collisions formed quantum-sized black holes. But those black holes evaporated so fast. The measurements were impossible. The thing that could make those hypothetical quantum-sized black holes visible is the situation. 

That. The black hole could pull a little bit of energy into itself. That thing makes it possible to measure energy.  That. The black hole releases energy when it evaporates. If. That evaporation happens very soon after the black hole's formation. This thing causes a situation. That evaporating black hole releases as much energy as it bound. That means. That. The black hole could be very hard to detect. 

That evaporation seems like a regular quark collision. The black hole turns Visible. If. It stores enough energy. That. It releases during that process. If that quantum black hole forms in quark-gluon plasma. That black hole must be in an extremely dense environment. The black hole’s energy must be higher than the energy level in its environment. This makes the sensor detect the evaporation. So the black hole needs a little bit of time. To pull more energy into it. Than it had when it was born. 

When a black hole evaporates, it could send X-rays or gamma rays. That kind of radiation could uncover those black holes. But it’s hard to separate it from radiation that comes from those high-energy experiments. 

That makes. It reaches a higher energy level than it had in quark-gluon plasma. The problem is that. If. Those quantum-sized black holes exist. They send gravitational waves. Those waves are very weak. And they remain only when those quantum black holes evaporate. There is a theory. That. Maybe gravitons are those hypothetical quantum black holes. This is one of the most interesting theories in physics. Small black holes can explain dark energy. There is a possibility. That. Near galaxies, energy and matter. 

Along with quantum pressure. Can keep those quantum black holes in their form. When. Those hypothetical black holes escape from the galactic halo. They evaporate. That explanation could seem very strange. But it could explain why we cannot see dark matter. Quantum-sized black holes can explain. Why can't we see dark matter? If dark matter is made of quantum-sized black holes. They could be invisible. 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/09/260922005649.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

White holes: do they exist?

“Although there are no observed white holes within our Universe, the theoretical description of one has many facets in common with what we identify as the hot Big Bang. There could be a connection between white holes and what happens on the other side of black holes, with implications for the origins of our own Universe.” (BigThink, Ask Ethan: Do white holes, the opposite of black holes, physically exist?)

The existence of white holes is uncertain. No confirmed observations of white holes exist. That phenomenon should be the opposite of black holes.  It should be. End of the wormhole. Mathematically, that event exists. But the problem is that nobody has seen it yet. Theoretical gravitational wormholes are channels through space and time. 

But why can’t we see white holes? The easy answer should be. That. They don’t exist. But then we can start to think about other possibilities. There is a possibility. That even if white holes exist. They are not similar objects to stars or black holes. This means that if the wormhole is like a spring. And if that structure acts like a spring. 

That means. When the end of the wormhole closes, the structure starts to open like a serpent. This means that the structure loses its density. And. Let’s energy travel out from it more slowly. Than we even imagine. That means the wormhole is a leaking tube. 

And it leaves energy over a longer distance. This means that the white hole might not have a sharp-edged shape like black holes. There is a possibility. The white hole sends out high-energy gamma photons, so we cannot see those photons or the white hole. And that causes an interesting thought. What if a white hole is invisible?

Another possibility is even more interesting. That possibility is that. If. A white hole is the opposite version of a black hole. That causes an effect. Where. Matter and energy come out from the wormhole to form a bubble. So. Could the wormhole be responsible for the cosmic voids? 

Another version of this model is even more interesting. In this model, the thing is. Maybe energy. That travels in the wormhole. Just pushes the bubble ahead of it. This means that a wormhole and a white hole could exist. But we cannot see them. Because. All of them are outside the universe. This means that a wormhole pushes that bubble ahead of it. Until. It comes out of the universe. 

“A twin of the cosmic filament observed in the MUDF, as seen in a supercomputer simulation describing the large-scale distribution of gas in the Universe. The gas flowing within the cosmic web, feeding galaxy formation at filament intersections, is shown in purple. Credit: Davide Tornotti/University of Milano-Bicocca/MPA” (ScitechDaily, First Direct Image of the Cosmic Web Reveals the Universe’s Hidden Highways)

Outside the universe, quantum resistance cannot keep that structure. Its form. The wormhole’s diameter can be less than a quark. This means that those hypothetical wormholes can be. The same. As hypothetical superstrings. 

There is a model. In which dark energy forms in those hypothetical wormholes. The wormhole is structured so that the entropy is minimal. That allows information to travel faster than outside it. The best evidence of the wormhole's existence is the cosmic web. The galaxy filament. A giant megastructure that connects galaxy clusters. Those filaments can form only if there is a gravitational center. 

The third and most fascinating idea is: maybe the white hole is anchored in time. This means that. The white hole is not bound in time like regular stars. So the white hole exists only at one point in time. When. We travel through time. The white hole’s location in time remains static. And we would see that event as a flash. But then we must realize. Maybe the white hole is an event. That. Connected with the black hole formation. 

When we think about a black hole’s gravitation. Its. Escape velocity is higher than the speed of light. This means. Time dilation causes a situation where time travels backwards in the black hole’s event horizon. This means that a black hole transports information into the past. Or into a point in spacetime. Where the black hole formed. This. Is logical. 

Einstein’s theory of relativity describes time dilation like this. Time moves slower. When. Speed rises. When speed reaches the speed of light. Time stops. And when speed crosses the speed of light. Time should start moving backwards. Gravity is directly compatible with speed. So, when escape velocity crosses the speed of light. 

That means time moves backward. And that forms the model that a black hole itself is a white hole. In this model, the black hole itself transports information. Into. The point where it was born. We see a white hole as the flash of the supernova explosion. Those models are interesting. But they are only models. Direct observations are needed to confirm those events. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/white-holes-exist/

https://scitechdaily.com/first-direct-image-of-the-cosmic-web-reveals-the-universes-hidden-highways/

Dark photons can be the most promising candidates for dark matter.

"These include WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), primordial black holes (PBHs), axions, and "dark photons." In theory, this particle was responsible for heating the early Universe and acts as a bridge between the "visible" and dark sectors of the cosmos. According to a new paper, dark photons would not have heated the early Universe as previously thought. Their findings could alter the hunt for Dark Matter by suggesting that dark photons could be hiding in more places than previously thought." (UniverseToday, New Study Expands Search for "Dark Photons," a Leading Dark Matter Candidate)

The thing. What makes a dark photon dark is simple. Dark photon. It must. Have a temperature. Lower than the environment's temperature.  Absolute zero, or zero kelvin (0K), is -273,15 C. The universe’s temperature is three degrees higher. Than. This temperature. So, the photon must have an energy level lower than 3K. 

That. It turns into dark. Energy travels into a lower-energy area. So. The thing. That makes a particle dark is energy that travels into it. 

Absolute zero is the energy minimum. In. The universe. Or the final temperature that we can measure. At that temperature, Helium-3 freezes. But it's possible. That. The electron and proton clouds can have a lower energy level. 

Absolute zero. The object will not transfer its energy. Into. Other particles. There are no other particles. Whose energy level is lower. But when we talk about the energy minimum. We must understand. 

That the local energy minimum is not the same as the energy minimum in space between galactic clusters. 

The energy minimum in our solar system is higher than in interstellar space. When. An object comes from outside space into our solar system. 

It must warm up a little bit. So. It cannot reflect energy until it reaches the energy level. That is higher than its environment. This means. photons that. Come into our galaxy can be invisible because their energy level is lower than the energy minimum in our galaxy. 

A dark photon is a hypothetical particle proposed as the force carrier of a hidden "dark sector," much as the ordinary photon carries electromagnetism. It would interact with normal matter only feebly, through a quantum effect called kinetic mixing. The interaction happens only if the photon’s superstring hits a particle. 

Dark photons are candidates for dark matter. But nobody has found them yet. A hypothetical dark photon is a photon whose energy level is lower than the known energy minimum in the universe. Dark photons can form in some cases.  A superstring that forms a photon starts to spin like a plate. The superstring can have a twisted structure. Similar to a spring.

 When the photon spins like a wheel. That. Structure pulls energy from around it. While. That structure spins. It. Releases energy between those twists. Or if some superstring travels through the center of the photon. That straight superstring acts like a thermal pump. And then that pulls the energy level of photons. Lower than the known energy minimum in the universe.

The low-energy photon starts to bind quantum fields. That makes it behave as if it has mass. The third possible model for the dark photon is. The dark photon is a structure that spins very fast. This means it binds energy. When the universe expands, those photons deliver energy. 

"Diagram of the Meissner effect. Magnetic field lines, represented as arrows, are excluded from a superconductor when it is below its critical temperature." (Wikipedia, Meissner effect)

Could the WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle) be the quasiparticle that forms when extremely fast-spinning photons come to the regular universe?

Maybe. Those ultra-fast-spinning particles can form in cosmic voids. When. Those particles travel into the “regular” universe. They must deliver their energy. So that means the energy that those particles send. It can form part of dark energy.

When those. Ultra-fast-spinning photons arrive from cosmic voids to the regular universe. They deliver their energy. That forms the quantum bubble. Energy escapes very fast from those photons. And that can decrease their energy level. To a lower level. Than in the regular universe. This bubble is the quasiparticle that could explain why dark matter is not found. The expansion of the universe decreases the energy level in the universe. 

But. It decreases that photon’s mass. And the dark photon’s energy level is always, let’s say, two degrees below absolute zero. That temperature is just an example. The idea is that the temperature difference between those hypothetical dark photons and the space is always the same. 

The temperature of the dark photon. It must not be. The same as zero kelvin. It must only be lower than its environment. This means. That. The particle’s temperature must be below three Kelvin. Cosmic background. Or three Kelvin radiation. Means that. The particle. That is, colder than three K will be invisible. 

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

A dark photon. It can turn. The gravitational field opposite. The idea is that. Gravitational waves are like ditches. That move on the layer. The layer is the background. There is a possibility. Gravitational waves’ bottoms turn into a higher energy level than their environment. This turns gravity opposite. So can gravity turn opposite outside the universe? 

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Dark photons are also interesting. Because. They could make anti-gravitation possible. A gravitational wave is like a ditch that travels through the universe. The expansion of the universe makes a geometrical form of that ditch that causes objects to fall backward. Or it falls objects into the gravitational centers. The gravitational wave is a ditch that travels on the quantum layer.

The thing. That could. Turn those energy ditches into energy hills that push objects away is to decrease the energy level. In the environment to such a low level. That it decreases the level. Below the bottom of those energy ditches. So this hypothetical thing.

Happens decreasing. The energy level of the background. So low. That the bottom of gravitational waves is higher than their background. And if dark photons exist. Or reseachers can create them. That makes it possible. To create conditions. That turn gravitational waves opposite. Another interesting detail is this. 

If. Those low-energy photons can be created on a very large scale. This can cause energy flow to the surface. And if that happens from below. That effect pushes the object upward. This effect is known as the Meissner effect. The thing. That makes superconducting objects levitate. Meissner effect means the magnetic effect. And. Airflow combination. 

That keeps the object levitating. But if low-energy photons cause that effect. The reflection from the object is minimal. Those photons can bind energy and wave movement. And if we can make the photon's energy level lower than the local energy minimum. That means those photons can bind wave movement. This makes the surface invisible. 

https://www.universetoday.com/articles/new-study-expands-search-for-dark-photons-a-leading-dark-matter-candidate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_photon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiparticle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle