Outside the universe.

"A visualization of a 3-torus model of space, where our observable Universe could be just a small portion of the overall structure. Similar to imagining our Universe (or any three-dimensional space) being enclosed by a two-dimensional boundary, our three-dimensional space may in fact be the boundary around a higher-dimensional space that better represents our "true" underlying reality. Although there are constraints on the properties and number of such extra dimensions, the possibility cannot be ruled out. However, the lack of repeating structures and the spatial flatness of the Universe tells us important information about how much larger than the visible part of the Universe, at least, the unobservable Universe must be." (Big Think, Is the Universe truly infinite in size?)

Is the universe infinite? This is an interesting question. And if we want to get an answer, we should define the universe. Or should we define what the universe means? Should that term mean the matter inside the structure where we live? Or should we include space outside this structure in this definition? When we define the universe as the structure in which we live. We should define the limit of the universe as the border of matter as we know it. There is something behind the universe. And that something is at least great nothing. Or there could be other universes. The great nothing should involve some very weak quantum fields. 

But the thing that makes great nothing, or great emptiness, the area that we cannot observe, is its energy level. The energy level outside the universe is lower than inside it. And that’s why all energy from the universe travels to that great nothing. Because energy flow is one way. And there is no reflection. Or, there is no reflection. That energy level rises so high. It can reach the universe’s energy minimum. 

We cannot get any signals from that area. Actually, the reflected energy level should rise above the energy minimum. That energy, or wave movement, can penetrate the universe. Otherwise, energy from the universe turns it back. When. A particle goes into that great nothing. It. Expands and loses its form as matter. First, atoms lose their electrons because there is no resistance or quantum back pressure. That keeps them around the atom. The situation is similar. To the situation, we take a balloon into a vacuum. That balloon expands and detonates.  The particle’s shell is like a whisk. 

“The Bubble Nebula (NGC 7635), imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope, is seven light years across” (Wikipedia, Stellar-wind bubble). Maybe galaxies are surrounded by that kind of bubble. And if a similar bubble surrounds the universe. That partially proves the multiverse theory. 

Because that bubble requires the impact wave from radiation. And particles that come from other universes outside our universe. Or what comes from sources outside the universe. The problem is this. There could not be any other objects. Than. Other universes. Things like stars and planets will be erased immediately. Gravity keeps our universe in its form. But the great nothing pulls it larger and larger. This causes a situation. Their energy level decreases, and entropy (disorder) rises. 

“An annotated illustration of the interstellar medium on a logarithmic scale. The solar gravity lens marks the point where a conceptual spacecraft in interstellar space could use our sun as a gigantic lens, allowing zoomed-in close-ups of planets orbiting other stars.” (Wikipedia, Heliosphere)

“This image shows the wind from the star LL Orionis generating a bow shock (the bright arc) as it collides with material in the surrounding Orion Nebula.” (Wikipedia, Stellar Wind)

When that shell expands, those strings form this structure. They cannot keep their form. Or, otherwise, in the case of hadrons and baryons. Those particles. They cannot keep quarks inside them. 

In that expansion. Hadrons like protons and neutrons expand. The quarks will go too far apart. And strong nuclear interaction cannot bind them together. The strong nuclear interaction forms in the strings; there, gluons. Bosons. That transport the strong nuclear force. Travel between quarks. And the quantum field that holds those quarks inside the structure that we call protons and neutrons. If. That field or shell turns large enough. That thing cannot bind quarks. 

Outside those particles, the existence of quarks as particles. Is very short.  This means that the great nothing. It erases matter immediately. So, that is the great quantum eraser. It doesn’t cause matter to vanish. It just turns it into a wave movement. And that is the idea of quantum erasing. It only turns matter into energy. 

The great nothing. It pulls the universe larger and larger. That causes material evaporation. This expansion raises entropy. And that free energy- entropy- destroys the universe. That is one model of the universe. The limit of the universe is the limit of matter as we know it. But there is one “but”. This means that there is no impact wave between the universe and the great nothing. If. There is a structure at the edge of the universe.

Their energy level goes low. And then rises again. That means. There is some impact wave. An impact wave requires resistance. This is the reason. Why. A stellar wind bubble surrounds every star. The heliopause is the point. There, the solar wind that comes from the star Impacts. The interstellar plasma flow. Called: stellar wind. The Voyager spacecraft observations support this model. And observatories detected those impact waves around other stars. If. We continue to expand this model. The galaxies should have similar structures around them. So, we could call those structures the “Galactopause”

 That should form the standing wave that surrounds every single star. There are also similar impact areas around galaxies and galactic clusters. If. There is a similar impact area around the universe. That means. There is something that resists the plasma flow. And if that impact area is found. That supports the multiverse theory. The cosmic flow also supports this model. 

Because. The gravitational effect of that cold plasma wave causes a situation. Where. Galaxy clusters seem to travel in one direction around the same mass center. And if we can prove dark flow. “In astrophysics, dark flow is a controversial hypothesis to explain certain non-random measurements of the peculiar velocity of galaxy clusters. The actual measured velocity is the sum of the velocity predicted by Hubble's law.”(Wikipedia, Dark Flow)

“Plus a possible small velocity move. Into a common direction. Very large-scale correlated flow, called bulk flow, is proposed in this model to be related to certain models of inflationary cosmology.” (Wikipedia, Dark Flow)

That could help. To prove the existence of that plasma shockwave that surrounds the entire universe. That shockwave can form only in certain cases. There is something that resists the plasma flow. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/universe-infinite/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_flow

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosphere

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_wind

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar-wind_bubble

Black holes might not be as bottomless as researchers thought.

“Artist impression of SwiftJ1727 with donor jet clouds. Credit: John A. Paice & Noel Castro Segura et al, (2026)” (ScitechDaily, Black Holes May Not Be the Bottomless Pits We Imagined”

New observations about black holes suggest that their appetites might not be as endless as once thought. The material disk and the black hole’s halo transport a large part of material into the black hole’s poles. Material in that high-energy environment is in plasma form. And magnetic fields can transport plasma. This forms a relativistic jet of the black hole. Even black holes. They do not have magnetic fields. But. Plasma around them acts like a generator. This effect accelerates plasma around that object toward its poles. 

When we think about the black hole’s internal structure. The field that travels into the event horizon. It continues its movement. Following. A spiral trajectory. The structure is very tight. But there is a space, or so-called microvacuums, in that structure. Those microvacuums allow those waves to form, well, waves. Entropy in that structure is very low. But that entropy still exists. And that entropy forms the quakes in that field. 

There is a possibility that between those waves or strings. There is a quantum-level tunnel. And those tunnels. They can allow that extremely small, high-energy particle. It could send almost a straight wave string away from the black hole. The idea is that if the fields have a small space between them. That space can offer a route for a tiny quantum string to escape from that monster. If. Gravitation is a phenomenon there.

Quantum fields transport objects into the gravitational center. If. There is space between those fields. They cannot transport particles that are at that point. There is a possibility. That there are so-called quantum vacuums in the black hole’s gravitational field. Or even in its singularity. Those quantum bubbles. They can cause quakes in those structures. This quake destroys the black hole sooner or later. When a star collapses, there are always small microvacuums or quantum bubbles in the field. Those quantum vacuums or quantum bubbles exist. Even if material is extremely degenerate, those bubbles are smaller than quarks. 

So, could those quantum bubbles be the same, or have a similar effect? As a mythical graviton? If those quantum bubbles exist. They form lower-energy points in the black hole’s structure. And if a graviton is the miniature black hole. It could have a similar relativistic jet. With. Larger black holes. 

That. Quantum-size relativistic jet. It could have. A diameter smaller than the bonds between quarks. That could explain why Hawking radiation is so hard to prove. This jet seems stringy when researchers see it from outside. If. That string travels along a straight line. It’s very hard to see. There is no bremsstrahlung radiation. This string could have a spring-shaped form. That means. It sends bremsstrahlung radiation. So small-scale that it's impossible to see.  

When that spring travels out from the black hole. A recoil forms in space. In that structure. Even if the scale of those phenomena is not very large. 

The energy level and density in that area are very high. Every phenomenon turns very strong. When. It happens in a high-energy environment. 

There is a model. There, the graviton is a particle inside each particle. This means that bonds between elementary particles. They are actually relativistic jets from those quantum-size black holes. 

The black hole doesn’t destroy material. It is like a stomach. It transforms material into another form. All black holes send some radiation. That radiation comes from the material disk and its halo. But there is a possibility that some radiation can escape from inside the black hole. If. Some particle or the so-called quantum vacuum starts to spin. It could form a situation where it turns quantum fields. 

Into a form that looks like a screw. This means that the quantum vacuum forms a structure. That looks like a relativistic jet. That structure could have such a small diameter. That even bonds between quarks seem giant. That thing could explain so-called Hawking’s radiation. That effect can also explain some very interesting details in the form of gravitation. If. That structure exists. It acts like a Doppler cooler. 

When it travels through atoms or particles. It. Transports energy out from it. This makes the particle cooler. And when energy escapes from the particle. It binds energy or quantum fields from around it. And that can explain how quantum gravitation works. 

https://scitechdaily.com/black-holes-may-not-be-the-bottomless-pits-we-imagined/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsstrahlung

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_cooling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

Light can travel faster than light.

The universe can expand. Faster than light. Without violating any laws of nature. This is possible. Because light travels faster outside the universe. There is no scattering effect. And that makes photons travel faster than they travel in the universe. But then we can say that all photons travel at the same speed. 

So, can light travel faster outside the universe? The fact is that they travel along a straight line. This means that a photon travels a shorter distance outside the universe. The straight-moving photon travels directly from point A to point B. 

In the universe. The scattering effect makes photons follow a curved trajectory. This means that the photon follows a curved path to the goal. The photon travels a longer path than it would travel outside the universe. 

A black hole can pull things inside it. Faster than light. Because it binds fields into it. 

The reason for “crossing the speed of light” is that. A photon travels into a black hole. By following a straight path. Because photons travel straight inside the black hole without reflection. We. Cannot see that thing. But when particles follow a circular trajectory when they fall into the black hole. Those particles emit so-called Bremsstrahlung radiation. That radiation forms. When a particle changes its trajectory, it sends a photon. 

Magnetic bremsstrahlung is called synchrotron radiation. This means that gravitational waves. Their source. It can be similar to bremsstrahlung and synchrotron radiation. This means that the fast-spinning event horizon. Or some particle. That orbits the singularity sends gravitational waves. The structure that sends gravitational waves. It is somewhere in matter. Sometimes people thought. That could be bonds between elementary particles. Or maybe it's in the gluons or W/Z bosons. That could exist longer in that high-energy environment. 

But gravitational waves are only evidence. That there could be a particle called the graviton. In that case, those gravitons they can be things that orbit the singularity. There is a possibility. That. The ultra-high-energy environment near black holes could transform atoms into miniature black holes. Energy level in the material disk. It rises all the time. When. The object closes in on a black hole. 

That massive energy presses it into a smaller and smaller size. And because energy has no place there, it can escape. That thing can press electrons and quarks into homogeneous entirety. That entirety is called a singularity. So could a graviton be the miniature black hole? This explains why researchers cannot see that particle. 

Then we can think about dark energy. Dark energy is energy. That seems to have no source. There is a possibility that. Dark energy is wave movement. That has an extremely long wavelength. That explains why dark energy affects only the largest structures in the universe. So could something stretch the wavelength so long? So that its wavelength is longer than the diameter of the galaxy clusters. This effect can form when a photon travels through the extremely large cosmic void. 

Could so-called antigravity be some recoil effect in gravitational waves? 

Because wave movement and all particles have recoil. That means, in antigravity, it could be recoil in hypothetical graviton particles. Or it could be the recoil that gravitational waves send. 

But even if the graviton does not exist. The gravitational waves should have a recoil effect. So in that model, gravity is like Doppler cooling. The object loses its energy. And outside energy tries to fill that energy space. This means that gravitation is radiation that takes energy out from a particle or object. 

There is a model that dark energy is so-called antigravity. The antigravity could be a recoil phenomenon. This means that if the graviton is a particle that sends a gravitational wave. That means that gravitation is the interaction between gravitons. That means when a graviton travels between objects. That forms the recoil effect. This means that gravitons should form a similar recoil effect. 

As other particles. When a graviton travels in one direction. This. Effect makes the graviton split. In. That model. The graviton. It has.

Similar properties to the photon.  And one of that hypothetical particle’s properties is that it could split. The graviton pushes another graviton in the opposite direction. This means that a tunnel could form between those particles. And when that gravitational tunnel collapses. 

That forms a situation where this energy falls into that tunnel and pushes those objects away. This means that if graviton is the particle. That particle should have a similar recoil effect. As. Other particles. So if graviton is real, it should have recoil. That recoil could be the thing. That we call “antigravity”. But that requires the graviton to be a real particle.

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-can-expand-faster-than-light-without-breaking-physics/

https://www.universetoday.com/articles/yes-the-universe-can-expand-faster-than-light

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsstrahlung

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_cooling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation

The phase singularity. It’s like a miniature WARP bubble that can travel faster than light.

The phase singularity is the bubble of emptiness. It can travel between quantum field strings. So that means that. The phase singularity can reach its goal sooner than a photon. The phase singularity doesn’t break laws of physics. It just travels a more direct route than a photon. The phase singularity is like a quasiparticle. The phase singularity. It travels a shorter route. Than a photon that makes curves, and that makes it possible for that phase singularity. 

It can reach the goal before a photon. Not because it’s faster than light.  But because it travels in a straight line. 

The bubble of nothing in the quantum beam. This means that we can describe the phase singularity as a quantum-sized WARP bubble. 

Can we sometimes form a wormhole? Theoretically, we can make a quantum version of that phenomenon. A theoretical wormhole. It is like the stretched WARP bubble. The theoretical WARP bubble is the bubble of emptiness. 

Theoretically, a WARP bubble is similar to that thing. That researchers call a phase singularity. Theoretically, a phase singularity can form because a photon starts to spin. This photon takes the quantum field with it. That could form the bubble. If that spin continues, the bubble starts to stretch. This wormhole cannot transport complex structures. But that could transport a single photon through it. 

Then the photon starts to create the quantum tornado. This phenomenon. It can form an environment where the spinning structure. It locks most of the energy out from that structure. 

Darkness can travel faster than light. Or maybe we should say that phase singularities. Or an optical vortex in a light beam. It can travel faster than light. The light beam can make a quantum roll around the microvoids. And the optical vortex is one kind of microvoid. The miniature void is a lower-energy space. The quantum fields form energy flows that are like wind. We can think of a light beam as paper that the quantum wind curves. And if that wind is strong enough. That turns the light into a roll. This thing forms the quantum maser effect in that tunnel. 

There is a structure that starts to stretch that quantum tube. The spinning light tube starts to take quantum fields with it. And that thing extends the quantum tornado. That quantum tornado forms the structure. 

Called: phase singularity. This thing means that. In those light beams is an environment. There, light can travel faster than it travels outside it. 

The phase singularity is like a bubble that forms between light beams. That phase can be described as the empty bubble. And that means we could compare the WARP bubble with a phase singularity. This means that we could make the phase singularity. And put a photon inside it. This means that a phase singularity could transport a photon and protect information inside it. This doesn’t mean that the phase singularity could transport more than one photon. But. It could protect information in a photon. That travels in it. 

A phase singularity can transport a photon or frozen light beam very fast. If. We want to compare that quantum WARP with sci-fi WARP. This thing. It can carry one single particle. 

In a phase singularity. The phase of the light. It is not determined. The amplitude or strength. In this structure, it is zero. This means that when we say that the darkness travels faster. Than. The speed of light. We mean that the amplitude is zero. It can travel faster than light. 

When we think about the shape of the light. And especially the photon. The light particle, the photon, looks like a donut. This means that those light particles. They can travel faster than light. Without breaking. The laws of physics. And if the photon spins fast in the phase singularity. That makes it possible to transport a photon into the past. 

There is one thing. That can travel faster than a photon. That is another photon. That travels in the environment. There, a photon can travel faster than a photon in another environment. 

If. The photon travels lying down. The photon can spin. And that thing can cause a situation. There is one side of the photon. It travels faster than the other side. 

When we think. The speed of light. Or which photon is faster. We must realize one thing. All photons have the same speed. We talk about the speed of photons. And the speed of light. We must determine the question using the term. Which photon reaches the goal first? The answer is simple. The photon that follows a less curved trajectory. So the photon that travels along a straight line reaches the goal faster. Or. sooner than the photon that makes more curves. 

The situation is like two cars driving side by side. Both cars travel 100 km/h. The first car travels in a straight line. The second car makes curves. The second car reaches the goal later. Because. It traveled a longer distance. Each curve that the car makes extends the journey. So the reason the photon that travels straight reaches the goal before. Is that the straight-moving photon travels a shorter distance. Than. The photon that makes curves. 

https://physicsworld.com/a/darkness-can-travel-faster-than-light/

https://www.sciencealert.com/physicists-found-something-that-can-move-faster-than-light-the-darkness-inside-it

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcubierre_drive

New exoplanet found near Beta Pictoris.

"Beta Pictoris is located about 60 light-years away toward the constellation of Pictor (the Painter’s Easel) and is one of the best-known examples of a star surrounded by a dusty debris disc. This image, based on data from the Digitized Sky Survey 2, shows a region of approximately 1.7 x 2.3 degrees around Beta Pictoris. Credit: ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2" (Wikipedia, Giant Alien World Found Hiding in Plain Sight for 11 Years)

Beta Pictoris is the second-brightest star in the constellation Pictor, 63 ly from Earth. This young A-spectral-class star has three known exoplanets. Beta Pictoris b and c are large worlds. Both of those worlds have masses about 10 times Jupiter's. The exact masses of those gas giants are seen in the table. 

Beta Pictoris d is farther. Its mass is about 2,5 times Jupiter's. This means this solar system seems to be upside down. Heavier planets are closer to Beta Pictoris. c is the closest. But the second one, Beta Pictoris b, is in the middle. And the last and lightest, Beta Pictoris d, is farthest. 

Those exoplanets' orbital periods are: Beta Pictoris c: about 3,29 years. Beta Pictoris b: about 23,77 years. And Beta Pictoris d: about 91 or more years.

"These images trace Beta Pictoris d over more than a decade, from its discovery with ESO’s VLT to earlier detections in archival VLT and JWST data. The arrow marks the faint planet, while the brighter Beta Pictoris b appears in the upper images; the diagonal band is the system’s edge-on debris disc. Credit: ESO/B. Sutlieff, M. Bonse et al." (Wikipedia, Giant Alien World Found Hiding in Plain Sight for 11 Years)

That means that those three massive planets are forming in a planetary system. There is lots of matter. Those large and heavy exoplanets may have very large moons. There is a material ring around Beta Pictoris. That means. Those three planets. They might not only.

Larger objects orbiting that star. The moon is an object that orbits a planet. This means those giant exoplanets. They can have large Earth-size moons. Or. Even larger orbiters. This means that those super exoplanets. They can have other gas giants orbiting them. And anyway, Beta Pictoris d is the faintest exoplanet ever found. 

By using an Earth-based telescope. Beta Pictoris is too young and too hot to host habitable worlds.  

“A series of images shows observations of the exoplanet Beta Pictoris d over more than a decade. (Image credit: ESO/B. Sutlieff, M. Bonse et al.”(Space.com)

“The motion of Beta Pictoris b. The orbital plane is viewed side-on; the planet is not moving towards the star.” (Wikipedia, Beta Pictoris b)

A-type star loses lots of mass. When. It turns mature.  The strong hydrogen line means that the star is young. But it also shows where that star was formed. 

It is a very hydrogen-rich nebula. Another interesting detail in the Beta Pictoris system is the large molecular ring around it. This dust disk is asymmetric. 

Those large planets in the Beta Pictoris system. Suggest this star. Could have traveled in some interstellar nebula. Then that star is pulled into that nebula around it. The gas giant. Doesn’t necessarily mean something light. Material. Or elements that formed the planet determine its weight. The planet can be larger than Earth. But it can have weaker gravity if it is formed of very light elements. This means that an exoplanet could be very different than any planet in our solar system. Those exoplanets are so different. 

That makes it impossible. To create. Some common models for planetary systems and their habitability. There are about 1,5-2 Earth-sized and Earth-mass planets in habitable zones. But most of those planets. They have no atmosphere. 

Things. like megaflares or some cosmic events. They can strip that atmosphere away in seconds. Or maybe some rocky worlds. They have no such core. That. It could form the magnetic field. Without a magnetic field, plasma eruptions strip the atmosphere into space. And in the case of large stars. Those plasma eruptions. They can travel to very long distances. A normal solar wind. It can blow the atmosphere off large planets. 

https://science.nasa.gov/missions/webb/nasas-webb-discovers-hidden-planet-in-famous-star-system/

https://scitechdaily.com/giant-alien-world-found-hiding-in-plain-sight-for-11-years/

https://www.space.com/astronomy/exoplanets/found-you-astronomers-spot-faintest-exoplanet-ever-seen-from-earth-after-a-decade-of-hide-and-seek

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Pictoris

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Pictoris_b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Pictoris_c

Can dark matter have some hidden force?

“Dark matter may experience an unseen attractive force, but stronger attraction does not necessarily make the Universe more clumped. Credit: SciTechDaily.com.” (SciTechDaily, Dark Matter’s Secret Force Could Reshape Our Understanding of the Universe)

Dark matter is one of the suggested sources of dark energy. This means that if WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) are real particles or quasiparticles. Those things can send wave movement. That can affect only another WIMP. This means that: 

A hidden force. Between those particles. It is wave movement. In the same way as all four fundamental interactions are. This means that the “fifth force”. It could be the wave effect between WIMPs. And then we can ask. What kind of particle could the WIMP be? The particle could be very massive. But it also could tunnel through other particles. So could those WIMPs be extremely fast-spinning particles? This means that the very fast spin makes those particles like spaghetti. When those WIMPs spin. 

They bind energy from around them. And that thing can make a gravity-like effect. The spinning particle. It could form energy strings. Similar to how neutron stars or black holes form. Their jet beams. This means. The WIMP could focus energy and aim it. Into. A certain direction. Another model is that the WIMP. It could be some. Kind. Of quasiparticle. 

In this case. The WIMP. It is like a tornado in the quantum field. If that kind of structure forms. The quantum field can create a bulge in that quantum tornado. That quantum tornado presses energy into that bulge. And presses energy into it. This presses the quantum bulge into collapse. That turns it into the shape of a string.  These kinds of quasiparticles. They can pull energy into them. From. Both sides of the structure. That thing can cause a quantum version of an electric arc. That thing. It can form the quantum version of the pressure wave. But what causes that quantum tornado? One suspected thing is tachyon.  

Tachyon is a hypothetical faster-than-light particle. When. Tachyon travels faster-than-light. That particle cannot interact with other particles. But when its speed slows. It must realease its energy to the environment. That energy has a similar shape to the supersonic boom. That forms a model. That could mean photons. Could be the structures that form when tachyons release their energy. And form the ring-shaped energy string. In that process, the tachyon transforms into some other particle. That particle could be the Higgs Boson. Or some other particle that is a very similar, short-lived, high-energy particle. When the hypothetical tachyon releases its energy. 

This process form the energy string. That looks like a wheel. When. That energy string travels out from the particle. It forms low-pressure energy behind it. Maybe a single tachyon cannot make anything fundamental. But if there are billions and billions of tachyons. Those things have an effect. In some models, tachyons form outside the universe. Or in cosmic voids. This means they could be “normal” particles. That travel faster than they should. When those particles hit a denser quantum field. They. Release their extra energy. This means they turn into some other particles. That we already know. 

https://scitechdaily.com/dark-matters-secret-force-could-reshape-our-understanding-of-the-universe/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Exploding white dwarfs and neutron stars uncover primordial black holes.

“Primordial black holes may pass through white dwarfs and ignite a subset of Type Ia supernovae. New models suggest these hidden encounters could reproduce observed explosion signatures while leaving distinctive chemical traces across the Milky Way. Credit: SciTechDaily.com. “(ScitechDaily, Invisible Black Holes Could Be Triggering Supernovae)

It is possible that so-called hidden black holes can trigger white dwarf explosions. The so-called primordial black holes could be very small. They can form a shell that resembles a planet or even a dwarf planet. Those very small black holes can sometimes impact white dwarfs. Or even neutron stars or magnetars. When a small primordial black hole impacts a white dwarf. 

This event causes a strong nuclear reaction. The carbon atoms in the white dwarf melt together. That primordial black hole is so small that it cannot pull the white dwarf into it in one bite. The black hole rips the white dwarf into pieces. And turns it into liquid or gas. Before. It pulls that matter inside it.

The white dwarf does not involve van der Waals bonds. Atoms, mainly oxygen and carbon, are very close together. That causes collapse in their electron shells. Those atoms are actually in the form. They are extremely ionized. If some energy impact, like a GRB or FRB, hits that thing. It can cause a Type 1a supernova. 

“Schematic Illustration of a Primordial Black Hole Passing Through a White Dwarf. Schematic illustration of the primordial black hole passing through a white dwarf. Along its trajectory, the gravitational force of the passing black hole creates tidal heating. “(ScitechDaily, Invisible Black Holes Could Be Triggering Supernovae)

“To the surrounding matter inside the white dwarf. As the heated matter reaches the threshold temperature (<~0.5 billion Kelvin), the hydrostatic carbon burning will exceed the neutrino cooling, creating an uncontrolled burning. “(ScitechDaily, Invisible Black Holes Could Be Triggering Supernovae)

When. The burning zone is large enough. The heated matter can form. A local thermonuclear runaway which triggers the later Type Ia supernova explosion. Credit: Generated using Gemini AI (Banana Pro)) (ScitechDaily, Invisible Black Holes Could Be Triggering Supernovae)

“A Type Ia supernova (read: "type one-A") is a supernova that occurs in binary systems (two stars orbiting one another) in which one of the stars is a white dwarf. The other star can be anything from a giant star to an even smaller white dwarf. ” ”(Wikipedia, Type 1a Supernova)

“Physically, carbon–oxygen white dwarfs with a low rate of rotation are limited to below 1.44 solar masses (M☉). Beyond this "critical mass", they reignite and in some cases trigger a supernova explosion; this critical mass is often referred to as the Chandrasekhar mass, but is marginally different from the absolute Chandrasekhar limit, where electron degeneracy pressure is unable to prevent catastrophic collapse.”(Wikipedia, Type 1a Supernova)

If. There are electrons in the core. That doesn’t form the fusion. Oxygen and carbon ions. There. Atomic cores are against each other without electron shells. The strong energy load causes a situation. There, those ions melt together. Releasing lots of energy. 

Another thing that releases energy is the fusion between carbon atoms. That reaction releases an extremely strong energy load. Another version of the white dwarf explosion can be the case. There, the black hole’s energy beam hits the white dwarf. That could cause a fusion reaction between carbon and oxygen atoms. That combination is the most common in white dwarfs. Another version is the heavy white dwarfs. These are formed of carbon and neon. 

The same way as when a small black hole faces a neutron star. This means that the neutron star’s iron shell detonates immediately. The detonation cannot destroy the neutron core. But the effect is extremely rough. The neutron bonds can resist that power. But the neutron star. It sends gamma- and X-ray radiation. 

A black hole’s gravity field. It can turn a neutron star into neutron smoke. That releases a lot of energy in that reaction. Those reactions can uncover the existence of the primordial black holes. The primordial black hole is the thing. That could detonate a white dwarf or neutron star. The detonation. That happens in a lone white dwarf. 

If a white dwarf detonates. Without visible reason. That could uncover a small black hole.  Same way, if a neutron star starts to send unexpected X- or gamma-rays. And there are no observable material disks. Or some marks of a merger with another neutron star. That thing can be the thing. That uncovers the existence of low-mass black holes. 

https://scitechdaily.com/invisible-black-holes-could-be-triggering-supernovae/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova