Barnard’s Star’s planets are weirder and more hostile than. Nobody expected.

“Artist’s illustration of exoplanets orbiting Barnard’s Star. Credit: International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/P. Marenfeld” (ScitechDaily, These Nearby Alien Planets Are Stranger – and More Hostile – Than Expected)

Barnard’s Star is a small red dwarf. Slightly larger than Jupiter. The size of Barnard’s Star is two times that of Jupiter. But its mass is 150 times bigger. The age of that star is about 10 billion years.  Barnard’s Star has four planets. Those planets are sub-Earths. Mass between Venus and Mars. Those sub-Earths have weaker gravity. And Barnard’s Star's massive mass eruptions could reach their surface. If. Those planets have an atmosphere. They must have strong magnetic fields. That magnetic field should be as strong as. It drives those mass eruptions away from their surface and atmosphere. If those mass eruptions impact a planet’s atmosphere, they wipe it out into space immediately. 

“Just under six light-years from Earth, Barnard’s Star hosts four small worlds unlike any planet in our own Solar System. The nearby star, second only to Alpha Centauri in proximity to the Sun, now has its most detailed planetary profile yet.”(ScitechDaily, These Nearby Alien Planets Are Stranger – and More Hostile – Than Expected)

“All four planets, discovered in 2025, are smaller than Earth and Venus but larger than Mars. No planet within that size range exists in the Solar System.”(ScitechDaily, These Nearby Alien Planets Are Stranger – and More Hostile – Than Expected)

There are discussions about whether those planets' mass is enough to cause the wobbling movement of Barnard’s Star. Or could there be some more massive object that hides somewhere near that star? Sometimes that wobbling movement is explained as a rocket effect from those mass eruptions from that red dwarf. But legend remains. 

“Size comparison between Jupiter, Barnard's Star, and the Sun”. (Wikipedia, Barnard's Star)

"Barnard's Star has a mass of about 0.16 solar masses (M☉), and a radius about 0.2 times that of the Sun. Thus, although Barnard's Star has roughly 150 times the mass of Jupiter (MJ), its radius is only roughly twice as large, due to its much higher density. Its effective temperature is about 3,220 kelvin, and it has a luminosity of only 0.0034 solar luminosities. Barnard's Star is so faint that if it were at the same distance from Earth as the Sun is, it would appear only 100 times brighter than a full moon, comparable to the brightness of the Sun at 80 astronomical units." (Wikipedia, Barnard's Star)

"Barnard's Star has 10–32% of the solar metallicity. Metallicity is the proportion of stellar mass made up of elements heavier than helium and helps classify stars relative to the galactic population. Barnard's Star seems to be typical of the old, red dwarf population II stars, yet these are also generally metal-poor halo stars. While sub-solar, Barnard's Star's metallicity is higher than that of a halo star and is in keeping with the low end of the metal-rich disk star range; this, plus its high space motion, has led to the designation "intermediate population II star", between a halo and disk star. However, some recently published scientific papers have given much higher estimates for the metallicity of the star, very close to the Sun's level, between 75 and 125% of the solar metallicity." (Wikipedia, Barnard's Star)

They are more hostile than people thought. The superflares from that small red dwarf are impacting those planets. The age of that small star is about two times that of the Sun. But its small size makes it unstable. The planets must orbit it very close. And that means their surface is under a heavy particle bombardment. Radiation from Barnard’s Star is far on the red side of the electromagnetic spectrum. This means that Barnard’s Star transmits more IR radiation than the Sun. 

Those planets, if they are in the habitable zone. They are under heavy radiation because their dayside is locked to that star. The fact is that. Life as we know it on those planets is impossible. The red dwarfs. They might have habitable planets. But Barnard’s Star is not one of those stars. There, lifeforms as a form. As we know. Are possible. Those planets. And their tiny star. They are so different from Earth. That life as we know it could be possible. 

Then we must realize. That. Those red dwarf stars and their planets are so weird. 

That we cannot make any common models for those planets. Or. Maybe. We should say that the Sun is so weird. That we cannot make models for the most common star type in the universe. So, the locked planets are a more common planet type in the habitable zone. Barnard star. It was the first candidate star. That reseachers predicted. To host exoplanets. 

 The proper motion of that star is wobbling. That means that astronomers have believed Barnard’s Star could host a solar system since the 1960s. First reseachers thought that there was some kind of. Super-Earth. Orbiting that red dwarf. But then those suspicions vanished. Until. Those four super-Earths were found in 2025.

“Artist's conception of a planet in orbit around a red dwarf” (Wikipedia, Barnard’s Star)

 “Barnard's Star has been subject to multiple claims of planets that were later disproven. From the early 1960s to the early 1970s, Peter van de Kamp argued that planets orbited Barnard's Star. His specific claims of large gas giants were refuted in the mid-1970s after much debate. In November 2018, a candidate super-Earth planetary companion was reported to orbit Barnard's Star. It was believed to have a minimum mass of 3.2 M🜨 and orbit at 0.4 AU. However, work presented in July 2021 refuted the existence of this planet” (Wikipedia, Barnard’s Star)

We must realize. That van der Kamp. He was a trained astronomer. Who had the right to believe in the existence. Van der Kamp was wrong about those planets’ size. Confirmed planets were small sub-Earths. But those planets are very close to Barnard’s Star. That means friction from that star’s atmosphere should slow those planets’ speed. That means those planets could fall to that red dwarf. So could there be some “favorable Jupiter” outside that solar system? The favorable Jupiter means a massive object that stabilizes those planets’ trajectory. That object’s distance depends on its mass. 

So, if the mass of “favorable Jupiter” is two times Jupiter's. That means it orbits at a distance of two times Jupiter's distance. This distance also depends on the mass of the central star. This means that if the favorable Jupiter is at a very long distance from its star. That means its temperature is very low. And the red dwarf’s radiation impacts that hypothetical planet. It's very weak. Its temperature would be just higher. Than. absolute zero, or zero kelvin. 

The existence of those exoplanets was confirmed in 2025. Those four planets are larger than Mars. But smaller than Venus. There is a lot of magnesium in that solar system. When. We say something about a planet’s possible lifeforms. And how habitable those planets really are. We must say that if some planet seems hostile to humans. That planet is not hostile to creatures. That formed there. Even the most hellish planet is paradise for its endemic species. And here I don’t mean intelligent species. 

https://scitechdaily.com/these-nearby-alien-planets-are-stranger-and-more-hostile-than-expected/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard%27s_Star

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard's_Star_b

2024 article. Published just before those exoplanets were found. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/discovery-of-a-tiny-exoplanet-sheds-new-light-on-a-very-old-star/

2018 article: Interesting information about the search for Barnard B. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/the-complicated-history-of-planets-around-barnards-star/

How can the universe expand faster than light? And a quantum gravitational problem.

   

“The observable universe extends far beyond its age in light-years because space itself has expanded during the journey of distant light. Yet even within that vast region, some galaxies are destined to fade from sight forever. Credit: Shutterstock.” (ScitechDaily, The Universe Can Expand Faster Than Light Without Breaking Physics)

Can the universe expand faster than light? The answer is yes. If. The limit of the universe is the distance between two photons. That left from the Big Bang. That means those photons that travel at the speed of light. Are moving away from each other. With. A speed that is virtually two times faster than the speed of light. The total escaping velocity of those photons is two times the speed of light. 

Same way. If the mutual escape velocity between two galaxies. It can be virtually faster than the speed of light. When. Two objects are growing apart. That causes the Doppler effect. While. Those objects’ distance grows. The wavelength of waves that travel between them turns longer. This means light that travels between distancing galaxies turns red. Or the spectral lines of those galaxies shift to red. 

This is why the Doppler effect is known as redshift. When. Objects are on an impact course. This causes the effect. The wavelength turns shorter. The particle pushes the wave movement ahead of it. That means light or spectral lines shift to the blue. That causes the name blueshift for objects that travel toward each other. 

When the mutual escape velocity. That is Between. Two objects. It turns fast enough. The redshift between those objects turns so strong. 

That. The wavelength grows so long. That the observations between those two objects. They turn impossible. The wavelength of the light turns so long. That those waves. They will stretch out from the optical area. If. The mutual escaping velocity is high enough. All radiation that reaches another object is radio waves. Finally, redshift stretches all radiation out from the known electromagnetic spectrum. 

Black holes are also stretching light and all other radiation. This causes a situation. The black hole’s redshift is very strong. Because. Gravitation stretches radiation. Black holes. They seem. To be. At a longer distance. Than it actually is. 

So, could Hawking radiation have such a long wavelength? That. Its wavelength is longer. Than. Any known radio wave has. So, that means Hawking radiation. It could be outside the known electromagnetic spectrum. 

"An animation illustrating how the Doppler effect causes a car engine or siren to sound higher in pitch when it is approaching than when it is receding. The red circles represent sound waves." (Wikipedia, Doppler effect)

Electromagnetic spectrum. 

Could the Hawking radiation have such a long wavelength? That it’s outside the visible electromagnetic spectrum? So, are researchers searching for that radiation on the wrong side of the electromagnetic spectrum? 

Redshift is one of the reasons. Why. We cannot see the black hole. A black hole’s gravity stretches light. And all wave movement. This means that if the photon or some wave movement can escape from the black hole’s event horizon. That means that this wave movement. Its wavelength is extremely long. So, this model. It causes an idea. That maybe Hawking radiation. It has an extremely long wavelength.  Could that wavelength be so long? That it's longer than known radio waves? 

“Physicists have long assumed that uniting quantum mechanics with gravity would require spacetime itself to behave quantum mechanically. A new theoretical framework suggests that some apparent signs of “quantum gravity” may instead be explained by quantum particles moving through ordinary spacetime, raising new questions about what future experiments must actually detect. Credit: Shutterstock. (ScitechDaily, Quantum Gravity May Be Far Less Quantum Than Physicists Expected)

“A quantum superposition of gravitational fields or spacetimes (top) and a “test” particle in a quantum superposition of locations in an ordinary gravitational field (bottom). The gravitational field could be that produced by a star, black hole, or even another quantum “source” particle. Credit: Joshua Foo/Kyushu University. “ (ScitechDaily, Quantum Gravity May Be Far Less Quantum Than Physicists Expected)

Can we put gravitational fields into superpositions? 

Even if the particle is in a superposition, the superposition between gravitational fields is not necessary. The ability to put particles into superposition. And if that thing puts gravitational fields around those particles into superposition. That means that. Gravitational field. around those particles. Will reach half of its power. 

So by using multiple superpositioned particles. It’s possible that those particles. could suck gravitational fields away from around those objects. The idea is the same as photonic decay. The photon can decay. It can form another photon. But in that multiplying process. Those two photons have, let’s say, 50% of the mass of the original photon. 

Or. Those two photons' Total mass. It is the same as the original photon. If. Gravitational fields follow the same rule. This. Is one of the most interesting Things in the history of physics. If. The gravitational field around particles behaves like a photon. That makes negative gravitation possible. But the system. It should make multiple superpositions in gravitational fields. Or. In some other models, superposition. It can suck another particle’s gravitational field from around it. This is one version of how gravitational fields interact at the quantum level. 

So, a gravitational field. It’s the sum of the quantum gravitational centers. That forms another interesting model. The black hole’s singularity has no internal structure. That means. That it. Forms the strong quantum gravitational effect. 

The black hole’s gravitational center. The singularity seems like a quark from outside. The gravitational effect is similar to quarks. But its strength is stronger. This gravitational field stretches other quantum fields, such as the electromagnetic field. And the fields of weak and strong nuclear forces. 

The gravitational field is like a lasso. It pulls particles with it. So. If we could see the pothole of the gravitational field. That pothole travels to the stronger gravitational field. Or, a deeper gravitational pothole. That deeper gravitational pothole breaks the edge of the smaller pothole. And then that opposite slope of the gravitational field pushes the object to the stronger gravitational field. 

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-can-expand-faster-than-light-without-breaking-physics/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-gravity-may-be-far-less-quantum-than-physicists-expected/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift

Dark matter and black holes.

"Artistic rendering of Penrose super-radiance: electromagnetic waves with selected rotation patterns are amplified as they interact with a system that appears to rotate at superluminal speeds. Credit: Dalila Pasotti and Hadiseh Nasari" (ScitechDaily, Physicists Just Turned a Black Hole Energy Theory Into Reality)

Could an extremely fast-spinning particle explain dark matter? The particle is the combination of the particle and its quantum field. The quantum field surrounds a particle like a halo. And we can think of the halo that surrounds the particle as particles that orbit in a synchrotron. This means that when that quantum field orbits the particle. That quantum field. That is like a wire or string around the particle that sends a photon. 

So when the particle starts to spin fast enough in its quantum field. Or maybe the particle’s quantum field orbits in the opposite direction to itself. That can help. To create a situation where the particle starts to collect energy and conduct it. Into its spin axle. 

That spin binds energy from the quantum field. Or a quantum string that surrounds the particle. If the particle’s spin turns fast enough. It starts to bind so much energy from the string around the particle. It starts to act like a thermal pump. The fast-spinning particle starts to drive. Energy into its spin axle. And that makes dark matter particles. Hypothetical WIMPs. (Weakly Interacting Massive particles) invisible. The idea is that the particle binds energy and conducts it in a way. That its energy level is lower. Than outside space. 

Bremsstrahlung radiation is produced by a high-energy electron deflected in the electric field of an atomic nucleus. This model can be improved by modeling quantum strings around atoms at the positions of electron orbitals. When that quantum string orbits the particle. That thing sends. A wave movement similar to bremsstrahlung radiation. 

Because black holes stretch everything. That means a stretched photon can steal energy from a black hole’s event horizon.

There is a possibility. That WIMP is a small black hole. 

In some models, WIMPs are the quarks or quark-electron pairs. That is united into one entirety. So if one quark is pressed into another quark. Or electron and quark. They are combined into one entirety. That could be the form of the WIMP. This means that it’s possible that WIMPs formed in the fusion of some elementary particles.  But those things are only speculation. 

This model is taken from black holes. The black hole spins very fast. Its halo pumps energy into the event horizon. The plasma halo and material disk. They are the highest energy areas. In the universe. The black hole and its singularity. They bind energy from that halo. So, if we want to create a small black hole. We must only push quarks inside each other using the quantum field of the particle. So we should only create the symmetrical laser light that pushes quarks inside the photon into each other. 

In the same way, a black hole is surrounded by the quantum field. The halo surrounds the event horizon like a ring. Sir Roger Penrose once suggested that black holes’ energy. It can benefit from using particles that divide just before they impact the event horizon. Those particles form quantum entanglement. 

That is possible. Because a photon can multiply itself. Or rather saying. The photon can decay into two lower-energy parts. This thing is known as: “Spontaneous parametric down-conversion (also known as SPDC, parametric fluorescence or parametric scattering) is a nonlinear instant optical process that converts one photon of higher energy (namely, a pump photon) into a pair of photons (namely, signal and idler photons) of lower energy, in accordance with the laws of energy conservation and momentum conservation. It is an important process in quantum optics for the generation of entangled photon pairs and of single photons.” (Wikipedia, Spontaneous parametric down-conversion). 

In a black hole’s extremely high-energy environment. That photon pair’s energy levels can rise to very high levels.  Because black holes stretch everything. That means a stretched photon can steal energy from a black hole’s event horizon. As I wrote before. 

Then a massive energy impulse starts to travel away from the particle. That is near the event horizon. The energy travels through quantum entanglement. And kicks another upper particle away. That particle transfers energy into the black hole’s halo. Energy that travels just from the point of the event horizon. It can kick particles away. This could be the thing that can be used someday. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-just-turned-a-black-hole-energy-theory-into-reality/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsstrahlung

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Simulations confirm. The black hole can evaporate.

“The one thing we all 'know' about black holes is that nothing escapes their ineluctable grasp. That is mostly true, but since the 1970s, physicists have predicted that black holes could slowly lose energy. In the form of thermal radiation. This is Hawking radiation, and while it has been recreated in laboratory analogs, the mechanism whereby it siphons energy from a black hole, known as backreaction, has remained elusive. Now, in a black hole analog made of – ironically – light, a team of physicists led by Lorenzo Procopio of Paderborn University in Germany has observed. An analog of Hawking radiation backreaction.” (ScienceAlert, Physicists Simulated a Black Hole in a Lab. Then It Started to 'Evaporate'.)

A photon can steal energy just from the event horizon. The point where the escape velocity reaches the speed of light. Not inside it. So this means that Hawking radiation. It can come from the “surface” of the event horizon. Or maybe those photons make a small hole. Into that event horizon. And the big question is: could Hawking radiation be the dark energy? This means that the hypothetical WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles). That could form dark matter. That can be the source of the dark energy. This model suggests that impacting WIMPs are the source of the dark energy. 

New simulations confirm black hole evaporation. That observation tells us that the material disk around a black hole plays a very important role in a black hole’s existence. Today reseachers suggest that nothing can escape from a black hole. But new simulations tell us that the Hawking radiation can be real. It is possible that Hawking radiation forms as a photon travels through the event horizon. Short moment. The photon is on both sides of the event horizon. And that means it can send another photon. If the photon’s energy level is lower than in and out of the event horizon. The low-energy photon can absorb energy. This is one vision of how the Hawking radiation can form. The black hole interacts like a cold object. The reason for that is in the spin. Fast-spinning ultra-degenerate material. 

That can bind quantum fields from around it. As long as the energy level in the black hole’s singularity is lower than outside. That means outside energy keeps the black hole in its form. The ultra-fast spin binds energy from around it. The spinning singularity binds energy. Until the energy level in its plasma halo or transition disks. Turns out to be lower energy than the energy level. In the event horizon is. When a black hole’s energy level grows. And its spin accelerates. It requires more and more energy to keep information inside it. 

This means that. The material disk around the black hole turns larger. This process accelerates the singularity. But if someday it happens that. The spin on the black hole’s singularity decreases. That singularity delivers energy. And that process can explain evaporation. When the speed of the black hole’s spin slows. It delivers wave movement. And that can cause Hawking radiation. And the evaporation of the black hole. The low-energy photon that touches the event horizon. The point. The black hole’s escaping velocity reaches the speed of light. That photon can steal energy.

"The accretion disk of NGC 4151 is shown blue, immediately surrounding the galaxy’s central black hole. Scientists, including University of Michigan astronomers, are showing how winds or outflows from the accretion disk reshape its host galaxy. The winds are shown as wispy light blue lines blowing across the more orange clouds surrounding the black hole. Credit: JAXA" (ScitechDaily, XRISM Reveals Galaxy-Shaping Winds Erupting From a Supermassive Black Hole)

Not from inside the black hole. From the black hole’s event horizon. The point where the escaping velocity reaches the speed of light is clear and sharp. And if a low-energy photon reaches that point. The photon can form a small tunnel between it and even the horizon. The photon steals energy just from the point of the event horizon. This means that the low-energy photons. They form small waves in that event horizon. 

The black hole itself is invisible. But we can see them through their interaction. The material disks around them are very high-energy objects. Black holes pack material around them. So that means there could also be other high-mass black holes near the Milky Way’s center. Because calculations don’t match reality. That means there are some unknown objects and components in that region. One of the components that can cause problems in the fit calculations. And observations together. That is the dark matter. Dark matter that interacts through gravitation. It can also form.  An invisible matter disk.  Around the black hole. That invisible disk might not follow the form of a visible matter disk. 

Dark matter can form an invisible matter disk around a black hole. We don’t see the black hole itself. We see it's a matter of an acceleration disk. When the speed of that matter rises. And high-energy radiation hits that matter. Its energy level and weight rise. That can cause a situation. There, the calculations and observations don’t match. When the particle changes its direction. It sends light quanta. This means. The outer edge of the matter disk should send some kind of radiation. If dark matter behaves like visible matter. That invisible material disk. That dark matter forms around the black hole. It can send wave movement like visible matter. This supports the model that dark energy could form. In the mutual interaction of dark matter particles. 

In some models, the black hole. It can also pull only dark matter inside it. If that can happen, the black hole would be invisible. The thing that determines whether this hypothesis is true or false.  Is it the strange gamma-ray glow? There is a possibility that dense-packed dark matter. It can form a gamma-ray. That gamma-ray glow. It can come straight from those hypothetical dark matter particles. Or it could be emission radiation. When those hypothetical dark matter particles. They pack densely enough. And impact often enough with the visible matter particles. That can form the gamma-ray glow. 

Black holes are ultra-massive objects. But they are gravity centers. This means that black holes. They have static orbiter trajectories. That causes an effect. That the black holes might have planets. But the supermassive black hole is in the center of the galaxy. Sagittarius A. Or Sgr*A will not pull all dust inside it. Some part of the dust around Sgr* A. It could orbit it in a static trajectory. That is one of the interesting details about Sgr A and all other black holes. 

This means that. The center of the Milky Way is far more complicated. Then, just as in a region, there are black holes that pull matter inside them. And rip everything in pieces. This means that there are whirls where particles impact. In the same way, eruptions in Sgr*A can cause energy flow in the material. And that increases entropy. 

The glow of black hole formation happens. In its material disks. The entropy causes friction. That makes that disk glow. Quantum fields travel into black holes a little bit faster. Than. Particles travel in that disk. This causes a situation. There, the field transports energy. Into the material. This causes a glow in the black hole’s material disk. Entropy in the material disk causes the glow. This means that if the black hole could pull material inside it. Without forming that disk. 

The black hole would be invisible. But that case is impossible. All matter and wave motion. Which travels into the black hole follows the spiral trajectory. The reason for that. All particles travel into the black hole from different angles. That thing causes whirls. Those whirls. They form friction that causes particles to glow. Another thing. That can make a black hole invisible. That is a brighter gamma- and X-ray source than the black hole. If the black hole is in an extremely.  High energy area. Its material disk and its glow. Hide under the brighter entirety. 

https://www.open.ac.uk/blogs/news/science-mct/space/astronomers-think-theyve-just-spotted-an-invisible-black-hole-for-the-first-time/

https://www.sciencealert.com/physicists-simulated-a-black-hole-in-a-lab-then-it-started-to-evaporate

https://www.sciencealert.com/something-far-darker-than-a-black-hole-could-hide-in-the-heart-of-the-milky-way

https://scitechdaily.com/the-milky-ways-black-hole-isnt-tearing-everything-apart-new-observations-reveal-a-surprise/

https://scitechdaily.com/the-milky-ways-mysterious-glow-may-be-dark-matter-after-all/

https://scitechdaily.com/xrism-reveals-galaxy-shaping-winds-erupting-from-a-supermassive-black-hole/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Dark matter is not ruled out as the cause of the Milky Way's strange glow.

“An image of the gamma-ray excess observed at the center of the Milky Way, overlaid on an optical image of the galaxy. Scientists have debated the origin of this excess and whether it could be caused by dark matter for more than a decade. Credit: NASA; A. Mellinger/Central Michigan University; T. Linden/University of Chicago” (ScitechDaily, The Milky Way’s Mysterious Glow May Be Dark Matter After All)

Milky Way’s strange glow. The high-energy gamma-ray emission caused grey hair among astronomers. There is suspicion that the annihilating dark matter. It can cause the gamma-ray glow. This suggests that gamma-ray emission can occur when high-density dark matter particles collide. That can explain why this halo seems to come from the Sagittarius A. Sgr*A. Or around it. This means that the dark matter. 

It can form a similar material disk. Around the SgrA as visible matter. The material disk around the Sgr*A. It is one. Of the highest energy objects in the universe. This means that. The energy level in the dark matter material disk would be enormous. But can dark matter send gamma-rays? That is one of the things that answers require more observations. If there is some kind of annihilation between those dark matter particles. 

That should require. That. There is also an anti-matter version of the dark matter. This means that the hypothetical dark matter particles. They should have an anti-particle pair. But nobody has seen a dark matter particle yet. The glow can also form. In the friction between dark matter particles in the extremely dense energy field. But if dark matter sends gamma-rays. That causes this glow. 

The gamma-ray glow. It can come directly from dark matter. Or it can be an emission radiation from other particles. This means that in an extremely high-energy area. The matter moves very fast. This can cause a situation. That dark energy that the dark matter sends. It can cause visible interaction with some material particles. The glow could also form. When dark matter particles hit electrons. If those impacts happen often enough. That thing. It can raise the energy level in those visible particles. That we can see that reaction. 

There is a model about dark matter. The idea is that dark matter actually glows. Or we could see that thing. But the glow from the visible particles covers that glow below it. If dark matter particles send dark energy. That energy could have such a short wavelength. That gamma-rays could cover that thin layer below it. If that is right. The dark matter particle. It’s a very small and high-energy particle. There is a model. That's the dark matter particles. They are the same as mythical gravitons. 

The idea is that. The dark matter particle. It is a quantum-sized black hole. If that is right. The quantum-sized black holes. Smaller than quarks. They can also send dark energy. Those quantum black holes. They have similar halos, energy disks, and relativistic jets. As normal black holes  have. Those things are only a far smaller size. So, when those halos and transition disks impact each other. That thing can send gamma-rays. If that model. It's true. The relativistic jet that those black holes form. It can turn into a superstring. 

In this model. In the middle of every single particle is a quantum-size black hole. The shell of the particle. It will be the halo of those extremely small black holes. 

This means that those quantum-sized relativistic jets are things. That makes particles pull each other. When that quantum jet hits a lower-energy particle. That lower energy particle. Pulls energy from that string. That will pull the other particle. To that lower energy particle. Or rather saying. Lower energy particle. It pulls fields to it. Then that field falls. The higher energy particle. Then that higher-energy particle points its relativistic jet at another particle. And then. The lower energy particle pulls. The higher energy particle. To it.

This could explain many things. Like annihilation. The annihilation forms. When opposite-spinning quantum fields touch each other.  This means that. This effect is similar to the collimation of the larger black holes. That can explain the gamma-ray burst in annihilation. 

https://scitechdaily.com/the-milky-ways-mysterious-glow-may-be-dark-matter-after-all/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*

How can a black hole be active, even if nothing can escape from it?

The source of Hawking radiation can be in high-energy photons. That orbit black hole near its event horizon. 

In this case, the word “active” means that the black hole sends massive gamma and X-ray bursts. Black holes don’t themselves emit any other known radiation besides gravitational waves. So, the source of the gamma- and X-ray emissions is in reactions in its halo and acceleration disks. The transition or accretion disk around a black hole impacts the formation. The particles start to whirl around the spin axis of the black hole. The thing that spins can be the black hole itself. Or the spin effect of the halo. That forms when particles fall into that supermassive object. The speed at different points in the accretion disk and halo forms friction. That friction forms extreme heat and energy. This is one of the reasons why the radiation is strongest. At the point of the relativistic jet. 

That we see as the black hole’s gamma- and X-ray emission. When a black hole sends gravitational waves. It forms short-term denser rings in the accretion disk. And that causes a difference in energy levels in that thing. In the same way, radiation from a black hole forms a situation where the energy level in the material disk changes. That causes internal friction in the disk. Entropy in that disk is very low. But radiation. That forms when the black hole sends gravitational waves, and hypothetical Hawking radiation causes small whirls in it. When particles like electrons impact those whirls. That forms radiation. Like X-rays and gamma-rays. 

Can the source of some kind of Hawking radiation and the black hole’s active period be in the parasite black holes? A parasite black hole can form in a photon that orbits a black hole at the point of the event horizon. When those photons that the black hole trapped in the event horizon face particles and wave movement. 

They start to glow. And that glow focuses energy in the middle of the photon. That energy can form. The quantum-size black hole. Those quantum-size black holes. They can be similar to their larger companions. They have an acceleration disk and an energy stylus. Those small black holes can sometimes steal a photon from the larger black hole. 

The hair of a black hole would be photons that are trapped around those quantum-sized black holes. Those hypothetical high-energy photons can destroy particles that fall into a black hole. But they can also push the halo and material disk away. This means that those quantum-sized black holes can also cause. The destruction of the larger black holes. 

“When water in a sink encounters a drain, the water doesn’t immediately all go into the drain unless the flow is slow, doesn’t overflow the drain, and remains confined to a narrow area that goes directly into the drain. For all other cases, the water will have to flow near and/or around the drain before entering it, and has a more difficult time doing so the smaller the drain is.

Credit: Dean Hochman/flickr.” (BigThink, Ask Ethan: How are black holes active if nothing escapes from them?)

“When a disturbance is created in a pond, such as by dropping a stone into an otherwise still body of water, it will generate ripples that propagate circularly outward. If water falls into an already-existing body of water, even if there’s an open drain at the bottom, that water can get kicked up and splashed out entirely, as though it were ejected from the environment around the drain, rather than getting sucked into the drain. Credit: Sergiu Bacioiu/flickr. “(BigThink, Ask Ethan: How are black holes active if nothing escapes from them?)

“Instead of water flowing into a drain, a black hole can have material flowing into its event horizon: the region of space around it that serves as a boundary between what can escape and what can’t escape. From outside the event horizon, infalling material often can pile up on top of itself, and not all (or even most) of that piled-up material will eventually wind up being devoured by the event horizon itself. Credit: Big Think / NASA” (BigThink, Ask Ethan: How are black holes active if nothing escapes from them?)

“This illustration shows a model of what powers a microquasar: a downscaled version of a supermassive black hole within an active galaxy. The central black hole gains an accretion disk, which in turn generates its own powerful magnetic field. When an additional source of matter (at left) comes into play, the interaction between that new matter and the existing accretion disk can lead to flares, winds, and the emission of large numbers of charged particles and copious radiation, among other signals.

Credit: E. M. de Gouveia Dal Pino and A. Lazarian, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2005”  (BigThink, Ask Ethan: How are black holes active if nothing escapes from them?)

“An illustration of an active black hole, one that accretes matter and accelerates a portion of it outward in two perpendicular jets. The normal matter undergoing an acceleration like this describes how quasars and active galaxies work extremely well. Flows of matter inside the accretion disk can lead to flares in a black hole’s emissions. All known, well-measured black holes have enormous rotation rates, and the laws of physics, particularly the conservation of angular momentum, all but ensure that this is mandatory. Credit: University of Warwick/Mark A. Garlick” (BigThink, Ask Ethan: How are black holes active if nothing escapes from them?)

Can the hypothetical Hawking radiation come from the black hole itself? Or can it come from photons that orbit a black hole’s event horizon? Black holes are very heavy objects. They can pull even light inside it. This means that there are also photons. That orbits a black hole near its event horizon. Those photons can be a source of radiation that we cannot detect. When other photons and particles impact those photons. They can send a wave movement. 

The photon’s shape, which is like a donut, causes the idea that maybe black holes are sometimes hairy. And sometimes they might not have those hairs. When wave movement hits those photons. They start to collect energy in the middle of it. That energy can form. The quantum-size black hole at the edge of the black hole’s event horizon. So the photon around those hypothetical black holes would be the hair. That erases matter. Those parasite black holes can also send radiation that we see as coming from the main black holes. Sooner or later, those parasite black holes fall into the main black hole. This means that a black hole can have hair. That suddenly disappears. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/black-holes-active-if-nothing-escapes/

https://www.zmescience.com/feature-post/space-astronomy/astrophysics/the-anatomy-of-a-black-hole-diving-deep-into-the-singularity/

Spacetime crystals can suddenly turn into black holes.

“Physicists have long known that black holes do not necessarily have to form from collapsing stars. Under the right conditions, spacetime itself can organize into a delicate, highly ordered state that sits on the threshold between ordinary space and something far more extreme. Credit: Stock

A new mathematical breakthrough sheds light on how tiny black holes could emerge from critical states of spacetime.” (SciTechDaily,The Strange “Spacetime Crystal” That Can Suddenly Turn Into a Black Hole)

“Black holes are often portrayed as cosmic giants, swallowing stars and shaping entire galaxies. But some of the most intriguing black holes predicted by physics could be far smaller than an atom. For decades, scientists have known that Einstein’s theory of relativity allows these microscopic black holes to form under extraordinary conditions. The problem was proving exactly how it happens.” (SciTechDaily,The Strange “Spacetime Crystal” That Can Suddenly Turn Into a Black Hole)

Can there be an object that wobbles between a quark star (quark pack) and a black hole? The idea is that. The evaporation of a small black hole delivers. A little bit of its mass. If that object’s size is very close to the Schwarzchild radius. That thing can cause a situation where the size turns below the Swarzschild radius. That makes the object visible. This can happen when the energy level in that black hole rises too high. And it pushes the acceleration disk too far. 

That can cause a situation where the black hole’s size turns below the Schwarzschild radius. The reason I use the name Qark star about this object’s visible side is that. Hypothetical quark stars can be the only visible objects. Before the black holes. That causes an interesting question. Can those quark stars be the same as the space-time crystals? Or maybe they are very high-speed neutron stars. 

The spacetime crystals that can turn into black holes are new theoretical models in fundamental quantum physics. The spacetime crystals are the new versions of the time crystal. But those new “crystals” have the extra dimension. The idea is that a tiny black hole can form from critical states of spacetime. This thing means a very fast particle. That can spin or travel ahead. can pack the spacetime states around them. Then those states press the particle into a black hole. 

And after that, that tiny black hole locks it in those states. The requirement for that process is simple. Energy that will not escape from that particle. That thing means that when a particle’s spin is close to the speed of light. And it moves ahead. That movement can cause a situation. The particle falls into a black hole. And maybe a little bit modified time crystal can act as a model for that. When particles in a time crystal spin very fast. And then that time crystal travels forward in the same time. That thing can cause a situation. That particle turns into a black hole. 

“Sometimes a tiny, seemingly insignificant cause is enough to trigger a huge and dramatic change,” says Prof. Daniel Grumiller from TU Wien. “Take liquid water at zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit), for example. A very small change is enough to make the water freeze. The water molecules then spontaneously arrange themselves into a regular pattern and form an ice crystal.”(SciTechDaily,The Strange “Spacetime Crystal” That Can Suddenly Turn Into a Black Hole)

“Physicists believe spacetime can undergo a comparable transition.”(SciTechDaily,The Strange “Spacetime Crystal” That Can Suddenly Turn Into a Black Hole)

“According to Einstein’s theory of relativity, matter and energy shape the geometry of spacetime. Massive objects such as stars create strong distortions, while smaller objects produce weaker effects. Under very specific conditions, however, these distortions can organize themselves into an unexpectedly ordered structure.”(SciTechDaily,The Strange “Spacetime Crystal” That Can Suddenly Turn Into a Black Hole)

“Left: visualization of a spacetime crystal. Right: a cubic crystal structure. Credit: TU Wien” (SciTechDaily,The Strange “Spacetime Crystal” That Can Suddenly Turn Into a Black Hole). In the same way as water crystallizes at zero degrees Celsius, the spacetime forms crystals in certain conditions. This means that the spacetime crystals are “ice”. In the spacetime. The idea in the model that the spacetime crystals can form a black hole is explored in these two models. The spacetime crystals can wobble back and forth. If the speed of light around those structures changes. Or some higher energy impulse hits those spacetime crystals. That thing can make a situation. 

That. Those spacetime crystals turn into a black hole. If spacetime crystals are like time crystals. We could use time crystals as a model of those things. “In condensed matter physics, a time crystal is a quantum system of particles whose lowest-energy state is one in which the particles are in repetitive motion. The system cannot lose energy to the environment and come to rest because it is already in its quantum ground state. “ (Wikipedia, Time Crystal). 

The thing is that. The lowest possible energy level is relative. The difference between energy levels inside and outside the particle determines how cold the object is. The particle is not cold or hot. It's cold or hot compared to something. Cold means that energy travels to a particle. And hot means energy. Travels into that particle. 

When the environment pumps energy into particles that spin. At a very high speed. That can turn those particles into black holes. The shell of those time crystals. It is the common quantum field that connects rows of particles. Under it. The quantum perpetual motion machine means the time crystal. That can recycle all its energy. When one of those particles touches the quantum field around those particles. It transfers energy to that. And then that energy travels on the opposite side of the quantum field. This means that. If the energy comes from outside. That energy can press those particles into the black hole. And when one particle in that structure falls into a black hole. It pulls everything into it. 

When we talk about neutrons. They can act as time crystals. This means that when the speed of the neutron stars rises very high. That effect can stretch those neutrons. That pulls quarks in those neutrons into straight lines. And that thing can turn. The neutrons. Into. Time crystal-shaped structures. 

In some models, the Bosen-Einstein condensate can be used. As the model for those spacetime crystals. When the speed of light around those crystals changes. That effect causes a situation there, electron. Some other particle propels forward. And that causes a situation. There, that spacetime crystal’s shell slows its speed. That causes an effect. On the particles inside. That spacetime crystal. Travel faster than the speed of light in a very short moment. 

The shell of the time crystal pumps energy into those particles. And in that case, those particles can turn into a black hole. The spacetime crystals cause an interesting question. Can there be objects that wobble between black hole and maybe tiny quark star states? The black hole’s evaporation can make this model possible. When an extremely small black hole sends radiation. That radiation can push the quantum field farther. 

That means that the black hole evaporates. And if that black hole is very close to the Schwarzchild radius. It’s possible that evaporation decreases its size to a size smaller than the Schwarzschild radius. And that can turn. The black hole. Back to a quark star. Then the quantum field just presses that thing back into the black hole. Even in quantum-size black holes, the Schwarzschild radius determines whether a particle turns into a black hole. Or not. 

https://scitechdaily.com/the-strange-spacetime-crystal-that-can-suddenly-turn-into-a-black-hole/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild_radius

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_crystal