How can the black hole merger form gamma-ray bursts?

When black holes collide, that event sends gravitational waves. There is a possibility that the gamma-ray burst (GRB) forms when those black holes’ halos touch each other. Every black hole is surrounded by material disks and photons that orbit it. The black holes. That participate. In this event. They were about 50 times larger than the sun. 

”Together, the two black holes weighed more than 100 times the mass of the Sun, placing the event among the most massive stellar-mass black hole mergers detected so far. Most previously observed mergers involve systems with only a few tens of solar masses.”(Interesting Engineering, A cosmic surprise: Black hole merger may have sparked a gamma-ray burst) 

The large size and heavy mass of those black holes tell. That. Those black holes could be the result of previous mergers. They were extremely large stellar black holes. 

Before black holes’ event horizons touch each other, those halos of matter and photons cross each other. In that case, if those halos and material disks impact each other. Particles that orbit those black holes interact, and these interactions can form the GRB. In this case, the GRB formation happens. When those halos that orbit in opposite directions impact each other. In those large black holes, their halos are quite large. 

And that means those halos have a time to reach a very high energy level. If those black holes were smaller, or their sizes were different. This can mean that the interaction between those material halos is shorter. That forms the shorter. And lower energy gamma- or X-ray flash. This thing. It can prove primordial black holes. 

And if all black hole mergers form the gamma-rays, this thing should mean that all of those black holes spin in opposite directions. That causes the model. The black holes turn. Into superposition and entanglement. Before they impact. Every time particles go into quantum entanglement, they spin in opposite directions. In the same way, if the black holes go into quantum entanglement, they will turn to spin in opposite directions. 

When we start to think that the source of the mysterious gamma-ray bursts is the cases where the black hole’s material disks and halos touch each other, that can be the first evidence about the miniature, primordial black holes. Those miniature, or planetary-mass black holes, form similar halos around them as larger black holes. 

This means that. Maybe some gamma-ray lightning, whose origin is in lone black holes, can merge with a small black hole. Those black holes could form when the radiation from the bigger black hole presses. A planet or some other objects in the form of a black hole. This means that the black hole could clone itself. 

https://interestingengineering.com/space/black-hole-merger-produces-light

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_black_hole

The NASA Dart mission has proven that asteroids can exchange dust and stones.

“[Left] The boulder-covered moon Dimorphos as seen 8.55 seconds before the impact of the DART spacecraft. [Right] The same image after correcting for lighting conditions across the surface and shadows cast by boulders, revealing a fan-shaped pattern of streaks (highlighted in color for emphasis). Credit: NASA/JHU-APL/UMD” (ScitechDaily, “At First, We Thought Something Was Wrong” – NASA DART Mission Reveals a Cosmic Snowball Fight)

“Images from NASA’s DART mission revealed the first direct evidence that asteroids in a binary system can exchange rocks and dust. Slow-moving debris from the asteroid Didymos appears to have struck its moon Dimorphos, leaving distinctive streaks scientists describe as “cosmic snowballs.” (ScitechDaily, “At First, We Thought Something Was Wrong” – NASA DART Mission Reveals a Cosmic Snowball Fight)

The gravity of asteroids is very weak. But. It’s strong enough that asteroids can pull particles like dust and stones from other asteroids. That thing is one of the most interesting things. That the Dart probe uncovered. The ability to “steal” . Other asteroids' material. Gives interesting ideas. About the possibilities that this thing can give. Can there be asteroids that carry material? That comes from some interstellar visitors. Interstellar asteroids and interstellar comets can contain interesting molecules from other solar systems. 

3I/ATLAS photographed in color by the Gemini North telescope on 26 November 2025 (Wikipedia, 3I/ATLAS)

The ability to exchange dust and stones brings new interesting questions. Could there be asteroids in the Kuiper Belt that “stole” particles from the  interstellar asteroid 1I/Oumuamua? And interstellar comets 2I/Borisov, or 3I/ATLAS? If that kind of asteroid exists. The interstellar comets spread particles. All around their path. And it’s theoretically possible to find those particles from the solar system. The AI can calculate those. Comets’ trajectories. And help to find asteroids that bind those particles on their surfaces. 

And. The origin of  those stones and dust can be confirmed to be in those interstellar visitors. Which could be the key to gathering information. About some ancient solar system. There is a possibility that those asteroids are some ancient star’s Kuiper Belt. And then a nova or a supernova pushed them out of their solar system. 

There is a possibility that the remnant.  The interstellar asteroids are left in the solar system. They can uncover new things about planet formation. The problem is that those particles are very hard. To separate from particles whose origin is in our solar system. Oumuamua and 3/ATLAS didn’t leave many particles. But samples of the ice that covers Oumuamua would give interesting information about the origin of that asteroid. There is a possibility that interstellar asteroids and comets can contain water from some extraterrestrial planet. But anyway, they can transport chemical compounds from other solar systems. 

https://scitechdaily.com/at-first-we-thought-something-was-wrong-nasa-dart-mission-reveals-a-cosmic-snowball-fight/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3I/ATLAS

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2I/Borisov

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1I/%CA%BBOumuamua

Could a massive Casimir effect between branes? Cause dark energy?

String theory can explain dark energy. The idea is that. Dark energy is the so-called positive energy that pushes things away from each other. There are many models that try to explain dark energy. One of those models is that. Dark energy is an energy. That traveled through wormholes. 

“A wormhole is a hypothetical structure that connects disparate points in spacetime. It can be visualized as a tunnel with two ends at separate points in spacetime (i.e., different locations, different points in time, or both). Wormholes are based on a special solution of the Einstein field equations. Wormholes are consistent with the general theory of relativity, but whether they actually exist is unknown. Many physicists postulate that wormholes are merely projections of a fourth spatial dimension, analogous to how a two-dimensional (2D) being could experience only part of a three-dimensional (3D) object.” (Wikipedia, Wormhole)

When energy or wave movement moves through the Einstein-Rosen bridge. That energy acts like water, which travels through the energy channel. In that model, dark energy forms in the maser emission. When a wormhole transports through the universe, the energy that travels inside it pulls energy into it. So it turns the wormhole’s outer shell colder, and it starts to pull energy into it. That energy that wormhole. Or an energy tornado that forms a channel through the universe increases the energy level of that wave movement. When that energy comes out from the wormhole, it increases the expansion of the universe. This means that the wormhole condenses energy from around it. 

“Open strings attached to a pair of D-branes”. So, could that effect mean? Do branes act like Casimir plates?

“Casimir forces on parallel plates” (Wikipedia, Casimir effect)

Casimir effect, image from Quanta magazine. 

“A wormhole visualized as a two-dimensional surface. Route (a) is the shortest path through normal space between points 1 and 2; route (b) is a shorter path through a wormhole.” (Wikipedia, Wormhole) 

If we connect the Casimir effect with the Brane theory, we can create a model where branes act like Casimir plates act in the Casimir effect. If the massive Casimir effect is behind dark energy, that explains why it seems to interact only between large megastructures. 

“In 1948, the Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir recognized that in the narrow space between two conducting plates, not all quantum fields can pop into existence. In this region, the long wavelengths get cut off. This leads to a lower energy density inside the plates than outside. The mismatch of energies creates a force that tries to push the plates together.”(Quanta). 

But if those energy fields that push those plates together are identical and their force is symmetrically the same, that causes the standing wave that pushes those plates away from each other. 

But in another version, the key element is that. The giant Casimir effect. Forms the dark energy. The idea is taken from the Casimir effect. In that effect. Two metal plates that are close to each other form an energy between them. Or as we know. The Casimir effect doesn’t form energy between two metal plates. It condenses energy between plates. Those that are close to each other. In models, the giant quantum fields can also act like Casimir plates. That means that the Casimir effect can be connected with the Brane theory. In Brane theory, the universe or spacetime forms. Of so-called branes. And those branes  can act as Casimir plates. in the Casimir effect. That energy. Starts to push plates away from each other. The outside energy tries to push those plates together. But standing waves don’t give in. 

In the Casimir system. The system collects energy using virtual particles. The Casimir effect begins when electrons jump between those plates. That forms the energy channel or energy vacuum. Side-coming energy fields try to feel those eruption channels. And that condenses energy into those points. There is a possibility that the universe-scale Casimir effect condenses energy between giant megastructures. When we think about the distance between the plates or the field, that makes the Casimir effect possible. Things that affect the Casimir effect are the stability of the system. The size of those plates is also important. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/string-theory-can-now-describe-a-universe-that-has-dark-energy-20260114/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Sitter_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Finally, astronomers understand why black holes grew so rapidly to become so large.

“Computer visualization showing baby black holes growing in a young galaxy from the early Universe. Credit: Dr John Regan” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Solve the Mystery of How Black Holes Got Big So Fast)

In a young, chaotic universe, the first primordial black holes were small. They formed straight from radiation. Or radiation-particle interaction. Those small primordial black holes formed in a universe that was denser. And that was. In a higher energy level. So, when somewhere in that hot universe, a black hole. That thing had more material and energy than in the modern universe. That it  could pull inside it. That matter and energy feed the black hole. That caused a situation. Where those black holes could grow very fast into supermassive black holes. 

Black holes form in the ultra-high-energy reactions in the universe. Or, actually. Those black holes form just after the supernova explosion. The energy that the star releases in the supernova explosion forms a bubble. Small cosmic void. Only a very heavy star can form a black hole. When that void starts to collapse, it crushes matter into a very dense form. And if that impact energy is high enough, it pushes matter, subatomic particles, and quantum fields into the one entirety called a singularity. 

In cases where the black hole forms in quark-gluon plasma (QGP or quark soup). That thing can raise its mass very fast. The quark-gluon plasma  formed just after the Big Bang. There formed whirls in a high-energy radiation field. The reason for that was that a space allowed the superstring’s vertical and horizontal movement. In this model, the radiation that left from the Big Bang was first coherent. But then. A free space formed in the energy field. 

Those whirls pulled so-called superstrings inside them. In that case, the Schwinger effect formed the first particles. In that space, even a micro black hole can grow its mass rapidly. And the most important question in modern cosmology is this: Which came first: particles or black holes? The model is that. The black hole can form straight from quantum fields or radiation. Those Kugelblitz back holes could form just after the Big Bang. But did they form in quark-gluon plasma or before, or after that stage? 

The minimum mass of the black hole. The Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) limit is about 2-3 suns. When a supernova explosion happens, part of the star’s mass escapes into the universe. And that means the star’s mass must be about 5 times higher than the Sun’s mass. The mass of the supernova remnant must be so high that the neutron star collapses. That is one way to handle black holes. But the TOV equation is made for the modern universe. 

But then. We must realize that in the very young and chaotic universe, the small primordial black holes formed the mass centers. Actually, even at the beginning of the universe, when the first quarks or electrons formed. It is possible that energy travels in the electron, or some other ball-shaped object. Then the energy jumps back from inside that quantum ball. That effect can form the cosmic microvoid, which collapses. That forms a miniature black hole. Which starts. To pull energy and matter from around it. If that happens in the quark-gluon plasma, that thing can start the formation of the supermassive black holes very fast. In quark-gluon plasma, energy and matter were in a far denser formation. In those conditions, even a small black hole can grow very fast.  

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-solve-the-mystery-of-how-black-holes-got-big-so-fast/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_black_hole

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_equation

What time is it on Mars?

Time is moving faster on the red planet. This causes problems for high-precision location systems. The thing is that. Atomic clocks. They move faster in a weaker gravity field. That causes problems. for navigation on Mars and the Moon. If. Systems use GPS-style location methodology. The change in time dilation causes a difference in all systems that require highly accurate time measurement. That thing is one of the things that we should understand. 

Before. Starting to make a laboratory on the Red Planet. On the moon, where there are no clouds and atmosphere, the optical reconnaissance satellite can locate people and other things. The space suits can be equipped with a laser LED that tells the system. Who. It is in a certain location. This means the LED sends the code that the AI uses to give information on what the control or astronaut requires. 

That kind of system can connect target data. With. The topographic map. And that system can replace GPS if the astronaut is visible. The same system can also act as a communication tool. But when we think about the time dilation on different planets, the fact that time moves faster on Mars and the moon gives information about the form of gravity. 

We know that low temperature causes. The expansion. Of the atoms. In the case of a Bose-Einstein condensate, the energy level in atoms is at a minimum. The question is: does the low gravity cause a similar effect as low temperature causes in a Bose-Einstein condensate? 

If. The size of atoms and their core quantum fields expands. It turns weaker. That causes a situation. Where things like quarks can start to move. And collide in those particles. Those collimations cause free energy to be released in the system. And that energy rips it into pieces. Because. Quantum fields are weaker near a weak gravity center. The quantum field pressure against atoms should be weaker. 

The thing that causes the difference in time is that. Near. Planet Earth. Quantum fields are denser than near planet Mars. This causes an effect where particle evaporation is faster than on Earth. Quantum fields are weaker near the Red Planet. Energy or wave movement has more space. Where. It can go. 

So, we see that effect in the cases. These particles will turn into energy. Or wave movement faster. Than on Earth. On the Red Planet researchers can measure. What effect on the size of the atoms? Does the weaker gravity have? If the size of particles is larger. That allows the subatomic particle move freely. And that can cause collisions between quarks. Those collisions can affect the existence time of the particle. When quarks hit each other, they can send energy waves to the atom. Energy. What comes inside the atom can also increase the level of free energy. 

https://scitechdaily.com/what-time-is-it-on-mars-physicists-finally-have-an-exact-answer/

Hawking radiation and its meaning.

"Black holes formed of different materials should have different information encoded on their event horizons, and it is not understood if or how that information is then encoded in the outgoing Hawking radiation. Recent work from 2023 has suggested that even horizonless objects may emit Hawking radiation as well, but that result was discovered to have been ruled out in the literature historically: way back in 1975."(BigThink, It’s time to stop teaching the biggest lie about Hawking radiation)

"Hawking radiation is one of the most incredible phenomena in the Universe, which will eventually lead to the complete decay and evaporation of the most gravitationally profound objects of all: black holes. According to no less an authority than Stephen Hawking himself, this operates based on particle-antiparticle pairs spontaneously being created by the quantum vacuum, where some members escape, leading to evaporation. But Hawking’s explanation isn’t just misleading, it’s completely incorrect. Black holes don’t emit matter or antimatter via Hawking radiation, but low-energy photons. Here’s how they really evaporate." (BigThink, It’s time to stop teaching the biggest lie about Hawking radiation)

Initially, I must say that Hawking radiation is not involved in antimatter annihilation. Things. Like back hole jets and blazars, explosive galaxies can form antimatter. The antimatter form occurs when a high-power jet travels through a galaxy and its quantum fields. And those fields and their interaction with high-energy particles. Turns some of those particles’ spins opposite. And that forms antimatter particles. The origin of the Hawking radiation is somewhere near the event horizon. 

Sometimes, there is a suggestion that. Hawking radiation forms when two subatomic particles. Turn into quantum entanglement. When another part of the quantum entanglement penetrates through the event horizon, it can conduct energy out from the black hole. The event horizon is the point where the escape velocity reaches the speed of light. In that area near black holes, energy and high-energy particles orbit the singularity. Precisely at the point of the event horizon, the wave movement starts to spin around the black hole. 

There are locked photons at that point. And those photons. They can turn into quantum entanglement with other photons. In that case, the energy that is stored in or near a black hole can be conducted out from that space. In some other models, the photon that falls through the event horizon is the thing that sends energy impulses through the universe. In those extreme conditions, even the small things mean something. So, near a black hole, the photon itself can be partially in the event horizon. 

“The most common, and incorrect, explanation for how Hawking radiation arises is an analogy with particle-antiparticle pairs. If one member with negative energy falls into the black hole’s event horizon, while the other member with positive energy escapes, the black hole loses mass. And outgoing radiation departs the black hole. This explanation has misinformed generations of physicists and came from Hawking himself. One of the errors inherent to this explanation is the notion that all of the Hawking radiation arises from the event horizon itself: it does not.”(Big Think, It’s time to stop teaching the biggest lie about Hawking radiation)

That means a photon acts like an antenna that conducts energy out from the event horizon. Anyway, in all those cases, the Hawking radiation. It can have. Such a mall transmitter. That means the radiation impulse that this radiation sends. Affect in such a small area. That's it. Cannot cause a visible anomaly in the particle’s behavior. In that model, Hawking radiation. Just tunnels through particles without causing a strong enough energy transfer, so that researchers can detect it. 

The model. It goes like this: Hawking radiation is like a small string. That makes a tunnel through a particle. All particles are actually ball-shaped quantum fields. When. A high-energy radiation wave has a small diameter. And it tunnels itself through the particle. During that process, the small-diameter radiation string pushes the particle’s quantum field away from its path. The particle’s quantum field is separated from that of the string. And the edge of the hole is at a higher energy level than the string. This denies energy transfer to the shell of the particle. This is one version of the models that could explain why Hawking radiation is so strange and hard to detect. 

There is a possibility of Hawking radiation. It is like neutrino radiation. But on a smaller scale. If. We think that neutrinos play a vital role in matter formation. We can think. That. Hawking radiation has the same role. On. A smaller scale. Neutrinos can form the quantum points where neutrinos take energy away. That makes the effect. There is energy around the neutrino and channels. Neutrinos take energy with them. That makes it start to travel to that channel and neutrino. 

And that effect presses particles to that point. Neutrinos deny. The form of standing waves. In the monoatomic objects. Like hydrogen stars. Without those quantum dots, their energy can travel and conduct energy away from particles. the standing waves push particles away from each other. There is a possibility that Hawking radiation forms similar energy dots in subatomic particles. That keeps them in their form.  

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/hawking-radiation-really-work/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

Does dark energy exist?

"The universe’s accelerating expansion is usually attributed to an unseen force called dark energy. New research proposes that a deeper understanding of gravity and spacetime geometry might explain this behavior without invoking such a mystery. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, What if Dark Energy Doesn’t Exist? New Theory Could Rewrite Cosmic Expansion)

There are two types of energy, or quantum fields, in the universe. The local fields that surround galaxies and other gravity centers. And the global fields. These are sometimes called Higgs fields. Those fields are the base energy fields in the universe. Global fields exist in space between galaxy clusters. And they determine the minimum energy level in the universe. The expansion of the universe affects the global field more strongly than the local fields. The local field is like a bubble. That form is when energy and matter are. Pack around gravity centers. 

Like. Galaxies and black holes. Because those gravitational centers pull energy around them, the particle evaporation, or quantum evaporation, is slower around those gravity centers. When particles outside those local fields turn energy. Or wave movement faster than particles in the local fields. It can cause an effect that we cannot see. That evaporation form. When quantum fields turn weaker. Energy. 

That comes from the global field pushing local fields and turning their geometry. That quantum wind forms energy shadows that move objects inside those fields. So. When that energy hits the quantum field around the galaxy clusters. It. Forms a similar halo. The sun forms near Earth. The energy of those objects with the minimum energy level. It is not very strong, but there are lots of those objects. Far more. Than in the galaxy clusters. This means that the local fields around galaxies don’t let that energy come through them. 

The local fields are complex internal bubbles that surround stars, star clusters, galaxies, local galaxy clusters, and galaxy superclusters. Those fields make it hard to detect radiation that comes from the space between galaxy superclusters. So that energy can push the galaxy's halo. The halo around galaxies is far heavier. Than. A galaxy. When that halo moves, the galaxy in it moves. The problem is that. The galaxy is the dominant object. But the galaxy is not alone. Along. With the surrounding halos, dwarf galaxies, and star clusters, it forms the local system. The local system. It is very complex. Each dwarf galaxy has its own halo inside the main halo. Those halos are formed of dark matter and visible matter. 

That means other objects around the galaxy move in the same way relatively to the galaxy. So the virtual position of the dwarf galaxies around the massive or full-size galaxies remains the same. Or it's the same relatively to the central galaxy. Because. The local system. Remains in the same form. That means the local system moves as an entirety. The movement is hard to detect. If. The observer is that system. 

This halo is one of the things that makes it hard to detect low-energy objects. Outside. That halo. In the same way as local quantum fields, those halos are multi-layer bubbles that surround single galaxies. Local clusters. And super clusters. 

So if dark energy is the movement in the Higgs field. The next. Question is: What pushes that field into motion? The Higgs field. The base energy field is all around the universe. That field determines the base energy level in the universe. And the expansion of the universe. Causes the effect. The Higgs field turns weaker. This effect pulls energy out of particles. 

"AI-generated picture of the expansion of the universe. Credit: ZARM, Universität Bremen (AI generated)" (ScitechDaily, What if Dark Energy Doesn’t Exist? New Theory Could Rewrite Cosmic Expansion)

Again, does dark energy exist? That depends on how we determine dark energy. Is it energy? That just cannot. Travel through the galaxy's halo? Or, is it so weak energy or energy that the source is in such a small particle that we cannot separate it? The halo around the galaxy is so bright. That. We simply. Cannot see the radiation that is between galaxies. The problem is that the halo around the galaxy is so high-energy that it covers the energy. That is the particle at almost the minimum energy level. Transmits. In the case of dark energy, we should ask: What pushes energy in motion? Things like stars in the galaxy. And high energy. Shining nebulae cover that weak background radiation. Under. Radiation that comes from stars and other objects. 

The fact is that nobody knows. Dark energy can be a virtual situation that forms when the universe expands. Universe’s expansion. Causes a situation where quantum fields. Around particles turn weaker. That means material, or rather, particles, evaporate faster. This means particles turn into a wave movement. A particle is actually a pack of dense wave movement. The quantum field outside it. Keeps it in form. So when the energy level in the quantum field decreases. 

The energy level. Around the particle decreases. Particle releases wave movement. This increases energy in the universe. At the same time. When. The universe expands. The distance between objects rises. This causes the gravity effect between objects turn weaker. 

Quantum Evaporation. Along. With. A weaker gravitational effect. It can explain dark energy. Then the key problem is this: why is that thing so hard to detect? We should rather say why we cannot see that effect in small-scale systems. Things like galaxies and black holes are gravity centers. They pack energy fields around them. This means that. 

The large-scale quantum evaporation or particle evaporation. It cannot happen near galaxies. This means that the universe’s expansion doesn’t have a direct effect on the field around galaxies. Massive gravitation, along with energy that comes from stars, keeps that local quantum field, at least, more stable than the global field. The global field is the quantum field. Or the Higgs field, which is between galaxy clusters. The universe's expansion affects the global field more strongly than it affects the local field. 

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-dark-energy-doesnt-exist-new-theory-could-rewrite-cosmic-expansion/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_field