Photons, gluons, and strong interaction.

Sometimes, gravitation is described as a river. The energy field that travels to the particle can be the Higgs field. The base energy field in the universe. When a particle spins and binds energy to it. Outside energy tries to fill that space, and it transports particles with it, like water transports trees. 

If we describe macro gravity as the effect that pulls objects. Like planets together. And quantum gravity is the thing that pulls things like quarks together, along with the strong nuclear interaction. In this model, strong nuclear interaction forms between spinning quarks. When quarks spin, they form a quantum tornado from their spin pole. If those spin poles and those quantum tornadoes turn to another quark, this thing can form the quantum bond between quarks. There are a couple of things that this thing requires. 

When quarks spin, the receiving particle must be at a lower energy level so that energy can travel from the dominating particle to the receiving particle. This is why protons have two up and one down quark. Neutron has two down and one up quark. Three homogenous quarks cannot form protons and neutrons. If the energy level between those particles is the same. 

That causes a shortcut between them. In strong nuclear interaction, the gluon starts to travel in the quantum tornado, or quantum channel. In this model, a gluon travels from a higher-energy quark to a lower-energy quark in the quantum tornado. That forms the suck effect that keeps those particles together. Or in another version. The gluon is in a static position between quarks, and then it forms those quantum tornadoes between those quarks. 

Because energy travels from down quarks to up quarks, that thing acts like glue that glues those particles together. This is why the strong nuclear interaction transporter particle is called a gluon. Gluon travels between quarks. The down quark is at a higher energy level than the up quark. The down quark is a heavy particle, and one of the reasons for that could be the spin of the particle. 

So. Strong nuclear interaction. It happens between a quark and a gluon, not between two quarks. A gluon is a massless particle, similar to a photon. When a gluon travels between those quarks, it interacts with another quark, which is on a lower energy level than the transmitting particle. When that gluon impacts the receiving particle, it sends a quantum pressure wave. 

Because the neutron has two down and one up quark, energy travels to the single up quark. That means it sends energy impulses through neutrons. And sooner or later, those energy impulses destroy the neutron. One of the reasons for that is that. The energy level in the universe decreases. When energy impulses travel out from quarks, they have a stronger effect. And the difference between energy levels is the thing. That breaks the neutron. 

In proton energy travels into two up quarks. This means the energy wave away from those quarks is slower and smoother. There is also more space where energy can go than there is in neutrons. This means that nobody has seen proton decay yet. 

And then into the quantum gravitation. It’s possible that quantum gravitation forms when quantum bonds between quarks and gluons start to bind energy. This effect causes a situation. That is the energy level in the outer shell of the quantum whirl that connects those quarks to the gluon. If we think that the spin of gluons forms the quantum gravity. When a gluon spins, it binds energy, and then other energy from the quantum field tries to fill that hole. This causes an effect in which the gluon sends a wave movement through that quantum whirl. 

This whirl is like a tornado. The inner side of it pulls particles together. But its shell pushes particles away from each other. This raises a question. About the gravity. Could the strong nuclear interaction be the same thing as gravity or quantum gravity? If we think that the particle that spins binds the energy field into it. We can say that gravity could be an effect. Those forms. When the so-called Higgs field travels to those spinning particles. The field. That could make this the Higgs field. As I wrote at the beginning of this text. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_quark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_quark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction

Two planets collided in a distant solar system.

“Lead author Andy Tzanidakis’ rendering of the planetary collision he suspects occurred around star Gaia20ehk in 2021. Credit: Andy Tzanidakis” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Just Saw Two Planets Collide Around a Distant Star)

"While reviewing archived telescope observations from 2020, astronomer Anastasios (Andy) Tzanidakis noticed something unusual. A star that normally should behave in a predictable way was showing strange changes in brightness."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Just Saw Two Planets Collide Around a Distant Star)

"The star, called Gaia20ehk, lies about 11,000 light-years from Earth near the constellation Pupis. It is classified as a stable “main sequence” star similar to our sun, meaning its light should remain steady over time. Instead, the star began flickering dramatically."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Just Saw Two Planets Collide Around a Distant Star)

“The star’s light output was nice and flat, but starting in 2016 it had these three dips in brightness. And then, right around 2021, it went completely bonkers,” said Tzanidakis, a doctoral candidate in astronomy at the University of Washington. “I can’t emphasize enough that stars like our sun don’t do that. So when we saw this one, we were like ‘Hello, what’s going on here?’(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Just Saw Two Planets Collide Around a Distant Star)

"Star Gaia20ehk — seen here in the center of the orange crosshairs in the inset image — is roughly 11,000 light-years from Earth, near the constellation Pupis. Astronomers at the University of Washington conclude that observed flickering from the star is likely caused by a collision between two orbiting planets. Credit: NASA/NSF NOIRLab"(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Just Saw Two Planets Collide Around a Distant Star)

Nothing is as certain as uncertainty. This is a fact that we must realize. The star called Gaia20ehk lies 11000 light-years from our sun. That distant star is similar, and maybe the same age as the sun. Astronomers think that. They saw. Planets collide in that distant solar system. This is an interesting thing, because if that star system is as mature as our solar system, that raises an idea. That's the cosmic catastrophes. And even planetary-sized object collisions are possible even in mature solar systems. This is not the first case. These cosmic collisions destroy planets. The case of Formalhaut B could be a similar case, where the mature solar system faces catastrophe. Fortmalhaut b was almost confirmed as an exoplanet, but it suddenly disappeared. 

There is a planetary nebula at the point where Formalhaut b was, and that tells us. There was. Some kind of cosmic catastrophe. That destroyed the exoplanet. Its star, Formalhaut, is quite a young star, and its solar system is still in a chaotic period. The age of the star is about 440+-40 million years (myr). The age of the sun is about 4,6 billion years old. Things like rogue planets can destroy an entire solar system. And things like black holes, neutron stars, white dwarfs, or other stars. 

"Fomalhaut b as observed from 2004 to 2014. Previously thought to be an exoplanet, it is now known to be an expanding dust cloud." (Wikipedia, Fomalhaut b)

"The top graph shows brightness measurements (green and yellow dots) of star Gaia20ehk’s brightness in the visible light spectrum. Three small dips in brightness are apparent, followed by a more chaotic overall decline. The bottom graph shows measurements (pink, black and blue dots) of the star’s brightness in the infrared spectrum. The measurements show a sharp increase in infrared as the star’s visible brightness declines. In total, the observations suggest a collision between two planets in orbit around the star. Credit: Tzanidakis et al./The Astrophysical Journal Letters". (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Just Saw Two Planets Collide Around a Distant Star)

“A mass migration of stellar twins. Stars similar to our Sun form a mass migration from the center of the Milky Way, occurring approximately 4 to 6 billion years ago. Credit: NAOJ” (ScitechDaily, Our Sun May Have Escaped the Milky Way’s Dangerous Center Billions of Years Ago)

They can enter other solar systems, turning them into chaotic form. Those things are threats as well as mature and young solar systems. The thing that the Sun. It is maybe. Born near the center of our galaxy. There. Material whirls and denser materials are excellent for stellar formation. Proto stars pull material from around them. And that can cause turbulence in the material disk, or planetary nebula. This material flow. It can cause a situation. That environment that makes stellar formation possible. It is not so excellent for plantar formation. The radiation and particle flow near the galaxy, along with the denser stellar clusters and black holes, strip the material disks. From young stars. 

Causes discussions about the origins of planets, asteroids, and moons in our solar system. Our sun could trap some of those objects around it. The problem is how to separate objects. Those that were born in the dust disk around the sun from planets, moons, and asteroids whose origin is in the same nebula as our sun. Journey from the center of our galaxy is long, and our sun trapped lots of small and maybe large particles. But our sun also lost planets and other objects. 

If it had traveled past some other star. The thing. That pushed. The sun, away from the center of the Milky Way, is interesting. That eruption or gravitational effect required a lot of energy. So could the energy beam from the neutron star or black hole explain what made our sun travel to the location where it's now? The fact is that this kind of thing means that the Sun might lose many planets.  But there is a possibility that some planets in our solar system were rogue planets. One of the suspects is Uranus. But. In the young solar system, planets might change their places and trajectories. And that can open a new path. For searching for remnants of life from other planets and moons. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-just-saw-two-planets-collide-around-a-distant-star/

https://scitechdaily.com/our-sun-may-have-escaped-the-milky-ways-dangerous-center-billions-of-years-ago/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomalhaut

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomalhaut_b

The neutron star followed an oval trajectory before it collided with a black hole.

 

“Artist’s impression of an eccentric neutron star–black hole binary. The neutron star’s path is shown in blue and the black hole’s motion in orange as the two objects orbit each other. The eccentricity shown here is exaggerated compared to the real system, GW200105, to make the effect on the orbital motion clearer. Credit: Geraint Pratten, Royal Society University Research Fellow, University of Birmingham” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Spot a Black Hole-Neutron Star Pair Breaking the Rules of Cosmic Orbits)

The neutron star’s unusual trajectory when it fell into a black hole. The thing that formed that unusual oval trajectory could be the third component. There could be a possibility. That there was something unseen. Maybe the second back hole in the system before the final impact. The third participant can be outside the system. Or maybe it's very close to the back hole. 

The neutron star and black hole collided, and this thing defies predicted models. The neutron star impacted the black hole following an oval trajectory. This means that the closest point in that trajectory moved closer and closer to the black hole. And then the black hole pulled that neutron star inside it. The reason for that trajectory is that the neutron star got more energy when it closed the black hole. 

Similarly, in cases where black holes merge with neutron stars, they also have their own material disk. The impact of material disks will create energy, which pushes the neutron star away from the black hole. This also explains gamma-rays. From those mergers. 

The material disk interacts with the black hole material disk, and that forms energy. So this means that the shape of the trajectory remains similar. But sooner or later, the black hole “steals” the neutron star’s material disk. This means that the neutron star will not get as much energy from the impact of those material disks. This means that the black hole pulls the neutron star closer and closer to it. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-spot-a-black-hole-neutron-star-pair-breaking-the-rules-of-cosmic-orbits/

How can the black hole merger form gamma-ray bursts?

When black holes collide, that event sends gravitational waves. There is a possibility that the gamma-ray burst (GRB) forms when those black holes’ halos touch each other. Every black hole is surrounded by material disks and photons that orbit it. The black holes. That participate. In this event. They were about 50 times larger than the sun. 

”Together, the two black holes weighed more than 100 times the mass of the Sun, placing the event among the most massive stellar-mass black hole mergers detected so far. Most previously observed mergers involve systems with only a few tens of solar masses.”(Interesting Engineering, A cosmic surprise: Black hole merger may have sparked a gamma-ray burst) 

The large size and heavy mass of those black holes tell. That. Those black holes could be the result of previous mergers. They were extremely large stellar black holes. 

Before black holes’ event horizons touch each other, those halos of matter and photons cross each other. In that case, if those halos and material disks impact each other. Particles that orbit those black holes interact, and these interactions can form the GRB. In this case, the GRB formation happens. When those halos that orbit in opposite directions impact each other. In those large black holes, their halos are quite large. 

And that means those halos have a time to reach a very high energy level. If those black holes were smaller, or their sizes were different. This can mean that the interaction between those material halos is shorter. That forms the shorter. And lower energy gamma- or X-ray flash. This thing. It can prove primordial black holes. 

And if all black hole mergers form the gamma-rays, this thing should mean that all of those black holes spin in opposite directions. That causes the model. The black holes turn. Into superposition and entanglement. Before they impact. Every time particles go into quantum entanglement, they spin in opposite directions. In the same way, if the black holes go into quantum entanglement, they will turn to spin in opposite directions. 

When we start to think that the source of the mysterious gamma-ray bursts is the cases where the black hole’s material disks and halos touch each other, that can be the first evidence about the miniature, primordial black holes. Those miniature, or planetary-mass black holes, form similar halos around them as larger black holes. 

This means that. Maybe some gamma-ray lightning, whose origin is in lone black holes, can merge with a small black hole. Those black holes could form when the radiation from the bigger black hole presses. A planet or some other objects in the form of a black hole. This means that the black hole could clone itself. 

https://interestingengineering.com/space/black-hole-merger-produces-light

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_black_hole

The NASA Dart mission has proven that asteroids can exchange dust and stones.

“[Left] The boulder-covered moon Dimorphos as seen 8.55 seconds before the impact of the DART spacecraft. [Right] The same image after correcting for lighting conditions across the surface and shadows cast by boulders, revealing a fan-shaped pattern of streaks (highlighted in color for emphasis). Credit: NASA/JHU-APL/UMD” (ScitechDaily, “At First, We Thought Something Was Wrong” – NASA DART Mission Reveals a Cosmic Snowball Fight)

“Images from NASA’s DART mission revealed the first direct evidence that asteroids in a binary system can exchange rocks and dust. Slow-moving debris from the asteroid Didymos appears to have struck its moon Dimorphos, leaving distinctive streaks scientists describe as “cosmic snowballs.” (ScitechDaily, “At First, We Thought Something Was Wrong” – NASA DART Mission Reveals a Cosmic Snowball Fight)

The gravity of asteroids is very weak. But. It’s strong enough that asteroids can pull particles like dust and stones from other asteroids. That thing is one of the most interesting things. That the Dart probe uncovered. The ability to “steal” . Other asteroids' material. Gives interesting ideas. About the possibilities that this thing can give. Can there be asteroids that carry material? That comes from some interstellar visitors. Interstellar asteroids and interstellar comets can contain interesting molecules from other solar systems. 

3I/ATLAS photographed in color by the Gemini North telescope on 26 November 2025 (Wikipedia, 3I/ATLAS)

The ability to exchange dust and stones brings new interesting questions. Could there be asteroids in the Kuiper Belt that “stole” particles from the  interstellar asteroid 1I/Oumuamua? And interstellar comets 2I/Borisov, or 3I/ATLAS? If that kind of asteroid exists. The interstellar comets spread particles. All around their path. And it’s theoretically possible to find those particles from the solar system. The AI can calculate those. Comets’ trajectories. And help to find asteroids that bind those particles on their surfaces. 

And. The origin of  those stones and dust can be confirmed to be in those interstellar visitors. Which could be the key to gathering information. About some ancient solar system. There is a possibility that those asteroids are some ancient star’s Kuiper Belt. And then a nova or a supernova pushed them out of their solar system. 

There is a possibility that the remnant.  The interstellar asteroids are left in the solar system. They can uncover new things about planet formation. The problem is that those particles are very hard. To separate from particles whose origin is in our solar system. Oumuamua and 3/ATLAS didn’t leave many particles. But samples of the ice that covers Oumuamua would give interesting information about the origin of that asteroid. There is a possibility that interstellar asteroids and comets can contain water from some extraterrestrial planet. But anyway, they can transport chemical compounds from other solar systems. 

https://scitechdaily.com/at-first-we-thought-something-was-wrong-nasa-dart-mission-reveals-a-cosmic-snowball-fight/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3I/ATLAS

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2I/Borisov

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1I/%CA%BBOumuamua

Could a massive Casimir effect between branes? Cause dark energy?

String theory can explain dark energy. The idea is that. Dark energy is the so-called positive energy that pushes things away from each other. There are many models that try to explain dark energy. One of those models is that. Dark energy is an energy. That traveled through wormholes. 

“A wormhole is a hypothetical structure that connects disparate points in spacetime. It can be visualized as a tunnel with two ends at separate points in spacetime (i.e., different locations, different points in time, or both). Wormholes are based on a special solution of the Einstein field equations. Wormholes are consistent with the general theory of relativity, but whether they actually exist is unknown. Many physicists postulate that wormholes are merely projections of a fourth spatial dimension, analogous to how a two-dimensional (2D) being could experience only part of a three-dimensional (3D) object.” (Wikipedia, Wormhole)

When energy or wave movement moves through the Einstein-Rosen bridge. That energy acts like water, which travels through the energy channel. In that model, dark energy forms in the maser emission. When a wormhole transports through the universe, the energy that travels inside it pulls energy into it. So it turns the wormhole’s outer shell colder, and it starts to pull energy into it. That energy that wormhole. Or an energy tornado that forms a channel through the universe increases the energy level of that wave movement. When that energy comes out from the wormhole, it increases the expansion of the universe. This means that the wormhole condenses energy from around it. 

“Open strings attached to a pair of D-branes”. So, could that effect mean? Do branes act like Casimir plates?

“Casimir forces on parallel plates” (Wikipedia, Casimir effect)

Casimir effect, image from Quanta magazine. 

“A wormhole visualized as a two-dimensional surface. Route (a) is the shortest path through normal space between points 1 and 2; route (b) is a shorter path through a wormhole.” (Wikipedia, Wormhole) 

If we connect the Casimir effect with the Brane theory, we can create a model where branes act like Casimir plates act in the Casimir effect. If the massive Casimir effect is behind dark energy, that explains why it seems to interact only between large megastructures. 

“In 1948, the Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir recognized that in the narrow space between two conducting plates, not all quantum fields can pop into existence. In this region, the long wavelengths get cut off. This leads to a lower energy density inside the plates than outside. The mismatch of energies creates a force that tries to push the plates together.”(Quanta). 

But if those energy fields that push those plates together are identical and their force is symmetrically the same, that causes the standing wave that pushes those plates away from each other. 

But in another version, the key element is that. The giant Casimir effect. Forms the dark energy. The idea is taken from the Casimir effect. In that effect. Two metal plates that are close to each other form an energy between them. Or as we know. The Casimir effect doesn’t form energy between two metal plates. It condenses energy between plates. Those that are close to each other. In models, the giant quantum fields can also act like Casimir plates. That means that the Casimir effect can be connected with the Brane theory. In Brane theory, the universe or spacetime forms. Of so-called branes. And those branes  can act as Casimir plates. in the Casimir effect. That energy. Starts to push plates away from each other. The outside energy tries to push those plates together. But standing waves don’t give in. 

In the Casimir system. The system collects energy using virtual particles. The Casimir effect begins when electrons jump between those plates. That forms the energy channel or energy vacuum. Side-coming energy fields try to feel those eruption channels. And that condenses energy into those points. There is a possibility that the universe-scale Casimir effect condenses energy between giant megastructures. When we think about the distance between the plates or the field, that makes the Casimir effect possible. Things that affect the Casimir effect are the stability of the system. The size of those plates is also important. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/string-theory-can-now-describe-a-universe-that-has-dark-energy-20260114/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Sitter_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Finally, astronomers understand why black holes grew so rapidly to become so large.

“Computer visualization showing baby black holes growing in a young galaxy from the early Universe. Credit: Dr John Regan” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Solve the Mystery of How Black Holes Got Big So Fast)

In a young, chaotic universe, the first primordial black holes were small. They formed straight from radiation. Or radiation-particle interaction. Those small primordial black holes formed in a universe that was denser. And that was. In a higher energy level. So, when somewhere in that hot universe, a black hole. That thing had more material and energy than in the modern universe. That it  could pull inside it. That matter and energy feed the black hole. That caused a situation. Where those black holes could grow very fast into supermassive black holes. 

Black holes form in the ultra-high-energy reactions in the universe. Or, actually. Those black holes form just after the supernova explosion. The energy that the star releases in the supernova explosion forms a bubble. Small cosmic void. Only a very heavy star can form a black hole. When that void starts to collapse, it crushes matter into a very dense form. And if that impact energy is high enough, it pushes matter, subatomic particles, and quantum fields into the one entirety called a singularity. 

In cases where the black hole forms in quark-gluon plasma (QGP or quark soup). That thing can raise its mass very fast. The quark-gluon plasma  formed just after the Big Bang. There formed whirls in a high-energy radiation field. The reason for that was that a space allowed the superstring’s vertical and horizontal movement. In this model, the radiation that left from the Big Bang was first coherent. But then. A free space formed in the energy field. 

Those whirls pulled so-called superstrings inside them. In that case, the Schwinger effect formed the first particles. In that space, even a micro black hole can grow its mass rapidly. And the most important question in modern cosmology is this: Which came first: particles or black holes? The model is that. The black hole can form straight from quantum fields or radiation. Those Kugelblitz back holes could form just after the Big Bang. But did they form in quark-gluon plasma or before, or after that stage? 

The minimum mass of the black hole. The Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) limit is about 2-3 suns. When a supernova explosion happens, part of the star’s mass escapes into the universe. And that means the star’s mass must be about 5 times higher than the Sun’s mass. The mass of the supernova remnant must be so high that the neutron star collapses. That is one way to handle black holes. But the TOV equation is made for the modern universe. 

But then. We must realize that in the very young and chaotic universe, the small primordial black holes formed the mass centers. Actually, even at the beginning of the universe, when the first quarks or electrons formed. It is possible that energy travels in the electron, or some other ball-shaped object. Then the energy jumps back from inside that quantum ball. That effect can form the cosmic microvoid, which collapses. That forms a miniature black hole. Which starts. To pull energy and matter from around it. If that happens in the quark-gluon plasma, that thing can start the formation of the supermassive black holes very fast. In quark-gluon plasma, energy and matter were in a far denser formation. In those conditions, even a small black hole can grow very fast.  

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-solve-the-mystery-of-how-black-holes-got-big-so-fast/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_black_hole

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_equation