How can the universe expand faster than light? And a quantum gravitational problem.

   

“The observable universe extends far beyond its age in light-years because space itself has expanded during the journey of distant light. Yet even within that vast region, some galaxies are destined to fade from sight forever. Credit: Shutterstock.” (ScitechDaily, The Universe Can Expand Faster Than Light Without Breaking Physics)

Can the universe expand faster than light? The answer is yes. If. The limit of the universe is the distance between two photons. That left from the Big Bang. That means those photons that travel at the speed of light. Are moving away from each other. With. A speed that is virtually two times faster than the speed of light. The total escaping velocity of those photons is two times the speed of light. 

Same way. If the mutual escape velocity between two galaxies. It can be virtually faster than the speed of light. When. Two objects are growing apart. That causes the Doppler effect. While. Those objects’ distance grows. The wavelength of waves that travel between them turns longer. This means light that travels between distancing galaxies turns red. Or the spectral lines of those galaxies shift to red. 

This is why the Doppler effect is known as redshift. When. Objects are on an impact course. This causes the effect. The wavelength turns shorter. The particle pushes the wave movement ahead of it. That means light or spectral lines shift to the blue. That causes the name blueshift for objects that travel toward each other. 

When the mutual escape velocity. That is Between. Two objects. It turns fast enough. The redshift between those objects turns so strong. 

That. The wavelength grows so long. That the observations between those two objects. They turn impossible. The wavelength of the light turns so long. That those waves. They will stretch out from the optical area. If. The mutual escaping velocity is high enough. All radiation that reaches another object is radio waves. Finally, redshift stretches all radiation out from the known electromagnetic spectrum. 

Black holes are also stretching light and all other radiation. This causes a situation. The black hole’s redshift is very strong. Because. Gravitation stretches radiation. Black holes. They seem. To be. At a longer distance. Than it actually is. 

So, could Hawking radiation have such a long wavelength? That. Its wavelength is longer. Than. Any known radio wave has. So, that means Hawking radiation. It could be outside the known electromagnetic spectrum. 

"An animation illustrating how the Doppler effect causes a car engine or siren to sound higher in pitch when it is approaching than when it is receding. The red circles represent sound waves." (Wikipedia, Doppler effect)

Electromagnetic spectrum. 

Could the Hawking radiation have such a long wavelength? That it’s outside the visible electromagnetic spectrum? So, are researchers searching for that radiation on the wrong side of the electromagnetic spectrum? 

Redshift is one of the reasons. Why. We cannot see the black hole. A black hole’s gravity stretches light. And all wave movement. This means that if the photon or some wave movement can escape from the black hole’s event horizon. That means that this wave movement. Its wavelength is extremely long. So, this model. It causes an idea. That maybe Hawking radiation. It has an extremely long wavelength.  Could that wavelength be so long? That it's longer than known radio waves? 

“Physicists have long assumed that uniting quantum mechanics with gravity would require spacetime itself to behave quantum mechanically. A new theoretical framework suggests that some apparent signs of “quantum gravity” may instead be explained by quantum particles moving through ordinary spacetime, raising new questions about what future experiments must actually detect. Credit: Shutterstock. (ScitechDaily, Quantum Gravity May Be Far Less Quantum Than Physicists Expected)

“A quantum superposition of gravitational fields or spacetimes (top) and a “test” particle in a quantum superposition of locations in an ordinary gravitational field (bottom). The gravitational field could be that produced by a star, black hole, or even another quantum “source” particle. Credit: Joshua Foo/Kyushu University. “ (ScitechDaily, Quantum Gravity May Be Far Less Quantum Than Physicists Expected)

Can we put gravitational fields into superpositions? 

Even if the particle is in a superposition, the superposition between gravitational fields is not necessary. The ability to put particles into superposition. And if that thing puts gravitational fields around those particles into superposition. That means that. Gravitational field. around those particles. Will reach half of its power. 

So by using multiple superpositioned particles. It’s possible that those particles. could suck gravitational fields away from around those objects. The idea is the same as photonic decay. The photon can decay. It can form another photon. But in that multiplying process. Those two photons have, let’s say, 50% of the mass of the original photon. 

Or. Those two photons' Total mass. It is the same as the original photon. If. Gravitational fields follow the same rule. This. Is one of the most interesting Things in the history of physics. If. The gravitational field around particles behaves like a photon. That makes negative gravitation possible. But the system. It should make multiple superpositions in gravitational fields. Or. In some other models, superposition. It can suck another particle’s gravitational field from around it. This is one version of how gravitational fields interact at the quantum level. 

So, a gravitational field. It’s the sum of the quantum gravitational centers. That forms another interesting model. The black hole’s singularity has no internal structure. That means. That it. Forms the strong quantum gravitational effect. 

The black hole’s gravitational center. The singularity seems like a quark from outside. The gravitational effect is similar to quarks. But its strength is stronger. This gravitational field stretches other quantum fields, such as the electromagnetic field. And the fields of weak and strong nuclear forces. 

The gravitational field is like a lasso. It pulls particles with it. So. If we could see the pothole of the gravitational field. That pothole travels to the stronger gravitational field. Or, a deeper gravitational pothole. That deeper gravitational pothole breaks the edge of the smaller pothole. And then that opposite slope of the gravitational field pushes the object to the stronger gravitational field. 

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-can-expand-faster-than-light-without-breaking-physics/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-gravity-may-be-far-less-quantum-than-physicists-expected/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift

The Muon G-2. And the missing fundamental interaction.

 

“A muon is a fundamental particle similar to an electron. But. About 200 times heavier and much less stable. It exists only briefly before decaying into lighter particles, making it a useful probe for studying subtle effects in particle physics. Credit: Shutterstock” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Were Wrong About This Strange “Rule-Breaking” Particle)

The question about the centrifugal force is this: could some form of centrifugal force be the missing fifth force? This means that there could be a quantum version of the centripetal force. The force that makes an electron send a photon outside its trajectory. That effect causes a lower energy state for the electron’s outer side. And that pulls the electron away from the atom’s nucleus. 

The Muon G-2 test didn’t bring evidence of the fifth force. However, it could provide a hint for the centrifugal force, or its quantum model. When a muon orbits the center of the cyclotron, it sends a photon. Just like electrons make. This phenomenon forms a small quantum of low pressure at the point where the photon, or wave that turns into a photon, leaves. That low pressure has an effect on the trajectory of the muon. The muon is a short-lived particle. That means the radiation. That it sends is stronger than in the case of an electron. 

And that pulls muon away. So there could be some unpredictable energy field that caused the unexpected effect on the muon’s trajectory. The muon itself is a fermion. similar to an electron, but much more massive. We can see the results of the Muon G-2 anomalies, and we can make two conclusions. The anomaly was in the limit. Or it was on the edge of the unpredictable and predicted. This means that those results are “almost, but not certainly”. This means that today reseachers have not found the fifth force. 

But. Theories. Like the Grand Unified Theory (GUT) and the Theory of Everything (TOE). Try to explain that the four fundamental interactions are a form of one force. At the theoretical level, we can say that by using the electroweak interaction. The energy or photons should travel from the gluon to the Z boson and then to the W boson, which transports energy into the electron. Electron sends a photon. Out from the atom. And that thing can cause the electromagnetic low pressure near electrons. That explains the gravity. 

There is a possibility that gluons. Could. Have a spin motion. Which means they can send photons. There is a small part in an atom. That researchers don’t know. This makes it impossible to fit. Quantum gravitation and Newtonian dynamics together. This causes one of the most interesting questions. Could centrifugal force be the thing that we could call the fifth force? 

Centripetal force is the virtual force. That forms the situation. The smaller object orbits the larger one. The recessive object stores kinetic energy in it. And that energy keeps the object in its orbit. 

The fact is. That seems very far-fetched. But then. We can think that when a less massive object orbits the gravitational center, the secondary, or the less massive object, collects gravitational waves. Into the form of a deep ditch just behind the secondary object. That shadow pulls the object away from the gravitational center. 

Another form. Could be.That. The quantum fields around the gravitational centers hit together. Both of those objects have their own gravitational pothole. And that packs quantum fields against both of them. That causes a situation. Where those fields push each other away. In this model, the orbiting gravitational centers form the energy hill around the gravity pothole. That hill also denies. The object. To fall to the gravity center. Those things can seem nonsensical. 

But the problem is that they all form centrifugal force. This means that the uniting gravity waves could cause the other object to travel away from the gravity center. This requires a very deep gravity ditch at the opposite side of the recessive object. 

But this means. That gravity might not be one single interaction. We can think. That. Gravitation is a wave movement that is between the second and third dimensions. This low-energy radiation forms the ditch that we call gravitational waves. That happens when the low-energy radiation pulls energy out. From the higher energy radiation. This explains why gravitational waves. Turn weaker. When the distance to the gravitational center grows.

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-were-wrong-about-this-strange-rule-breaking-particle/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_force

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_g-2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

The Muon g-2 saved a Standard model.

The Muon g-2 anomaly is solved, and researchers have saved the Standard Model. That is one thing that we should be glad about. Except the fifth force is not found. But before we try to hunt the fifth force, we must describe it. It's very hard to make the description about the ghost, a force that might not be anything that we have seen before. Or maybe, the fifth force is only a mirage, or a virtual effect some kind of reflection of some other forces. 

We know that all four fundamental interactions or fundamental forces, strong nuclear interaction, weak nuclear interaction, electromagnetism, and gravitation or gravity are wave movements that the particle called boson sends. Every fundamental interaction has its boson, that carries that force or interaction. And the transmitter, or carrier boson’s size determines the wavelength of each individual force. 

Strong nuclear interaction has the shortest of those wavelengths. That wavelength depends on the size of the boson that carries that force. Gravity is the only fundamental force that can interact over long distances. Gravity is also the only fundamental interaction that has no repelling effect. The quantum gravity model explains things like this: all particles that have mass are the gravity centers, which we can call a gravitational quantum dot. 

And all gravitational centers from atoms to planets and black holes involve a certain number of those gravity quantum dots in a certain volume. So the density, or distance between those gravitational quantum dots determines the power of gravity. But then we can say that all fundamental forces or every boson can send radiation at a long distance, but we cannot see that radiation. 

When gluon, the boson that transports the strong nuclear interaction sends radiation in wavelengths that we call a strong nuclear interaction that radiation or wave movement doesn't disappear when it travels out from the atom's nucleus. Other fundamental forces just cover that radiation into them. The reason why we cannot detect that strong interaction over long distances is simple. The strong interaction oscillates so small a point in the atom, that we cannot separate it from the whole. 

Other interactions like weak nuclear force and electromagnetism, or their transmitter particles send radiation that affects larger parts of the atoms. And that's why we cannot see strong interaction. The model with gluons is that it's quite similar maybe, quite flat, to a photon. That flat particle creates the quantum channel or quantum tornado between quarks. Gluon transports energy out from the quantum channel to the point where it is. So the gluon acts like a thermal pump that pulls quarks close to each other. 

When gluon transports or conducts energy out from the bond that keeps quarks and hadrons it must get that energy from somewhere. That somewhere is the hadron's quantum field. This is the thing called evaporation or vaporization. When gluon sends energy out from the quantum channel it turns particles into radiation, or wave movement. 

When a particle evaporates it loses its mass. And when its quantum field turns weaker the outside quantum field tries to fill that point. The effect is similar to the case in which we bring ice to the room. When ice melts it conducts energy in it. In the same way, all evaporation requires energy. If we think that material is ice, we can ask why things like nuclear fission, fusion, or some annihilation release so much energy. 

Maybe we should rather ask: what puts energy travel in that case moving so fast that it causes a strong effect? When we think about things like annihilation that happens between the particles. And their antiparticle pairs. Antiparticles are similar to particles,  except their polarity or spin is opposite to their particle pair. When those particle-antiparticle pairs come too close to each other. Electromagnetic force pulls them together. 

In that process, those particles will go in the same quantum field. Then those particles hit each other. In that case, they turn flat. The impact pushes their internal quantum fields away. And then the quantum fields impact that point. The impacting quantum field forms the slam. That destroys those particle's structure. The reason for that is the resonance between superstrings, the smallest structures in the particles. That rips those particles into pieces. When those strings that form elementary particles rip quantum fields travel to that point. 

Same way when heavy elements like uranium or plutonium divide the quantum field falls between half of those particles. When heavy elements divide. Quantum field travels inside that thing. That field rotates protons and neutrons. And those things release energy from the nucleus. 

In fusion, impacting energy causes an energy wave. 

The reaction goes like this: Deuterium (2H) + Tritium (3H) → Helium-4 (4He) + Neutron (n). That thing means that the released neutron is the thing. That makes the energy released in fusion. The thing that makes the lightweight atoms make more effective fusion is this. In heavy atoms there is too much free space that their fusion can release more energy than the reaction uses. 

The idea is similar to the case where we throw softballs against each other. There is so much free space in those balls, that they cannot form noise. When small, or light atoms hit together. There is less free space. Protons and neutrons cannot slip in that free space. 

When we think about particles like mesons that have more than three quarks. Or they can involve two quarks. The meson is also a baryon, but it's the bosonic hadron. Simple structure mesons are more common than complicated mesons. 

Baryonic hadrons like protons and neutrons involve three quarks. If there are only two quarks in the particle's quantum field it pushes those particles away from each other. If the energy level between quarks rises too high that energy pushes quarks away from each other.  

 https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/anomaly-muon-g-2-puzzle/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model