Could a massive Casimir effect between branes? Cause dark energy?

String theory can explain dark energy. The idea is that. Dark energy is the so-called positive energy that pushes things away from each other. There are many models that try to explain dark energy. One of those models is that. Dark energy is an energy. That traveled through wormholes. 

“A wormhole is a hypothetical structure that connects disparate points in spacetime. It can be visualized as a tunnel with two ends at separate points in spacetime (i.e., different locations, different points in time, or both). Wormholes are based on a special solution of the Einstein field equations. Wormholes are consistent with the general theory of relativity, but whether they actually exist is unknown. Many physicists postulate that wormholes are merely projections of a fourth spatial dimension, analogous to how a two-dimensional (2D) being could experience only part of a three-dimensional (3D) object.” (Wikipedia, Wormhole)

When energy or wave movement moves through the Einstein-Rosen bridge. That energy acts like water, which travels through the energy channel. In that model, dark energy forms in the maser emission. When a wormhole transports through the universe, the energy that travels inside it pulls energy into it. So it turns the wormhole’s outer shell colder, and it starts to pull energy into it. That energy that wormhole. Or an energy tornado that forms a channel through the universe increases the energy level of that wave movement. When that energy comes out from the wormhole, it increases the expansion of the universe. This means that the wormhole condenses energy from around it. 

“Open strings attached to a pair of D-branes”. So, could that effect mean? Do branes act like Casimir plates?

“Casimir forces on parallel plates” (Wikipedia, Casimir effect)

Casimir effect, image from Quanta magazine. 

“A wormhole visualized as a two-dimensional surface. Route (a) is the shortest path through normal space between points 1 and 2; route (b) is a shorter path through a wormhole.” (Wikipedia, Wormhole) 

If we connect the Casimir effect with the Brane theory, we can create a model where branes act like Casimir plates act in the Casimir effect. If the massive Casimir effect is behind dark energy, that explains why it seems to interact only between large megastructures. 

“In 1948, the Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir recognized that in the narrow space between two conducting plates, not all quantum fields can pop into existence. In this region, the long wavelengths get cut off. This leads to a lower energy density inside the plates than outside. The mismatch of energies creates a force that tries to push the plates together.”(Quanta). 

But if those energy fields that push those plates together are identical and their force is symmetrically the same, that causes the standing wave that pushes those plates away from each other. 

But in another version, the key element is that. The giant Casimir effect. Forms the dark energy. The idea is taken from the Casimir effect. In that effect. Two metal plates that are close to each other form an energy between them. Or as we know. The Casimir effect doesn’t form energy between two metal plates. It condenses energy between plates. Those that are close to each other. In models, the giant quantum fields can also act like Casimir plates. That means that the Casimir effect can be connected with the Brane theory. In Brane theory, the universe or spacetime forms. Of so-called branes. And those branes  can act as Casimir plates. in the Casimir effect. That energy. Starts to push plates away from each other. The outside energy tries to push those plates together. But standing waves don’t give in. 

In the Casimir system. The system collects energy using virtual particles. The Casimir effect begins when electrons jump between those plates. That forms the energy channel or energy vacuum. Side-coming energy fields try to feel those eruption channels. And that condenses energy into those points. There is a possibility that the universe-scale Casimir effect condenses energy between giant megastructures. When we think about the distance between the plates or the field, that makes the Casimir effect possible. Things that affect the Casimir effect are the stability of the system. The size of those plates is also important. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/string-theory-can-now-describe-a-universe-that-has-dark-energy-20260114/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Sitter_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Gravity from entropy in an interesting theory.

"Diagrammatic representation of the entropic quantum gravity action. The action for gravity is given by the quantum relative entropy between the metric of the manifold and the metric induced by the matter field and the geometry. Credit: Physical Review D (2025). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.111.066001" (Phys.org, Gravity from entropy: A radical new approach to unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity)

If we think that gravitation occurs in cases where the spinning particles store energy in the. And transform that energy into kinetic energy, we can explain special features of gravity like this. All parts of atoms are spinning. And all particles have their own individual quantum gravity field. So if we try to look at the gravity fields around atoms, we would see multiple different-sized whirls. Gluons, W, and Z bosons, quarks, and electrons conduct energy into themselves. 

But also things like quantum fields and quantum field tunnels between quarks and around the atom's spin. That spinning movement binds energy to those particles and fields. And those particles and fields turn that energy into kinetic energy. 

So, energy, or quantum fields, can also bind energy and make energy travel to those fields. In the same way as in all objects, the spin or speed of a particle or field accelerates until it starts to deliver energy. That means things like black holes will send gravitational waves that are emitted from those objects. When their spin speed slows, they start to deliver energy. Even a black hole cannot create energy from nothing. It must conduct energy somewhere if it spins more slowly. And in that process, a black hole delivers energy. As well as all other objects in the universe. 

In the same way, if we think that quantum fields form superstrings, that explains some interesting things in gravity. Theoretical superstring is the rolled quantum field. So when a superstring moves, it harnesses energy from its environment. The superstring doesn’t form energy; it harnesses and stores it from fields around it. When a superstring slows, it releases a gravitational wave or some other energy wave. Just like all other gravitational centers. 

Gravitation from entropy, or entropic gravity, is a new and exciting model to explain quantum gravity. And attempt to fit quantum gravity into Einstein's general relativity and special relativity. That model tries to connect quantum gravitation to the larger-scale gravitation. Entropic gravitation holds the idea that gravitation is like electromagnetic radiation, or one of the quantum fields.

So, if gravitation is like radiation, there should be a so-called G-field that gravitational radiation forms. That G-field or free gravitational field is like any other radiation field, but gravitational radiation or gravitational wave movement forms that G-field. The G-field could form particles because wave-particle duality (WPD) is also possible between gravitational waves. 

"Representation of the gravitational field of Earth and Moon combined (not to scale). Vector field (blue) and its associated scalar potential field (red). Point P between earth and moon is the point of equilibrium." (Wikipedia, Gravitational field)

When we think about how difficult it is to fit quantum gravity with larger-scale gravitational objects, we must dare to ask one question. Did somebody forget fields when they made gravitational models? That means spinning, or moving quantum fields, can also act like a gravity center. The idea is that a fast-spinning field also binds energy fields from around it. And that makes those fields travel to that field. 

That means in theory the field can also act as a gravity center. The idea is that particles are also waves. Or they are condensed wave movements. In reactions like annihilation, antimatter-matter impacts turn antiparticle-particle pairs into the wave movement. That means matter is packed with energy. And when a particle hits its anti-particle pair, it releases energy that is stored in particles. 

The wave-particle duality means that particles can turn into energy or wave movement. And wave movement can turn into particles. If a G-field exists and some particle spins in it, that particle also rolls the G-field in it and turns that field into kinetic energy. That is one way to close this theorem. But the other way is to think that there are no absolute vacuums in the universe. There are always some kinds of fields and things like superstrings that are extremely thin energy fields. In the same way as superstrings and particles store energy, the spinning quantum field stores energy. 

Those things form the smallest structures in the universe. When a superstring or any other structure spins, that structure stores energy into it in the form of kinetic energy. When a spinning structure turns energy into kinetic form, it harnesses that energy from around it. That makes energy move to the structure. An energy field from outside the pulling area tries to fill that energy pothole. The energy movement to the object continues until the object’s energy level rises so high that energy can break the whirl around that object. 

But again, we can replace the word spinning by using word movement. The moving particle or object, like a moving field, stores energy. If we think that entropy is space where it is moving and oscillating, that thing can explain the form of gravity. Those particles store and deliver energy, and that can explain gravity. The question is always, what causes those quantum fields to move? Moving quantum fields take particles and radiation with them. And that makes the effect known as gravity. 

https://phys.org/news/2025-03-gravity-entropy-radical-approach-quantum.html

https://www.quantamagazine.org/is-gravity-just-entropy-rising-long-shot-idea-gets-another-look-20250613/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic_gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_field

The holographic principle and parallel universe.

"The holographic principle is a property of string theories and a supposed property of quantum gravity that states that the description of a volume of space can be thought of as encoded on a lower-dimensional boundary to the region – such as a light-like boundary like a gravitational horizon." (Wikipedia, Holographic principle)

The holographic principle means that the Universe can be a hologram. The idea is that the crossing energy, or superstrings can cause a scattering effect. That effect breaks those strings into pieces. And then material forms in those points where those strings impact with each other. The thing that causes impacts of those superstrings is the expansion of superstrings. The interesting detail in the holographic principle is that this thing means that photons can turn into quarks. 

Then the holographic principle causes an idea that making those photon clouds denser and shooting light waves crossing each other is a possibility to form material. This model means wave-particle duality, WMD. Wave movement can form material and material can turn into wave movement. And the material is only the reflection, an ultra-dense hologram. The model is that the light beams that crossed each other formed the first particles. When we think that time is the only real thing in the universe and the superstring expands all the time, that thing explains why entropy grows all the time. 

The thing that makes parallel universe theory along with the WMD  one of the most interesting models that we can even imagine. The idea is that new universes can form in the points between those universes where radiation that comes from them touches each other. If radiation that comes from another universe is very weak radiation that comes from our universe pushes that radiation away from our universe. If that radiation slides at the edge of our universe’s plasma and photon halo that means we cannot see that radiation. Same way as the heliosphere turns off much of the radiation and plasma that comes from other stars, our galaxy’s halo and the edge of the universe will push weak signals away. If there are other universes there should be similar plasma impact waves that surround our solar system and our galaxy. 

The thing is this: There is evidence against and supporting parallel- or multiverse. The main thing is that there is not enough evidence of that model. The parallel- and multiverse are not the same thing. A parallel universe means that other universes will be in extra dimensions. And the multiverse means that those universes are in 3D spacetime with our universe. 

The model of holographic principle where crossing superstrings forms “electric arcs” that form universes and material. 

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The evidence that supports and against the multiverse. 

-Cosmic microwave background radiation anomalies: Scientists studying the afterglow of the Big Bang have found strange patterns in space that some believe could be caused by another universe bumping into ours.

-Quantum mechanics experiments: The famous double-slit experiment showed that tiny particles can exist in multiple states at once, which could support the idea of a multiverse.

-Déjà vu and strange phenomena: Some people think that feelings of déjà vu or ghostly encounters could be glimpses of other realities. While this isn’t scientific proof, it’s still a fun idea!

Arguments Against Parallel Universes

-Here are some assumptions that suggest that parallel universes do not exist:

-Lack of direct evidence: So far, we haven’t been able to see or measure parallel universes, making them impossible to confirm.

-Testability issues: For something to be considered scientific, we need to be able to test it. Right now, the idea of a multiverse is more of a theory than a proven fact.

https://scienceandspacenews.com/2025/02/07/are-other-dimensions-real/

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The parallel universe theory where the Big Bang was only one of many similar cases explains things like exotic particles as their source is in some other universe. If we want to make theories about the beginning of space and time we face one thing. The parallel universe theory is only an extension of the Big Bang Theory. If the universe where we live is only one of many universes that doesn’t answer the question of eternal entirety where universes exist and were formed. 

The eternal entirety is the place where the universes form the bubbles or quantum systems where there can be planets but in some universes, there might not be planets or stars. The problem is to prove that theory is in the stars in our universe. Same way as city lights cause light pollution, galaxies, and other objects cause light pollution, if we want to see things outside our universe we must remove all light that covers that very weak radiation that could uncover other universes' existence.

Logically other universes exist like galaxies, and galaxies form local galaxy clusters. Local galaxy clusters form galactic superclusters. So we can say that the universe is the global galaxy cluster that is part of a larger entirety. But then we can ask can we still see everything? The parallel universe is the next logical step to the model that expands all the time. We know many new details about the universe. The multiverse is a simple thing that is hard to prove. But then we can remember. How our worldview increases. 

Before Nicolaus Copernikus people believed that the Earth was the center of the universe. Then Galileo Galilei proved that four moons orbiting Jupiter. After that Hubble proved that the Milky Way is only one of billions of galaxies. Then astronomers found local and superclusters of galaxies. The next thing that astronomers found was the “cosmic web” the largest known megastructure in the universe. And then the new step would be the parallel universe. 

Another universe can exist in our universe, places like black holes. Or it can exist outside our universe. It can form visible or dark matter. And in theory, their time can travel backward. Those universes are things that can be proven in the future. The problem is that the universe covers radiation that comes from other universes if they exist.  The other problem is that we live in a galaxy. Galaxies are ultimately massive objects. They pull dark and visible material around them as halos. 

Those halos form light pollution that the dimmest light cannot pass. The other problem with that thing is that the material between galaxies can be thinner than nobody expected. And if we continue that induction thinking we can think that quantum fields and material between hypothetical multiverse universes is much more thin than nobody even imagined. That means radiation from other universes can be much weaker than we even imagine. 

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https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/evidence-parallel-universe/

https://phys.org/news/2025-05-bridging-worlds-physicists-holographic-principle.html

https://phys.org/news/2025-06-theory-dimensions-space-secondary-effect.html

https://scitechdaily.com/is-the-universe-a-hologram-schrodingers-100-year-old-equation-still-holds-the-key/

https://scienceandspacenews.com/2025/02/07/are-other-dimensions-real/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality