The new results of Muon g-2 experiments still cause discussions.

“The final (world average) result for the muon's anomalous magnetic moment after a series of experiments at major laboratories. Credit: Physics magazine, American Physical Society” (Phys.org, Final experimental result for the muon still challenges theorists)

The final experiment of the muon experiment. Still challenges physics. The muon g-2 experiment. Still causes discussions. Those anomalies in the Muon trajectory exist. Those anomalies fit into the predicted limit. But they simultaneously continue. And that causes work for theorists. The Muon is a high-energy. And a smaller version of an electron. The anomaly is curvature in the muon trajectory means. That something. That researchers cannot detect. affect the muon itself. Or the magnetic field that controls muons in particle accelerators. This means that there should be something that we cannot predict. 

There is a possibility that: 

1)There is some kind of unknown force that affects muons' trajectory. Maybe that thing is the mythic fifth force. 

2) It’s possible that the particle accelerator that is the low-energy synchrotron creates some kind of mass effect in the middle of it. When a particle runs in the low-energy synchrotron, or ring-shaped accelerator, that thing packs energy in the middle of the ring. That energy can impact the particle. That is in the middle of the synchrotron, and that can form a similar form as some kind of neutron star form. 

The image above. Introduces how plasma field injects energy into black holes. The ring-shaped structures can always inject energy into particles or other objects. In the same way. We can imagine that the synchrotron is in the place of that dark belt. And it transfers energy into an object. That is in the middle of the synchrotron. 

But the energy level in those other reactions is lower. And the energy object, or mass effect, in the middle of the ring-shaped synchrotron could behave in a way that this thing supports the muon g-2 anomaly model. The object in the field doesn’t deliver its energy all the time. The energy level in the particle must rise so high. That. It's higher than in the environment. When the energy level in a particle turns high enough. It can deliver its energy from the equator. Normally, it will deliver energy only from the spin axle. 

“The g − 2 storage-ring magnet at Fermilab, which was originally designed for the Brookhaven g − 2 experiment. The geometry allows for a very uniform magnetic field to be established in the ring.” (Wikipedia, Muon g-2)

This means the energy that this particle delivers must break the magnetic fields in the accelerator. And that requires that the particle or object can store enough energy in it. In that model, the object delivers its energy from the equator. That which affects the muons' route in pulses. And those pulses can explain the curvature in the muon’s trajectory. 

The particle in the middle of the synchrotron can have more mass when it gets symmetrical energy loads. And then that particle, whose energy level rises. Can change the muon trajectory. When energy impulses hit that particle, it sends it from its poles. That effect is similar to relativistic jets. But it's on a much lower energy level.. That can cause an anomaly in the magnetic field. 

3) The muon can collide with dark matter. Those things are one of the things. That causes grey hair for researchers. 

The remarkable thing is that the muon g-2 anomaly happens in the low-energy synchrotrons. This means that it's possible that the accelerator form. Some kind of mass center in the middle of it. These kinds of mass centers can be seen. Only in the low-energy accelerators. In high-energy systems, the kinetic energy is in those particles. And their speed will be too high, and those mass centers will not be detected. Or, they cannot affect those particles in the way that those sensors can detect them. 

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-experimental-result-muon-theorists.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_g-2

Can the mythical fifth force explain why dark matter is invisible?

"Researchers are testing whether dark matter obeys the same rules as visible matter or if a hidden force influences the unseen structure of the Universe. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, Is Dark Matter Controlled by a Secret “Fifth Force”?)

There is a possibility. That's the dark matter strange form. That makes it invisible to our sensors is from the mythic fifth force. Today. The fifth force is a hypothetical interaction. The Muon g-2 anomaly in Fermilab and Brookhaven gave hope that this force could be true. Those anomalies were real. The thing. What caused those anomalies? It is a mystery. The anomaly is so weak. That it fits between the predicted values. So those results are contradictory. But it's possible that those results are a hint about the fifth force. 

It's also possible that dark matter is a source of dark energy. So, are dark energy and the fifth force the same thing? Nobody knows. 

The new measurements tell. There can be some other interactions between visible and dark matter. But those interactions are so weak. That they disappear under the glow of visible material. Mystic gamma-ray glow in the center of the Milky Way can form in cases when the supermassive black hole Sgr A* packs dark matter, or hypothetical dark matter particles, weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs, in a small area. 

There, those particles can form. High-energy interaction. We can see that thing as the gamma-ray glow. That means dark matter can have similar interactions. As visible matter. But those particles are somehow different. That visible matter covers those dark matter interactions under it. It’s possible that WIMP is a very small high-energy particle. That we cannot detect. It’s possible that WIMP. And the graviton, the hypothetical gravitational transportation particle, is the same thing. But that is only one hypothesis. 

If dark matter doesn’t defy gravity, we must ask what makes that matter existent? That’s the gravity effect of that strange, unseen thing. There is a possibility. The dark matter is particles. Like some kind of quarks. Sometimes. It is theorized about. The possibility that dark matter particles, hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs, are somehow similar to quarks.

But they have no ability. To form more complicated particle groups. Like hadrons. That means. There must be some kind of force that keeps those, still hypothetical particles, separated. The fact is that. If two similar particles have the same energy level. That forms a standing wave between them. And that pushes particles away from each other. 

There is a possibility that those particles send some kind of energy. which forms quantum-size electric arcs between them. That means WIMPs can explain the dark energy. So maybe dark energy form. When those hypothetical WIMP particles send energy when they impact each other. Or maybe the cases where WIMP turns into wave movement are the thing. That releases the energy that it stored. And maybe, we see that energy as dark energy. 

If the WIMP is a particle that is surrounded by a so-called standing wave that makes it is unable to reflect radiation. In some theories. That WIMP is a quantum-sized black hole. And energy slides into its spin axle. The WIMP condenses the energy fields and forms a thing that we can call dark energy. 

Above: The Fermilab results of the Muon g-2 anomaly in 2025. We can see that the results of the Muon magnetic field observations are minimally out of the range. That means Muon g-2 test results can be explained by the conditions of the test and measurement tools. But those anomalies still exist. 

But then we can ask what the fifth force is. Sometimes people say that the fifth force is the antigravity. There must be some kind of particle that transmits gravity waves. That hypothetical particle. Called graviton waits for its finder. Some theories claim that the graviton and WIMP are the same thing. And the thing that forms that particle is the quantum-sized black hole. The idea is that this particle can have a transition disk and a relativistic beam. like full-size black holes. 

Those things are so small that we cannot see them. There is the possibility that. Because those small black holes have a transition disk. That thing pushes them. Away from each other. There is a possibility that quantum gravity is not the same as full-size gravity. And in some models, dark energy is the antigravity, the energy that fills the gravity waves, or energy valleys between those waves. The fifth force could have its origin in the WIMPs that stored too much energy. 

"A mysterious gamma-ray light from the center of our galaxy may be the long-sought sign of dark matter. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, A Strange Glow in the Milky Way May Be Our First Glimpse of Dark Matter)

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

The expansion of the universe means that if dark energy formed during the Big Bang, the expansion should make dark energy weaker. When the universe expands. And there is the same amount of dark energy. That means the dark energy should turn weaker, because it must fill a larger space. 

Another possibility is that the universe leaks. Dark energy is a wave movement that should travel at the speed of light. That means dark energy can travel out of the universe before particles. So if dark energy travels out from the universe, and there is no dark energy that comes from outside the universe. That means there is less dark energy left in the universe. 

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Maybe. One of the reasons for that is the expansion of the universe. But if we think that the universe’s expansion causes the dark energy to turn stronger. We face an interesting research. That research tells us that the universe’s expansion is slowing. That challenges the established theories that dark energy is stable. If dark energy formed in the Big Bang. That means it should advance. When the universe expands. 

The domination of the four known fundamental interactions changes. First, the strong nuclear force was dominating. Then the weak nuclear force. Electromagnetism. And then gravitation. Now dominating is a strange dark energy. When particle distances grow. There is more free energy between them. Dark energy is free energy that rips the universe. That’s the simple model. 

The complicated model is. Dark energy turns weaker. As well as. The other four interactions. In this mode. The universe leaks energy away from it. So, if dark energy travels out from the universe faster than it expands. Dark energy travels at the speed of light. And matter behind it travels slower. That means dark energy can exit the universe before any particle. That means dark energy should also turn weaker. 

The universe's expansion turns it larger. And if all dark energy is released from the Big Bang, that means the expansion of the universe should turn dark energy weaker, because there is a static amount of dark energy to fill a larger universe. So, even if dark energy does not escape from the universe before matter, that means dark energy turns weaker anyway. 

https://news.fnal.gov/2025/06/muon-g-2-most-precise-measurement-of-muon-magnetic-anomaly/

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-dark-defy-gravity.html

https://scitechdaily.com/a-strange-glow-in-the-milky-way-may-be-our-first-glimpse-of-dark-matter/

https://scitechdaily.com/is-dark-matter-controlled-by-a-secret-fifth-force/

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-einstein-was-only-half-right-nasas-new-test-for-dark-energy/

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-will-end-in-a-big-crunch-physicists-warns/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_force

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_g-2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

The fifth force can hide in atoms.

"The Standard Model of physics doesn't account for everything we see. (ScienceAlert)

Researchers hunt for the fifth force. It is possible that the fifth force is the mirror gravitation. The idea comes from gravity’s special nature.  Gravity has no repelling effect, so can the mythical fifth force have only a repelling effect. And could that force be the key to understanding why electrons don’t fall to the atom’s nucleus? In that new model, the fifth force is the interaction between neutrons and the atom’s electron shells or electrons. 

In this model, the interaction between electron and proton and electron and neutron are separated. The fifth force could explain why dark matter became more dominating than visible material, but why does dark matter have only gravitational interaction with visible material? 

There is a possibility that the fifth force’s origin is in the subatomic particles like quarks or neutrons. If a particle looks like a whisk it can collect energy or wave movement from its environment.  So-called superstrings form that structure. That causes oscillation and that oscillation sends energy waves to the middle of the particle. When those strings oscillate they send wave movement in both directions in and out from particles. That packs energy into the particle until it can break itself out. 

There are four fundamental forces that we know. 

1 Gravity

2 Electromagnetism

3 Weak nuclear force

4 Strong nuclear force. 

So where should researchers look for the fifth force? One of the most promising places would be in atoms. Researchers know the electromagnetic interaction that is the interaction between an atom's nucleus and its electron core. But the interaction between positive protons and negative electrons has the dominating effect on that thing. The missing interaction is the interaction between neutrons and electrons. Neutrons are neutral particles. They have N and S poles and that makes a model where wave movement with N-polarity hits a neutron's S pole possible. Some kind of wave movement can leave from the neutron's equator. 

In that model, a neutron collects or focuses quantum fields from protons and then that energy flow causes radiation to the particle’s equator. The thing that makes the fifth force interesting is that force could be missing gravity’s pushing effect. An interesting thing is that gravity has no pushing effect. So the fifth force can be the missing “antigravity”. There is also another interesting detail in the neutron’s structure. Those particles exist only about 15 minutes (880 sec.) outside the atom. 

That thing means that it’s possible that the “fifth force” blows neutrons. There are only three quarks in a neutron. The higher energy down quarks-pair and one up quark. Energy flows from down quarks to up quarks. That can form the situation that the energy stretches a quantum field around those quarks. And that can cause vaporization in quarks. But when we observe atoms we must remember that we see them as entirety. We see all of those four fundamental interactions. And that means if we want to see the fifth force we must filter maybe all other forces away. 

All fundamental interactions have their own transmitter particle. They all have the wave movement form that wavelength depends on the size of the transmitter particle. So theoretically we could transform gravity straight to the electromagnetic wave movement if we have the right particle. The gravity wave is the energy ditch that travels in the universe. When that energy ditch faces a particle it pulls a little bit of energy out from the particle. That energy is the wave movement that is possible to catch. This is one of the things that can revolutionize our way of thinking about material. 

https://www.sciencealert.com/a-fifth-force-of-nature-may-have-been-discovered-inside-atoms