"For the first ~3 billion years of cosmic history, the star-formation rate rose and rose until reaching a peak, but has fallen off significantly in the ~10-11 billion years since. Although an enormous number of photons have been cumulatively produced by stars, an even greater number were produced in the Big Bang" (Big Think, What created more light: the Big Bang or stars?)
The photons that the Big Bang sent have already left the universe.
The thing is that the photons that we see cannot match the Big Bang light. The photon is the only thing that can reach the speed of light. That means those photons that the Big Bang sends are traveling ahead of the material. The second thing is that the Big Bang is not one single case. It was a series of events that formed material into the form that we know it. The thing that we can see is the last stage of the event, that formed the universe.
The universe's expansion causes the form of energy levels in the environment to change. Those photons in the Big Bang were released in an absolute vacuum, which is impossible in our universe. Another thing is that at least most of those photons travel outside the universe ahead of the material. So it's possible. That we cannot even get observations about those photons. That means (almost) all photons that we see formed after the Big Bang.
Materia cannot ever reach those photons that the Big Bang released.
When we sometimes think about material like the possibility that the top quark and two bottom quarks form a hadronic structure and muons replace electrons that material is not possible in the modern universe. But in the young universe energy level was higher. And energy levels between particles and the environment were lower.
In that young universe, it's possible that also other fermions than electrons and up and down quarks form material. But in the modern universe, the difference between energy levels of other fermionic particles and the environment is so high, that energy travels out from muon and those higher energy quarks is very fast. And that energy impulse destroys this material. Same way, muons and top and bottom quarks will decay very fast.
The holographic dark energy model is one of the most interesting models of dark energy sources. Some researchers say we should not compare the holographic dark energy field with water. And those persons are right the holographic dark energy field is rather a vapor. But how do you model vapor that pulls objects with it?
When particle or wave movement travels in that holographic field it forms a channel. Then that field which could be the Higgs field flows back into that channel. That affects pack-tight or denser fields at that point.
That quantum field closes all material (particles) and energy in the universe in it. The thing in this model is that the quantum field called the Higgs field is homogenously spread around the universe. When the universe expands the quantum fields turn weaker. And that means material always sends wave movement.
The source of dark energy is in real or virtual particles. Things like standing waves are so-called virtual particles. In some models oscillation that quarks send into the middle of hadrons forms standing waves, the virtual particles that send energy waves around them.
"The discovery of the Universe’s accelerated expansion led to the problematic dark energy concept. IKBFU scientists proposed a stable holographic model based on quantum principles, viewing the Universe as a holographic entity." (ScitechDaily, Holographic Dark Energy: A New Model for Understanding the Universe’s Expansion)
Because energy levels around particles decrease that increases the speed of energy flow away from particles. Sometimes those energy waves from standing waves. Those standing waves are like virtual particles until their energy level rises to so high level that the standing wave starts to send energy or wave movement around it.
In standing waves, the symmetrically impacting wave movement fronts pack energy into one point. And when the energy level in that standing wave rises to high enough energy starts to flow away from it.
Dark energy waves in the Higgs field are things that push particles away from each other. The term dark energy means wave movement, which source is The most common theorem is that the source of this wave movement is in some tiny part of atoms.
Those energy waves push atoms and also subatomic particles away from each other. When particles, or more accurately said, elementary particles send wave movement or energy waves they lose their mass. That means that those particles turn lighter. Also, the material turns lighter. This makes the gravity effect weaker.
In some other models, the colder point in the Higgs field forms a situation in which the field starts to move. And in the case of dark energy, the thing is in the movement of the Higgs field which is the base energy level or energy bottom or energy minimum in the universe.
"Timeline of the expansion of the universe, where space, including hypothetical non-observable portions of the universe, is represented at each time by the circular sections. On the left, the dramatic expansion occurs in the inflationary epoch; and at the center, the expansion accelerates (artist's concept; neither time nor size are to scale)." (Wikipedia, Big Bang)
The density of energy and material compared to space decreases when the universe expands. Or the material is one form of energy. It's packed wave movement that antimatter impacts are proving. When antimatter- and material particles impact, that turns both things into wave movement.
When somebody asks which one was brighter the Big Bang or all stars in the universe, we must say that all light and material released in that thing. Or all materials and wave movement that can interact with 3D material released in the Big Bang event. So in the young universe, the light and energy were in the same area. Then some part of the energy turned into particles.
That means all energy and material that the Big Bang released are in the larger area. That means energy density in the modern universe is lower or otherways saying, the universe is colder. Because all energy that it involves must be in the larger space.
In many models, the universe is like a bubble in the middle of nowhere or a great vacuum. The energy level in the universe is always higher than outside it. So energy travels out from the universe symmetrically out from its borders.
And that energy flow forms wave movement that pulls the most out particles in the universe away from the point, where the Big Bang happened. So we should not compare the universe with a balloon where we blow air. We should compare it with a balloon that is in the vacuum chamber.
The balloon expands until it explodes. In cosmological models, air is the energy and material and the vacuum is space around the universe. All energy and material that we know involves the universe. There is no other energy and material source than the Big Bang. So when the balloon expands and there is no outside gas coming that means the pressure in the balloon decreases.
Because all energy and wave movement that we know is in the universe the distance between particles and superstrings grows. That means the material and energy density in the universe decreases because space is compared with material and expansion of the universe means that there is the same energy and material that the Big Bang released but in a larger area. And that means there is less material and energy when we compare those things with the situation at the beginning of the universe.
https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/more-light-big-bang-stars/
https://scitechdaily.com/holographic-dark-energy-a-new-model-for-understanding-the-universes-expansion/
https://www.space.com/25126-big-bang-theory.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model
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