How long can life exist in the universe?

That's a good question. When we think about life, we must realize that the autonomous factories that use robots to collect raw materials can also be things that can fill the description of life. In that case, life is the living or non-living creature that can multiply and defend itself. Robot factories can operate quite independently, and their intelligence level is not probably higher than some cells or bacteria. 

In that case, those independently operating factories can be remnants of past civilizations. But the thing is that the robots that have genetically cloned living brains can be as intelligent as humans or even more intelligent than we are. In those cases large number of living brains control the spacecraft that involve Von Neumann technology. And they can make copies of themselves. 

So are those systems living or dead? Those brains need nutrients anyway. And that means those systems can be an ultimate hybridization. Between machines and living creatures. That kind of android can be extremely large and it can operate independently. The alien civilizations can move in space using radio waves. In those cases, the alien civilization sends the robot factory to another planet. And then it sends its genetic code to that factory. Then the AI creates synthetic DNA. And then it creates the new creature connecting that alien DNA with those planets' flora and fauna. 

The life can continue as long as there is energy. The civilization can survive from the big silence or big crunch transforming it in the form of nanotechnology in the new universe. In that case, the nanomachine must travel billions of years, and then it must find the planet where there are living organisms. Then it must hybridize its DNA to those creatures. 

Or it must transfer some crystals that can receive the wave movement that is the civilization's EEG code to those crystals that start to stress those creatures' nervous systems. But that thing could be a very difficult operation. And it requires the existence of a multiverse. 

But can civilization move outside the universe? Moving outside the universe is not difficult. The system must use a solar sail and detonate antimatter behind it. When antimatter detonates between the craft and that shield it pulls the craft ahead. An artificial black hole or some kind of thermal pump can pull energy from around the craft into it. And that denies material turn into energy. 

Life can be possible in the universe as long as there is energy, that creatures can use. Civilization can create rings around black holes, and those rings can harvest the last energy waves in the universe. But that thing means that when black holes are vaporizing that's the ultimate end.

What if Phoenix Universe is true? In that theory, the universe is born again and again. If the phoenix universe is true, the civilization can live until the next universe forms. 

But those black holes vaporization creates shockwaves around the universe.  Crossing shockwaves can form new Schwinger effect and wave-particle duality can form new particles. Or antimatter-matter particle pairs that send wave movement around emptiness. There are more and more crossings. And there is forming new particle-antiparticle pairs. Finally, that entirety forms a great black hole, and then another universe is born. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/how-long-life-persist-universe/

https://listverse.com/2019/03/19/10-realistic-designs-for-interstellar-spaceships/

Researchers think that the multiverse is not fiction anymore.

Multiverse means that our universe is one of many universes. The reason why researchers and scientists believe that this is true is that logical. About 50 years ago people didn't know that there were other solar systems. Exoplanets were only theories in the 80's. 

About 400 years ago people thought that our Sun was the only star in the universe. Edvin Hubble proved that our galaxy, Milky Way is one of many galaxies. Then researchers found that galaxies form groups, and supergroups. That means that today we think that the universe, where we live is the ultimate supergroup of galactic supergroups. And logically thinking there should be other universes.

We believe that the universe began its existence in an event or series of events called the Big Bang. That event did not begin, because the energy that formed material should come from somewhere. The Big Bang was not one "bang" or explosion. It was a series of events where material took form. Or the energy level that it has today. 

The road from the heliocentric universe to multiverse theory is like matrioshka. We expand our knowledge all the time. And theories travel forward of the observation. 

If we think that the Schwinger effect or wave-particle duality formed all material, we can understand the multiverse's nature better. In interaction where wave movement forms particles, it forms particle-antiparticle pairs. And because they have opposite polarity, that pulls them back together. When material and antimatter face they turn into energy. There was some kind of asymmetry in the young universe. And that asymmetry caused a situation. That there is only one type of material in our universe. When particles hit the atmosphere they form a small number of antimatter particles. 

In the image, an inquisitive person breaks the bubble. 

So what caused that asymmetry? The thing that can explain it is that. Some particles came from another universe. In an antimatter universe, all natural laws are similar to our universe. But the material that forms those universes is mirror material. 

The other universes are harder to see than anything else. Light pollution comes from objects in our universe covering those other universes. 

Those other universes must not be similar to our universe. There is the possibility that antimatter forms those other universes. And if they formed in different times, or if their mass is smaller, that thing causes a situation that those universes are invisible to us.

Multiverse explains things like:

Dark energy

Dark matter 

And even the universe's existence. 

In this model universe is the thing. That formed in the crossing point of energy fields that formed in other universes. Dark energy is energy that comes from other universes. 

Dark matter can form clouds and other structures that are similar to visible material. Those dark matter clouds and dark energy are things, that require new models. 

Sometimes researchers think that dark matter is the source of dark energy. And things like low-mass dark matter objects cause theories that maybe some other universes are invisible to us. 

Multiverse explains dark energy and dark matter. That those things can come from other universes. That is one of the most interesting things in multiverse theory.  In multiverse theory, all universes formed from some kind of Big Bang. And that means there should be other universes forming right now. 

Every single universe's mass can be different in the multiverse. And that means time can travel other ways in them. If the universe expands materia turns into wave movement. And if the universe falls the energy level in it turns higher, which means the material turns "younger" because a high energy level in the environment packs wave movement to those particles. 

That is a key element in time. When the universe expands the particles vaporize and energy travels out from the particles. The universe's accelerates and particles turn into wave movement faster and faster. The reason for that is. The difference in energy levels between a particle and its environment turns higher. That increases the speed of energy flow. 

If the universe turns smaller the energy density in it turns higher. That decreases energy flow from particles. The situation the particle reaches the same energy level as its environment, that thing causes the situation particle to melt in its entirety. So being a particle, it requires a different energy level. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/scientists-think-multiverse-fiction/

AI and fusion.

 

Artist's rendition of a nuclear fusion reactor. (Intersting Engineering, New superconducting magnets ready for fusion reactions, say scientists)

AI has a great ability to control entireties. The new AI-controlled fusion systems can precisely control the energy levels in the systems.  The ignition point is one of the biggest problems in fusion systems. If the energy level in high-speed plasma is too high, that thing causes a shockwave that destroys the entirety. Plasma spreads to large areas that the magnetic fields can control. When ignition happens the system must press plasma together, or shockwave and energy entropy destroy the plasma ring. 

The precise point of the plasma ring where ignition happens is one of the most important things. If fusion starts inside the plasma ring, that thing causes an outgoing shockwave. And that shockwave destroys the plasma. If the ignition area covers the entire plasma ring, and it happens at its shell the ignition forms a shockwave that travels into the plasma and presses it forming large-area fusion. 

That's why ignition must happen in the entire plasma ring if we talk about torus or tokamak reactors. In some visions, the plasma ring will start in high-temperature conditions. 

Then the system sprays opposite pole particles into the tokamak reactor. And then those particles should impact the plasma ring. If those impacts cover the entire plasma ring, that should cause a pressure wave that will create fusion into the entire plasma ring. 

"A a view from inside the OMEGA target chamber during a direct-drive inertial fusion experiment at the University of Rochester’s Laboratory for Laser Energetics. Scientists fired 28 kilojoules of laser energy at small capsules filled with deuterium and tritium fuel, causing the capsules to implode and produce a plasma hot enough to initiate fusion reactions between the fuel nuclei".(ScitechDaily, Scientists Demonstrate Effective Fusion “Spark Plug” in Groundbreaking Experiments)

 The temperatures achieved at the heart of these implosions are as high as 100 million degrees Celsius (180 million degrees Fahrenheit). The speed at which the implosion takes place is typically between 500 and 600 kilometers per second (1.1 to 1.35 million miles per hour). The pressures at the core are up to 80 billion times greater than atmospheric pressure. Credit: University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics photo / Eugene Kowaluk" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Demonstrate Effective Fusion “Spark Plug” in Groundbreaking Experiments)

"Focused ion beam technology is pivotal in nanoscale materials processing, with a new EU report outlining its broad applications and potential for future breakthroughs in science and technology. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Ion Beams Unleashed: The Nanotechnology Game Changer)

The pulse-plasma fusion or "the candle model". 

Basically, crossing ion and anion beams can begin a fusion reaction. In those systems ions and anions are impacting. And that forms fusion that can release very high power energy impact. 

In the candle model, the anions and ions impact along with the laser beams that ignite fusion. One of those systems is two crossing linear accelerators where ions and anions impact. The linear accelerator can shoot those particles together. And in the same moment, the system shoots laser rays at the impact point. That is a simpler system than tokamak, and the fusion is easier to create. But there is always a problem with how to make fusion systems create more energy than used. 

The other version is called the candle model. In that model, the fusion system pushes ionized gas from the tube to the fusion chamber. Then the system injects opposite pole plasma into the ignition chamber. The system looks like NIF (National Ignition Facility). 

Except there is an ion pumping system around the protective building. The ion accelerators increase those ions speed and then they will impact with the anions that come from the tube. Along with high-power laser systems that system should create oscillating ion-anion fusion that could give more energy than it uses. 

https://www.freethink.com/energy/nuclear-fusion-reactions

https://interestingengineering.com/energy/new-superconducting-magnets-ready-for-fusion-reactions-say-scientists

https://lasers.llnl.gov/about/what-is-nif

https://scitechdaily.com/ion-beams-unleashed-the-nanotechnology-game-changer/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-demonstrate-effective-fusion-spark-plug-in-groundbreaking-experiments/

Ion beams are next-generation tools for nanotechnology, military, and medical use.

"Focused ion beam technology is pivotal in nanoscale materials processing, with a new EU report outlining its broad applications and potential for future breakthroughs in science and technology. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Ion Beams Unleashed: The Nanotechnology Game Changer)

Ion engines use ions as thrusters. The ion accelerator pushes ions back into the magnetic track. Then those ions will transport craft forward.  

Ion beams are particle flows that are formed by electrically loaded particles. The systems can use ion beams to transport material over distances. The system can ionize things like raw materials and send them to the receiver. That must only remove electricity from ions and turn them into neutral atoms. 

The ion beams can also destroy cancer cells and disinfect surfaces. In some visions. Sometimes in the future, the ion systems can used to create giant 3D structures. And that makes it possible to create space stations using ions and anions that are stored in tanks. But today we are far away from that thing. 

In nanotechnology, ion systems can play billiards with ionized atoms. And that thing makes it possible to create 3D structures. The accurate ion systems make it possible for the system. That can adjust the energy that focuses on the structure. The highly accurately adjusted energy allows those systems can shoot ions into the structure without breaking it, and that makes it possible to use them as highly advanced 3D printers. That can make very accurate atom structures. 

Acoustic or electromagnetic wormholes can allow the system to shoot ions in long range. The system can use a combination of acoustic wormholes and laser beams that make the ion channel through the air. If the wormhole or eruption channel is empty enough. 

That can be used to shoot antimatter particles to the target. In those cases, the antimatter particles must not touch the material. The photon or laser accelerators can pull energy to the ions and anions when they fly through the wormhole. 

Ion beams can used in highly advanced military systems. If in the negative ion beam are also protons or positive ions that help to keep the beam in the formation. The ion cannon can shoot ions in long distances if it shoots that particle flow through acoustic wormholes. 

The acoustic- or pressure wormholes are the channels in the air. The system can make them using some kind of acoustic system or the systems that shoot laser rays through the air. Lasers or some other electromagnetic radiation can used to make a plasma channel that allows the ion system to shoot ions in the long range. 

https://scitechdaily.com/ion-beams-unleashed-the-nanotechnology-game-changer/

The AI makes advancements in the atomic force microscopy.

"Researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign have introduced an AI technique that significantly improves Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) by enabling it to visualize material features smaller than the probe’s tip. This breakthrough, offering the first true three-dimensional profiles beyond conventional resolution limits, promises to revolutionize nanoelectronics development and material studies". (ScitechDaily, New AI Breaks Fundamental Limitations of Atomic Force Microscopy)

"Atomic force microscopy (AFM) or scanning force microscopy (SFM) is a very-high-resolution type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit." (Wikipedia, Atomic force microscopy)

The atomic force microscopy is one of the sharpest known systems in the world. 

The AFM  (Atomic Force Microscopy) is not the same as a scanning tunneling microscope. But connecting those two microscopes. It's possible to create more fundamental microscopes than ever before. If a scanning tunneling microscope can hover a single photon between the stylus and layer, that thing will be more powerful than previous systems. The ability to stop single photons makes this kind of system possible. 

Scanning tunneling microscope bases the stylus. And the particle hovers between the layer and that stylus. Scanning tunneling microscope sees objects that are smaller than atoms if electrons hover between layer and stylus. The scanning tunneling microscope's accuracy depends on the hovering particle's size. 

"An AFM generates images by scanning a small cantilever over the surface of a sample. The sharp tip on the end of the cantilever contacts the surface, bending the cantilever and changing the amount of laser light reflected into the photodiode. The height of the cantilever is then adjusted to restore the response signal, resulting in the measured cantilever height tracing the surface." (Wikipedia, Atomic force microscopy)

The scanning tunneling microscope sees atoms, but there is one bad thing. The large-scale scale structure scan takes time. If the scanner uses a tool, that is smaller than atoms almost every structure is large. The thing in AI is that it can control large entireties very accurately. So the system can use a large group of scanning tunneling microscopes. The large group of stylus and hovering particles makes it possible to create a net eye. That can scan larger areas. 

This ability is necessary in nanotechnology. When a system creates complicated structures, it must see what it does. The new types of AI-based solutions are the tools that revolutionize nanotechnology. In nanotechnology, the AI controls a large number of observation and control tools at the same time. 

"An artist’s rendering of nitrogen vacancy centers in a diamond anvil cell, which can detect the expulsion of magnetic fields by a high-pressure superconductor. Credit: Ella Marushchenko" (ScitechDaily, Quantum Leap in Superconductivity: Harvard’s High-Pressure Breakthrough)

Harvard's new high-pressure superconducting is more fundamental than we might believe. 

In new superconducting systems, the diamonds give an acoustic effect. The system can use photo-acoustic mode, where laser light transports energy into those diamonds. Diamonds are homogenous structures that can create identical acoustic waves. Those acoustic waves can put very high pressure on the object. And that system can turn material superconducting at a higher temperature than usual. 

In superconducting technology, pressure can compensate for low temperatures. And that makes it possible to create superconductivity in higher temperatures. The system can adjust superconductivity using soundwaves and can hover some objects between diamonds. Then that object can act as an antenna that conducts em-radiation into the wanted position. 

The AI can also make new types of superconducting solutions possible. The pressure-based superconducting makes it possible to control the superconducting state. When the pressure system is on, the system presses the object into the superconducting shape. When the system doesn't require a superconducting part. It can turn off the pressure system. That system can make fundamental things in microchips and nanotechnology. Of course, superconducting systems can make solid-state, compact quantum computers suitable.

One point there this kind of system can use is in next-generation radar technology. Small-size superconducting antenna can give new abilities for radars. When the acoustic system is off, the radar operates in normal mode. Then acoustic system turns the radar into superconducting mode. 

https://scitechdaily.com/new-ai-breaks-fundamental-limitations-of-atomic-force-microscopy/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-in-superconductivity-harvards-high-pressure-breakthrough/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_probe_microscopy

The Brane theory, black holes, and wormholes are the new model for the universe.

The idea in the so-called Brane Theory is that the branes along with superstrings form spacetime. Superstrings are on layers called branes. There are horizontal and vertical "branes" or layers. The horizontal branes are wavelengths, and the vertical branes are energy levels. There are also depth branes or time branes if we want to make that brane model into 3D coordinates. Those branes can be 3D, and one thing that can support the brane model is the Higgs Field. 

Wormholes are hypothetical channels through the universe. Things like cosmic web and GRB, XRB, and FRBs (Gamma, X-ray, and Fast Radio Bursts) are also things. That could support the wormhole theory. In those high-energy bursts, the wave movement could travel like a spiral around the string or wormhole. Same way, cosmic web material seems to pack around some kind of strings. 

The Brane model is the thing that can be used to model the wormhole. Wormhole, or Einstein-Rose bridge is the energy channel whirl or hole in the universe. So where is that hole? The hole is an energy tornado in the Higgs field. That energy tornado is so thick that it denies the formation of the Hall field or transverse energy fields in it. In that case, the energy tornado forms the situation that only its walls transfer energy into the particle. Those transverse fields are not taking energy out from particles. When a particle falls in a wormhole it rides on an energy wave. The wormhole is an energy tunnel through the spacetime. 

All particles and radiation travel at the same speed in a wormhole, the object travels in an energy wave. And that particle cannot release energy into its environment. And that denies the aging of the object. That energy wave that transports particles in the wormhole locks energy in them. And it also locks time in those particles. 

Cosmic web

When we think about forming a wormhole. There is a gravity pothole in the energy field that could be a Higgs Field. When two gravity potholes impact they form a channel through the Higgs field. If we think that intersecting Higgs Fields are the Hall fields. That thing means that the wormhole is the intersecting Hall field that doesn't let any side-coming radiation inside it. 

In a Brane theory, Brane could be Higgs Field. It's the energy level between two particles. If the difference between those particle's energy levels is high enough they will not be able to transmit data to each other. And that means they are in different dimensions. So dimension is the limit between two energy levels where particles can exchange information. 

So if we think that the wormhole is a whirl of water the idea is that if the whirl is deep and we jump in it, we will fall straight through water. The thing that pulls particles through a wormhole is the difference in energy levels between begin and end of the wormhole. When we think about things like stable wormholes long wormholes remain longer time than short wormholes. The speed of energy and material that comes out from that tunnel must be high enough that it will not push energy back into the tunnel. The energy that reflects from the end of the tunnel forms a so-called standing wave and increases entropy. 

Entropy is the thing that destroys the wormhole. It destroys the regular tornados in the atmosphere, and finally, entropy is the thing that destroys the black holes. In a tornado, the outcoming energy keeps the whirl in its form. When the temperature in a tornado increases that thing causes a situation that energy starts to travel through the entire world. In this version, the internal entropy destroys the whirl. If the whirl is too weak, the tornado doesn't form, because the outcoming effect destroys it. And outcoming entropy destroys whirl. So cold tornadoes remain longer. 

Same way gravitational waves form entropy in black holes. Or they talk about entropy inside them. When a wormhole forms between the black holes that turn superposition it forms a channel between them. And because energy can travel only in one direction in wormholes that thing destroys the lower energy black hole. The gravitational waves that travel to lower-mass black holes form entropy. And finally, they detonate that receiving black hole. 

That thing forms the wormhole's other side, a hypothetical white hole. The white hole would be like a donut-shaped formation in the universe. When material comes out from a white hole it forms a shockwave that causes high energy fusion around it. There is a theory that some of the black hole stars were or are some kind of white holes. So if we want to travel through a wormhole, that means we cannot go into a white hole. The particle flow from the white hole would be destructive. 

https://bigthink.com/hard-science/cosmic-web/

https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/996336/Time-travel-albert-einstein-space-time-science-news

https://www.mpg.de/11259384/double-quasars-cosmic-web

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hole

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AslqA_8ZlDs

Solar power in rockets.

"NASA is developing solar sail technology for deep space exploration. This innovative propulsion system, powered by sunlight reflecting off its surface, has recently achieved a new readiness level, making it suitable for future science missions. Solar sails offer a fuel-free, environmentally friendly method of propulsion, capable of propelling low-mass missions to novel orbits and distant planets. Credit: NASA" (ScitechDaily, Harnessing Helios: The Science Behind NASA’s Solar Sail Breakthrough)

In traditional form solar sails get their movement energy from the sun. The solar wind pushes that thing into the interplanetary journey. The solar wind is an effective thruster. However, its use is limited in the internal solar system, inside the asteroid belt. 

But some active components may make those things more effective than they were. There are models where there are small gas pockets or gas tanks in the solar sail. And when solar energy hits the craft, it boils that gas.  

There are also plans for the solar rocket engines. Those engine systems use liquid hydrogen as a propellant. 

In those systems, the large parabolic mirror makes that propellant boil and expands it. The parabolic mirror drives sunlight in that propulsion system. 

There could be a thermal element like carbon fiber or ceramic point, and the sunlight haets that element. When the system drives hydrogen into that point the heat expands it and forms the thrust. In some other versions, the system conducts solar panel energy to the thermal element. And that expands the hydrogen. Solar power also can used in ion motors. The ion accelerators can get their electricity from solar panels. 

The solar sail can pull nuclear or antimatter rockets to the edge of the asteroid belt. 

Solar sails are multi-use systems. The large surface of those sails can also act as a radar antenna. And they can use solar power to accelerate the craft into the journey. It's possible. Solar sails can covered with some other elements like plutonium or methane ice, and then laser rays will start to vaporize that material. Also, things like ion cannons can benefit the acceleration process. If solar sails use hybrid technology, that thing is more interesting than just sailing. 

In some visions, there would be giant lasers in our solar system. There those laser systems accelerate the solar sails when they are too far from the sun. That allows them to transport space probes to the Kuiper belt. 

NASAs breakthrough in solar sail technology is interesting because solar sails are cheap to make. They don't need internal fuel. The solar wind or particle flow from the sun accelerates solar sails. There is the possibility that solar sails can pull small nuclear or antimatter rockets to the edge of the asteroid belt. And then those rockets can continue their journey to the gas giants and the Kuiper belt. 

The antimatter engine can produce an antimatter load from the solar wind. And that is one of the things, that makes solar sails interesting. In those cases, the solar sail will travel near the sun first. After that, the solar sail will open, and the particle load from the sun will accelerate to journey. 

https://scitechdaily.com/harnessing-helios-the-science-behind-nasas-solar-sail-breakthrough/