Iron's quantum role in planet formation.

    Iron's quantum role in planet formation. 

ScitechDaily mentions iron's quantum role in planet formation like this: "The evolution of our planet may be largely driven by the microscopic quantum state of iron atoms. Iron’s “spin state,” a quantum property of its electrons, affects its magnetic behavior and chemical reactivity. Variations in the spin state can impact whether iron is found in molten or solid form and its electrical conductivity". (ScitechDaily.com/Cracking Earth’s Deepest Secrets: Iron’s Quantum Role in Planetary Formation)

Ferromagnetism is one of the reasons why iron plays a big role in planet formation. Small-size iron bites can go together. And that makes them create the static core, a gravitational center that pulls other particles and objects into it. Iron can turn magnetic in the interplanetary magnetic field. And also the poles that form magnetic powerlines in the galaxy can create ferromagnetic phenomena in iron. 

In some models, very thin wave movement that travels through iron atoms transports energy away from iron. That wave movement acts like a thermal pump that transports energy out from iron in one direction. That thing makes a phenomenon called ferromagnetism. In very cold conditions in space, iron can turn very easily to ferromagnetic. 

The hydrogen halo around the galaxy tells that things like Sagittarius A have poles. That causes interesting visions about the interplanetary nebulas, that could involve lots of iron. It's possible that iron in those nebulas can turn magnetic, and then there could be a dominating gravitational center in the molecular nebula. 

Planet formation in nebulas around young stars is interesting. Star must collect molecular nebula around it. There must be solid and heavy elements in that nebula that rocky planets can form. Iron in those nebulas formed in stars that blasted a long time ago. 

"Deep inside rocky planets like Earth, the behavior of iron can greatly affect the properties of molten rock materials: properties that influenced how Earth formed and evolved. Scientists used powerful lasers and ultrafast X-rays to recreate the extreme conditions in these molten rock materials, called silicate melts, and measure properties of iron. Credit: Greg Stewart/SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory."(ScitechDaily.com/Cracking Earth’s Deepest Secrets: Iron’s Quantum Role in Planetary Formation)

When protoplanet formation begins the star's fusion must not begin in the wrong moment. If the fusion reaction starts before the protoplanet's mass turns high enough. That radiation from fusion in the star will not destroy those protoplanets. When fusion starts. It just pushes particles to a longer distance. 

If the distance between a star and its protoplanets is too long. Those protoplanets will turn into gas giants like Uranus. The weak solar wind will not blow gas from around those planets. And the result is gas giants or if those protoplanets are close enough they can impact together and form brown dwarfs. If a protoplanet is too close to its sun, solar wind or particle flow from that star pushes the atmosphere off the planet. If the protoplanet is not large enough that particle flow can completely push that dust away. 

The dust that forms planets requires a core that can anchor other elements around it. Without that nucleus. The dust will travel away when the solar wind blows it. 

Iron is one of the lowest energy and the most stable elements, in the Universe. In this model, iron pulls other particles into it because energy travels from higher energy particles to lower energy particles. And that means iron starts to collect other particles around it. Ferromagnetic objects also pull things like ions into them. So iron has a big quantum role in planet formation. Iron is the heaviest element that forms in a normal star's nuclear reactions. And that thing causes the effect, that iron can act as a core where other elements are connected. 

So deep inside Earth iron makes a static core. And that thing allows iron to collect other elements around it. Things like ferromagnetism make it possible for iron can form a static gravitational center, even if there are no large iron bites all around in the forming planetary system or gas nebula around young stars. 

Things like kilonovas can make heavier isotopes and elements than iron. But those things are quite rare, and heavier elements can form inside super giant stars. But the formation of those heavier elements like Uranium happens just in the last moments of those giant stars when they detonate as supernovas. 

https://scitechdaily.com/cracking-earths-deepest-secrets-irons-quantum-role-in-planetary-formation/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetism

New radical theory connects the Theory of Relativity with quantum mechanics.

 New radical theory connects the Theory of Relativity with quantum mechanics. 

"Could the two finally be unified?" (https://interestingengineering.com/science/theory-combine-einstein-quantum-mechanics)

Maybe gravitation looks like the image above. The pulling effect happens much larger area than the pushing effect. The idea is that fast-spinning objects form a small quantum vacuum near them. The magnetic- or some other field transfers that wave movement to the object's poles. There it travels out from the particle's shell. 

First time in history. Researchers connected  The Theory of Relativity with quantum mechanics. That has been a big dream for many researchers and scientists. Maybe that thing makes it possible to create the GUT (Grand Unified Theory) that connects gravity with other fundamental forces. 

The ability to connect the Theory of Relativity with the subatomic particle interaction makes an almost similar revolution in the research as quantum theories and quantum mechanics are both brought. Researchers require this theory to make complete models of the interactions between particles. 

The complete simulations require complete knowledge of the system. Complete knowledge means the ability to know interactions. The size of the interacting particles and the environment's other conditions determine the power of the force. That thing determines which of four fundamental forces dominates in that particle. Every fundamental interaction is wave movement. The wave movement's wavelength determines how it interacts with some object. 

Fundamental forces

In the subatomic world dominating forces are all similar. They can push and pull objects. And that means they all are similar to each other. That thing causes a theory that maybe gluons have poles. The idea of the GUT theory is that there is a "quantum" small particle that can be a quantum-size black hole between quark and gluon. 

That particle sends radiation that travels through the atom. When it travels through certain particle like quarks, protons and an atom's nucleus those particles and particle groups changes their wavelength. So when gluon sends radiation to gluon sends it from its shell. 

Then that radiation or wave movement travels to the quark. In a quark radiation causes resonance, and the quark sends radiation forward with its wavelength. The particle's size will determine the radiation wavelength. So why does gravitation have no repelling effect? Maybe we can find the answer from image 2 in this text. There could be an antigravitation at the point of a relativistic jet of the black hole. 

The thing is that the gravitation could be an asymmetric force. The pushing effect happens in so small area that the pulling effect covers that antigravity. 

When a black hole forms in an intense energy burst. It starts to spin at a speed that is almost the speed of light. Black holes are not slight. The superstrings that are on its shell are like mountains. And those things form an electromagnetic vacuum near the black hole. 

When those strings interact with quantum fields, that thing causes a similar effect as a non-slight ball in high-speed spin. Those small hills push quantum fields away. And when the spin is very high the quantum field has no time to fill the vacuum behind those hills. 

That vacuum pulls gravitational radiation out from singularity and a standing wave over the black hole's singularity causes the situation. That quantum field falls into the black hole or any other gravitational center that routes them to the poles of the black hole or other gravitational center. 

When an object like a black hole or its singularity spins the strings on that object form an electromagnetic vacuum near its surface. The fast spin and magnetic field drives quantum fields to the singularity's poles. There is a larger vacuum at the poles. The black hole sends radiation out from its poles. That means there could be a repelling force in gravitation. But the area where gravitation pulls things in is much larger, so the pulling effect covers that repelling effect. 

https://interestingengineering.com/science/theory-combine-einstein-quantum-mechanics

https://scitechdaily.com/reimagining-the-cosmos-new-theory-unites-einsteins-gravity-with-quantum-mechanics/

https://www.space.com/four-fundamental-forces.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory

Maybe in the distant future, we can create something that looks like antigravity.

  Maybe in the distant future, we can create something that looks like antigravity. 

So this is writing about theoretical technology. And maybe this thing will ever turn into reality. But if it's possible it's the biggest thing in history. 

In theories dark matter (or WIMP)is ring-looking material. That structure could be a quantum-size black hole and a transition disk around it. That transition disk is so small that it's smaller than the wavelengths that we can produce. Around that transition disk would be a skyrmion that makes gravitational waves travel out from that structure. But outcoming gravitational waves cannot reach it. 

In some visions, this kind of structure can make the UFO possible. In this theoretical system, the system makes skyrmion around the quarks or some other internal structures of material. Then it sends wave movement through those skyrmions. Chancing those skyrmions' direction the system can change its course in less than a second. 

And maybe someday we can make this kind of vision true. The invisibility cloak can be possible if the system can make quantum entanglement in the system between high-and-low energy particles. The system transports energy through solid material. That thing can transport wave movement into the wanted direction. Those systems can make it possible to make the craft if there are no exhaust tubes. And that can make extreme changes in its course. 

Decorative image: 

Antigravity is impossible. But maybe someday in the future. Systems can deny gravitational interaction between craft and gravitational center. That requires the ability to deny gravitational waves reach the craft. 

Antigravity is the thing that could make a revolution in spaceflight. The idea is that the gravitational pothole that surrounds all particles will turn opposite. And there is no evidence about things that happened. The idea of theoretical antigravity is that there would be some system. Many people say that antigravity is impossible. So gravitation itself will not repel anything. 

But it's possible theoretically to cut gravitational interactions between the gravitational center and the craft. The system must just deny gravitational waves reach the craft. That thing can happen using gravitational counterwaves or coherent gravitational waves. 

That system can create a network of impacting gravitational waves. Those impacting gravitational waves form networks and gravitational versions of the electric arcs. And then that network rises particles from the ground. But for success, that thing requires black holes. But that kind of thing requires very much energy. 

In some other versions, the system sends the horizontal gravitational waves to the space between the craft and the gravitational center. The horizontal gravitational waves will cut vertical gravitational waves interaction with craft. In the last version, the gravitational counterwaves will be sent against the gravitational waves that the gravitational center sends. 

And that thing forms standing gravitational waves between gravitational waves that source is in the gravitational center. Those visions have one problem. They require synthetic gravitational waves. Producing those synthetic gravitational waves requires more energy than we can produce. 

In the last version of those systems, the antimatter impact in the craft forms the energy impulse that turns the gravitational field or some other quantum field away from the craft. And that thing denies the gravitational interaction between craft and the quantum field around it. 

Dark matter sends gravitational waves like visible matter.

   Dark matter sends gravitational waves like visible matter. 

There may be two types of gravitational waves. The gravitational waves with ultra-short wavelength. And gravitational waves that have ultra-long wavelengths. The idea came into my mind because some galaxies seem to wave. If that thing is true, another gravitational effect can interact with the smallest parts of the material. Another long-wave gravitational effect can interact only with large material entireties. 

Ultra-accurate clocks search differences in time. And those differences would hope to make dark matter visible. In those ideas, the system tries to detect differences that dark matter can cause in time. So those systems measure time dilation. Researchers are interested in dark matter,  because, it can open the road to complete gravitational models. 

When researchers try to create a gravitational model the key element is that the gravitation effect forms when some kind of radiation acts like a heat pump. When that radiation, called gravitational waves comes out from the gravitational center, it makes the front side of the particle colder. 

When energy travels to that colder area. It makes particles travel to the gravitational center. So gravitation makes particles colder. And that makes energy travel in it. Then in the middle of the gravitational center forms the point where that wave movement impacts forming a stading wave.  

Then reflection from the middle of the gravitational center causes things, called gravitational waves. Gravitational effect means. That radiation that reflects out from the middle of the gravitational center makes a lower energy point in the front of the particle. 

Or maybe the gravitational waves can be radiation or wave movement with extremely short wavelengths. The particles are whisk-like structures where quantum fields form the quantum lightning around the vacuum or graviton. A graviton can be an extremely small quantum-size black hole. Gravitational interaction may look like Earth's plasma pulses, but gravitational waves interact in different scale entireties. And those entireties are smaller than atoms or smaller than even quarks and gluons. 

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Can gravitational interaction look like plasma pulses near Earth? However, the size of the gravitational interaction is much smaller than the plasma-pulse interaction. 

If gravitational interaction forms like plasma pulses around Earth that can explain why we cannot see dark matter. In that model, gravitational waves travel past some structure in particles. Then that thing forms an impact or gravitational pulse behind that particle. If dark matter is a 2D ring-shaped skyrmion that thing denies that gravitational pulse cannot push that material in any direction. 

It's possible. That dark matter can send gravitational waves. But itself cannot interact with gravitational fields. In that model, WIMP is like a ring and that structure makes gravitational waves reflect from the middle of that particle. The dark matter gravitational interaction looks like a galaxy with relativistic jets. 

But gravitational waves replace those jets in this extremely small object. That structure makes dark matter send gravitational waves. However, gravitation is a one-way interaction in this model. Outcoming gravitational waves cannot form gravitational wave pulses to those 2D particles. And that makes gravitational interaction one-way in the case of dark matter. 

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In this model, gravitational waves travel past the particle or some part of its structure. Then they impact behind that particle. There are gravitational waves forming bubbles or quantum high pressure that pushes the particle forward or opposite direction from that "gravitational pulse". The gravitational pulse is like a plasma pulse. But it interacts with subatomic particles. 

We cannot see dark matter straight. But we can see dark matter's gravitational effect. That means there is some unifying thing in material and dark matter where gravitation can touch. That means dark matter also sends gravitational waves that we can observe. Gravitational waves cause gravitational interaction. And gravitational interaction requires that both participants in the system send those waves. The lack of other than gravitational interaction causes a question: can there be something in dark matter, that makes dark matter itself unable to react to gravitational fields or gravitational waves? 

In this model, a hypothetical WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) can be like skyrmions or ring-shaped quantum fields. The gravitational waves form in the middle of that ring. But that structure forms gravitational stealth around that hypothetical dark matter particle. The reflection from inside the ring-shaped structure pushes other gravitational waves away. And that thing means that the gravitational interaction between visible and dark matter is one way. The dark matter itself sends gravitational waves. However, it doesn't interact with the gravitational field because gravitational waves cannot form a gravitational pulse behind it. 

The antigravity means that this gravitational pulse will turn so high energy that it starts to mirror gravitational waves to the front of the particle. The idea is that the gravitational effect forms when a gravitational pulse forms behind the particle from the direction of the gravitational center. And that shines energy on the particle. If that gravitational pulse forms at the front of the particle or system can create a stronger gravitational pulse to the front of the particle. That thing pushes the particle backward from the gravitational center. 

When researchers talk about gravitational centers they mean dominating gravitational center. All particles and superstrings are gravitational centers. In the Earth-Moon system, Earth is dominating the gravitational center. But the moon is also a gravitational center. The distance between the observer and the object determines which object dominates. If the observer is close to the moon, the moon dominates. And the observer falls to the moon even if the dominating center of the system is Earth.

MOND ruled out.

   MOND ruled out. 

MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) hoped to answer the question: why do some galaxies rotate too fast? Black holes may have two transition disks. The other is visible. And the other of those transition disks are invisible to humans because it's formed from dark matter. The gravitational interaction between black holes and dark matter would be similar to visible material. So if that invisible dark matter transition disk around black holes is real, that means interaction between those particles causes the mysterious lack of dark matter. 

The thing that can interact with dark matter is dark matter particles. That means black holes load energy on those invisible dark matter particles as well it load energy on visible material. And if those hypothetical dark matter particles get an energy level that is high enough, that thing causes a situation where hypothetical dark matter particles start to repel each other. 

Scientists ruled out MOND (Modified Newtonian Gravity). The most popular alternative theory for Dark Matter theory. The problem with MOND is this: it cannot rule out the gravitational effect that has an unknown source. The dark matter is the thing that is hard to rule out. When we think about one galaxy. That has no dark matter, we cannot rule out dark matter as an entirety. 

If one galaxy in billions and billions of galaxies has no dark matter that thing opens new and interesting visions about dark matter. If dark matter is not a homogenous thing, that means it can form planet-size objects. So could the dark universe be true? In some theories, dark matter is between antimatter and material. 

The WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) or hypothetical dark matter particles have some kind of thing that makes them interact with visible material only through gravitational waves. And that means there is some joint structure in material and dark matter particles. But are those WIMP particles "real" or are they virtual? 

A virtual particle is like a whirl in a wave movement. The idea is that the virtual particles can act like real or static particles. And those things can also have gravitational effects. This thing formed an idea for the "Superstring theory". This theory involves the idea that. There is a joint structure. That is involved in every particle and that structure is the same in wave movement. The particle is like a yarn ball or whisk of superstrings. 

In this theory or model also wave movement has mass. The superstring makes that mass wave movement. So if the dark matter is a so-called free superstring. That causes the question of whether the Dark Matter exists or not. The gravitational effect remains. The dark matter is a mystery. Researchers want to make the interaction between matter and dark matter by using high-energy particle accelerators. They hope that dark matter reacts with extremely thick energy fields like antimatter-material shockwaves. 

https://bigthink.com/hard-science/dark-matter-alternative-modified-newtonian-dynamics-ruled-out/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_Newtonian_dynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Where went antimatter?

    Where went antimatter? 

Just after the Big Bang, there were as much antimatter and matter in the universe. But then the scattering effect near the Big Bang or in an extremely hot universe turned some antimatter particles into material. And that formed material as we know it. The powerful energy fields can turn matter into antimatter. 

In a hot universe, the energy level was extremely high. That formed an asymmetry between matter and antimatter. Still today, impacts between particles form a small number of short-term antimatter particles even in Earth's atmosphere. That thing causes questions about how much antimatter forms in high-energy reactions in the universe. 

Galaxy with its hydrogen halo. 

The fact is that the antimatter still exists in our universe. Every day antimatter particles hit Earth's atmosphere. Antimatter may form when a high-energy particle hits Earth's atmosphere. And that impact changes its spin. That thing turns particles into antimatter particles. But the question is, how much antimatter forms in the universe because of high-energy reactions and interactions? 

Hydrogen halo around the galaxy uncovers that supermassive black hole in the middle of it has poles. Those N/S poles of the black hole make the relativistic jets around it. And those relativistic jets form a hydrogen halo around the galaxy. When that hydrogen hits the galaxy's and its star's magnetic fields and plasma it's possible that there is forming antimatter. Also if some other black hole's relativistic jet impacts with another relativistic jet, that thing can form antimatter. There may be antimatter stars or even antimatter galaxies in the universe. 

Also, other particles except photons have anti-particle pairs. There are quark-antiquark pairs in protons and those particle pairs interact like positronium. Positronium is the combination where positron and electron orbit each other. And also other particle-antiparticle pairs annihilate or turn energy than electron-and positron pairs. 

Antimatter is like material as we know it. But for some reason the electric loads in antimatter are opposite. Things like gravity interact with antimatter similar way as they interact with material. Anti-electron or positron has a positive electric load. An antiproton has a negative electric load. The spin of an antineutron is opposite to a neutron. In normal material electron has a negative electric load, a proton has a positive and a neutron's spin is opposite to antineutron's spin. 

And that means antimatter is the material's mirror. The thing is that all natural laws in antimatter are the same as "regular material". Only the mark of the electricity makes a difference between antimatter-material particles. When antimatter hits material both particles turn into energy. That reaction is known as annihilation. 

The annihilation is possible only between a particle and its antiparticle pair. That causes an idea that the opposite spins cause situations where there is some kind of flash between a particle and its antiparticle pair. That thing causes a reaction where both particles turn into energy. 

"Bubble chamber tracks from Fermilab, revealing the charge, mass, energy, and momentum of the particles and antiparticles created. This recreates similar conditions to what was present during the Big Bang, where matter and antimatter can both be readily created from pure energy. At the highest energies, all particles and antiparticles can be created, but at energies corresponding to "only" a temperature of ~10 billion K or so, electron-positron pairs can still be spontaneously created". (BigThink.com/What was it like when the last antimatter disappeared?)

The reason for antimatter research is that thing is a useful tool in high-power rocket engines that can transport humans to another star.  The antimatter flash can also be in lasers.  Antimatter would be an excellent power source in compact power systems. In an antimatter battery, the antimatter particles like positrons are in a magnetic chamber. 

Then the system lets only one or two electrons travel in that chamber in time. And that makes it possible to create a controlled antimatter reactor. First, the system drives antimatter in the magnetic chamber where positrons hover in a vacuum. The system lets electrons travel in that chamber one or two per time. Then the system collects energy using photovoltaic cells or making that reactor heat some liquids. The problem is this. If the reactor's shell is broken, that can cause detonation that can destroy large land areas. 

The energy output from antimatter happens when antimatter annihilates with material. The thing that makes antimatter dangerous is its high energy load. And 1g of antimatter can detonate Earth. 

There is a theoretical antimatter bomb there antiprotons or positrons stored in magnetic capsules. The magnetic field keeps those particles away from the wall. And when an antimatter bomb is used the system opens the capsule. Then the material reacts with antimatter. The pencil-size antimatter bomb can destroy an entire planet. The paradox is that antimatter bombs can someday destroy the rogue planet or rogue stars that incomes to the solar system. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/last-antimatter-disappeared/

https://scitechdaily.com/invisible-hydrogen-halo-revealing-a-galaxys-hidden-polar-ring/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positronium

There is the possibility that extreme stars are behind mystic FRBs (Fast-Radio Bursts)

    There is the possibility that extreme stars are behind mystic FRBs (Fast-Radio Bursts)

Maybe some chain reactions between magnetars and neutron stars can explain FRBs. FRB (Fast Radio Burst) is one of the most high-energy phenomena in the universe. And the thing that could form the FRB is an energy beam that impacts with magnetar. That energy burst can come from other magnetars or black holes. When a magnetar's jet or black hole's relativistic jet impacts with magnetars. That thing causes an extremely high-energy impact. 

There is a possibility that FRB will form when: 

*Jet from another neutron star or magnetar hits magnetar. 

*Plasma from supernova hits magnetar. 

*Antimatter impact in relativistic jet raises its temperature. It's possible that crossing a relativistic jet can form antimatter in another relativistic jet.   

"Researchers discovered a universal scaling law in neutron stars, including magnetars, that might explain mysterious Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs). By studying the sub-structure of their radio emissions, they found a commonality in their rotation periods, enhancing our understanding of these celestial phenomena." (ScitechDaily.com/Cosmic Enigma Solved? Extreme Stars May Hold the Key to Mysterious Radio Bursts)

In this text term, relativistic jet means all high-energy jets that come from black holes or neutron stars. Crossing high-energy jets can form the situation that there is forming an FRB. In those cases matter can turn antimatter and cause annihilation. 

FRB may form when a high energy burst of high energy particles and radiation hits the magnetars. The source of those particles could be in black hole's relativistic jets, other magnetar jets, or supernova explosions. In some vision, the kilonovas or impacting neutron stars can send plasma waves that can form the FRB. Or in the wildest visions, the antimatter impacts the neutron star's or black hole's jet. That can raise its energy level to a very high level. Negative ions can pull anti-electrons into themselves. And that thing can cause annihilation in a relativistic jet. 

The negative ion can pull antiprotons into them. The difference between antimatter and "regular" material is that the antimatter particle's polarity is opposite to the material. Extremely strong magnetic fields can turn particles into antimatter. And that makes it possible that antimatter impact in a relativistic jet can cause extremely high-power energy bursts that we see as FRBs. 

Sometimes supernova explosions where shockwave impacts with magnetars can cause the FRB. When high-energy plasma travels in space, magnetars can pull it into its shell. The speed of those particles is near the speed of light. And when they impact with magnetars that causes a very high energy reaction. Those things can be good explanations for enigmatic high-energy phenomena. That is frightening and fascinating. The remarkable thing about FRBs is that they are hard to predict. And the second thing is that they seem to come from nothingness. 

https://scitechdaily.com/cosmic-enigma-solved-extreme-stars-may-hold-the-key-to-mysterious-radio-bursts/