Project 8 measured the neutrino's mass.

     Project 8 measured the neutrino's mass. 

There are a couple of places, where neutrinos can used. However, the use of those particles requires full control of neutrinos. 

The ability to control neutrinos is also closer. The neutrino is the ultimate tool for the long-range quantum communication. However, making successful information transportation by using neutrinos requires that the system can catch neutrinos and then remove the information. 

Another way to use neutrinos is so-called neutrino photon rocket engines. Those systems accelerate neutrinos with photons. And those particles would give more thrust to the rocket. 

"Project 8 has innovatively used Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy to observe electron behavior in tritium decay, setting an upper limit for neutrino mass. This marks progress in a long-standing challenge in particle physics, with the potential to improve our understanding of the universe’s evolution." (ScitechDaily.com/Ghost Particle Unmasked: Project 8’s Neutrino Mass Breakthrough)

Project 8 measured the neutrino's mass. 

Now it's done. Neutrino's mass is measured. And that thing can bring the mystery of dark matter closer to unveil than ever before. The neutrino is a ghost particle that forms in nuclear reactions. The sun, nuclear reactors, particle accelerators, and some other things like supernovas form neutrinos. There are three types of neutrinos. Electron neutrino, Tau neutrino and muon neutrinos. 

The reason, why those light and weakly reacting particles are under intensive research is that they could give new information about the Universe. In some visions, the neutrinos are particles that are between visible material and dark matter. 

In the most exciting models, the neutrino is a particle that transformed from hypothetical WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles). So if that thing is true, neutrinos are the key to the world of dark matter. 

In some visions, the neutrino is the particle whose origin is in hypothetical WIMP. In that model the hypothetical WIMP turns to neutrino and after that to some other elementary particle. 

In that model, the route from the WIMP to the subatomic particle could be WIMP that transforms to tau neutrino, then to muon neutrino, and then to electron neutrino, and then gluon, quark, or electron. During that process that small and maybe quite high-energy particle delivers energy to its environment. Finally, when a neutrino's mass or energy level is low enough, that thing makes that neutrino a stable part of the atom. But that is only one version of the neutrino theorem. 

Because neutrinos have mass they have a quantum gravitational field. The neutrino's mass is also opening the door to the dark matter. When researchers test the form of dark matter. They are searching for objects that they know very well. Then they calculate the visible material's mass and conclude what the object should weigh. And then the rest of the weight is the dark matter weight. 

That calculation is impossible if researchers don't know every particle's mass. And neutrino's mass makes the material's model more complete. The neutrino is a particle that can easily travel through planets. But sometimes it hits water molecules. And that forms the blue light shockwave. That interaction tells that neutrino has mass. For making a complete analysis of the targeted system the analyzer requires complete information about the system and all its participants' behavior. 

https://scitechdaily.com/ghost-particle-unmasked-project-8s-neutrino-mass-breakthrough/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Known and unknown light.

    Known and unknown light. 

Light can evaporate water without heat. 

Ultra-powerful light can cause a similar effect in water as heat. The powerful light increases oscillation in water atoms. And that thing vaporizes water without no heat. Because light evaporates water that thing means that water molecule is not forever. Light causes oscillation in atomic structures because photons transfer energy to them. And that oscillation finally destroys molecular bonds. 

This thing makes the ultra-powerful light sometimes dangerous. The light can cause a similar effect with low-pressure boiling in very low pressure. The ability to evaporate water without heat is interesting because that allows us to make channels to air by using regular, non-coherent light. 

In some visions things like futuristic seacrafts and aerial vehicles the vehicle uses systen that vaporizes water for making low-pressure bubbles in the wanted location around the craft. That effect pulls craft into the wanted direction. As in water,ultra-powerful light can increase oscillation in air molecules. That thing can cause a similar effect as evaporation and this thing can make a thinner point in the air. 

That thing can move at least the lighter-than-air crafts in the desired direction. However, heavier aircraft can have similar abilities to lighter air vehicles. There is a possibility that the craft can put in the ion bubble that can put it hover. Then the thinner point that the system creates in the ion bubble pulls the craft into the wanted direction.

"MIT scientists have discovered that light can cause evaporation at a rate exceeding what is possible with heat alone, particularly in hydrogel-bound water. This “photomolecular effect” could revolutionize solar desalination and climate modeling, potentially tripling water production in desalination processes and advancing solar cooling technologies." (ScitechDaily.com/MIT’s Surprising Discovery: Light Can Evaporate Water Without Heat)

"Researchers were able to control the behavior of various light frequencies that passed through a specially designed cavity. The successful experiment can pave the way fiber optic advances that offer greater facility in energy storage, computing and signal processing. Credit: Xuefeng Jiang" (ScitechDaily.com/Unlocking Light’s Mysteries – Scientists Discover New System To Control the Chaotic Behavior of Light)

First time in history. Reseachers controlled chaotic light. 

Theoretically, a regular light bulb, or precisely controlled LED light can be an excellent quantum switch that turns binary data into qubits. 

The ability to control chaotic light opens new paths in quantum computing and quantum systems. The ability to use chaotic light for data transfer is interesting. That makes data transportation safer than laser light or coherent light use. And maybe in the future. Quantum or photonic computers use chaotic light for data transmission. 

What if we can create a qubit or quantum switch by using regular lamps? The light bulb or LED light can deliver data symmetrically in all directions. In that case, data that travels to the sensor group which is a circle or a ball-shaped structure around that light bulb can get an identical data package. Those sensors can be the photovoltaic cells, that are connected to electric circuits. 

Or they can affect the brightness of laser rays in a photonic computer. The system transports data to those sensors as bursts where each data burst has its unique serial number that separates it from other data packages. Then the AI removes the data bursts with duplicated numbers that allow the system to route it in certain data handling channels. That means each sensor that is connected with an individual data handling line handles the individual data burst. 

The coherent light requires safety equipment and it can cause injuries quite easily. But chaotic light is softer, and it transports energy differently than coherent light. There are plans that in the future the quantum system will pack data into a laser ray that jumps between 100% reflecting mirrors. 

The problem with that system is that the outcoming light increases the power of the laser ray. And that thing can cause damage and injuries. If data can be stored in a chaotic system that thing makes it easier to make that kind of quantum data transporter. 

https://scitechdaily.com/mits-surprising-discovery-light-can-evaporate-water-without-heat/

https://scitechdaily.com/unlocking-lights-mysteries-scientists-discover-new-system-to-control-the-chaotic-behavior-of-light/

Milky Way's supermassive black hole spins as fast as it can.

    Milky Way's supermassive black hole spins as fast as it can. 

"It's spinning, after all."

Galileo Galilei, when the Inquisition forced him to deny his observations. 

Gravitation is like monotonic pull. A small quantum tornado in the gravitational center causes this effect, where an object rides with a quantum field into the gravitational center.  

The black hole's spin forms the gravitational tornado. That thing is like a screw that transports energy out from the black hole in a certain direction. That thing causes the energy pike or relative jet. And in this model, the wormhole is in that relativistic jet. In this model, the cosmic "neural structure" is the wormholes that interconnect black holes with each other. It's also possible that the tube- or string-looking structures in the universe are forming around wormholes.

Relativistic jets are also electromagnetic wormholes and they act like thermal pumps, that allow the black hole to transport its energy to space. That denies the overheating of the black hole. If there is too much energy in a black hole, that thing detonates it. The thing called antigravity could be the gravitational wave that jumps from standing gravitational waves. And that reflection causes a situation where gravitation turns opposite. Gravitation or part of it is radiation like all other interactions. And that means that gravitation can mirror and reflect like all other wave movements. 

The gravitation might have so short wavelength that it interacts straight with superstrings around the gravitational center. The gravitational interaction causes situations where electromagnetic and other quantum fields travel to the tornado in the middle of the gravitational field. And that interaction pulls particles into the middle of that effect. The gravitational field is like water around the whirls. It pulls particles with it.

In this model, gravitational waves are the antigravity. The reason why that effect is so weak is that quantum fields like electromagnetic fields transport or pull quantum fields into the gravitational center in entirety. The pulling effect is so much stronger than gravitational waves that are not affected by particles all the time as the pulling effect affects. Another thing is that the gravitational wave's wavelength is so short that it forms an electromagnetic shadow to another side of so small part of an atom that it cannot pull the atom as its entirety. 

"This image taken by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope shows part of the Veil Nebula or Cygnus Loop. To create this colorful image, observations were taken by Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 instrument using five different filters. New post-processing methods have further enhanced details of emissions from doubly ionized oxygen (shown here in shades of blue), ionized hydrogen, and ionized nitrogen (shown here in shades of red). Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, Z. Levay" (ScitechDaily.com/Rocketing to the Stars: NASA’s INFUSE Probes Sizzling Supernova Secrets)

If the point where gravitational wave can form the electromagnetic shadow that pulls particles into another side forms to gluon or channel that is between gluon and quark is impossible for it can push particles. And in that case, another thing is that there is a possibility that the electromagnetic radiation from the environment fills that vacuum and pushes particles forward. 

The relativistic jet around the black hole's axle acts like a hole in a balloon. It transports energy out from the event horizon. And sooner or later black holes will vaporize or turn into radiation or gravitational waves. 

The supermassive black hole in the Milky Way galaxy spins as fast as it can. The spin is a requirement for the Einstein-Rose bridge or wormhole formation. Einstein's great idea of wormholes or energy bridges through the universe was based on this idea. The gravitational field is one of the quantum fields. And all quantum fields act similarly. All four fundamental forces gravity, electromagnetism, weak, and strong nuclear forces have particle and wave movement forms. 

In this text, the term quantum field is a term that means all of those four fundamental interactions or their waveform. The power field is a circular wave movement series that simultaneously leaves the center of the fundamental interaction. There is always a particle that sends the wave movement around the universe. That means the transmitting particle is not moving. 

The thing that we see as one of the four fundamental forces is the interaction between the transmitting particle and some field. When a quantum field or quantum wave hits the transmitting particle it acts like a ball that travels through the water. During that interaction, the particle turns the quantum field into a wave. That it sends to space. 

So gravitational interaction is like the electromagnetic interaction. A gravitational field may have poles like an electromagnetic field. In this model, the spin of the black hole forms the gravitational tornado at the black hole's poles or around its rotating axle. That forms the vacuum in the gravitational wave's wavelength. 

A similar effect but in another wavelength forms an electromagnetic tornado into the neutron star's poles. That electromagnetic tornado forms a vacuum in the electromagnetic field's wavelength. And that makes electromagnetic fields and particles travel to the neutron star's poles. 

The thing that transfers particles in the quantum field is the traveling quantum field. And the thing that determines the quantum field's name is the wave movement's wavelength. The reason why the gravitational field can pull all particles including photons into the gravitational center is its wavelength is so short that it starts its pull from the gluons or superstrings between gluon and quark. 

Or maybe, the point where the gravitational field interacts with material is the whisk-looking power field around the quarks or gluons. The thing is that the gravitational tornado pulls the quantum field to the gravitational center. And the material that travels into the black hole or some other gravitational center rides that power field. 

Without spin that quantum tornado formation is impossible. That quantum tornado transmits the wave movement (or fields) that the gravitation pulls to the gravitational center away from the black hole or other gravitational centers. And that tornado is the thing that maintains the quantum low pressure in the black hole. If a black hole doesn't have spin that tornado is not forming. 

And is black hole is static without spin and causes an effect where the quantum field that falls in it reflects straight back from its nucleus called singularity. In that process, the reflecting quantum fields form the standing wave that turns stronger and stronger. Then that standing wave fills the entire black hole and causes its explosion. 

https://www.universetoday.com/163924/the-milky-ways-black-hole-is-spinning-as-fast-as-it-can/

https://scitechdaily.com/rocketing-to-the-stars-nasas-infuse-probes-sizzling-supernova-secrets/

Gravitational lensing and speed of light

    Gravitational lensing and speed of light

Could gravitational waves travel faster than light?

In some models, gravitational waves can travel faster than photons. In this model, a gravitational wave is like a wave that is ahead of the photon. If the gravitational field slows the photon, pulling it backward, that can make it possible for the gravitational wave to separate from the photon. In this model, the photon between the gravitational wave and the gravitational center denies a straight interaction between the gravitational field and gravitation.

The model of the gravitational field is that there is some kind of quantum tornado around the rotational axle of the object. And that quantum tornado drives quantum fields in a certain direction. The quantum model of gravitation could be a photon that pushes wave movement ahead of it.

The gravitational lens is an interesting phenomenon. There, gravitation changes the course of light. And in that case, gravitation acts like a giant lens. Sometimes people say that there could be double gravitational lenses. The thing is that the gravitational centers that are in rows can act like optical lenses that are in rows. So internal gravitational centers can adjust the focal length of the gravitational lens. Gravitational lenses could theoretically be used as observation tools. But that requires that their focus be on the optical telescope.

So can gravitational waves travel faster than photons? That is a good question because there are some cases where gravitational waves come to Earth before photons. The reason for that could be that the gravitational center that sends gravitational waves will reflect those waves at a longer distance than photons. Or gravitational waves can get more energy than photons. The gravitational center slows the photon's speed. But it cannot interact the same way with gravitational waves.

In some models, photons push gravitational waves in front of them. And when the gravitational center pulls the photon backward, the gravitational wave will separate from the photon. In that model, a photon is like a peal that is on a wire. The wire has a superstring or extremely small wormhole.

When a photon travels around that superstring, it makes a wave that we call a gravitational wave. A photon is like a bubble that travels in space. The gravitational wave could tunnel itself through the wave movement. That means gravitational waves cause resonance that travels through time and space. That resonance jumps from one gravitational wave to another. And that thing causes the situation where a gravitational wave's speed can cross the speed of photons.

https://phys.org/news/2023-11-gravitational-lenses.html

Researchers tested the limits of the quantum teleportation.

    Researchers tested the limits of the quantum teleportation. 

The researchers from the University of Stuttgart measured all four Bell states. The Bell states are full correlations between qubits that can be in states 0 or 1 or in superpositions. The reason why Bell states are interesting is that the quantum system requires two-qubit lines and all four states to back and forth communication. The problem with Bell state collapse is that the qubits that transmit information from point A to point B are opposite or mirror position to the qubit that transports information from point B to point A. 

The reason for that mirror symmetry is that the transmitting side of the qubit must be at a higher energy level than the receiving qubit. Only identical qubits can transport information without damaging the informational structure. When two identical qubits are side by side energy travels from the higher energy qubits to lower energy qubits.

"In the Barz group’s experiment with a two-stage interferometer auxiliary photons are used to generate distinct measurement patterns for all four Bell states, increasing the efficiency beyond the traditional limit of 50%. Credit: Jon Heras, Cambridge Illustrators." (ScitechDaily.com/Breaking the Quantum Limit: From Einstein-Bohr Debates to Achieving “Unattainable” Efficiency)

 When a qubit sends energy to another qubit the difference between energy levels decreases and information starts to run slower. Energy runs in a quantum system until both sides are at the same level. And that forms a standing wave between those sides which destroys the qubit. 

We can use the seesaw as the model of Bell states. Each end of those seesaws is one of the Bell states. If we consider that quantum entanglement is like a seesaw where information flows from a higher energy level to a lower one, then a two-way quantum network needs two seesaws that cross together. 

The thing is that information and energy always travel from higher energy levels to lower. When energy levels in the ends of the systems reach the same level it destroys the entire system. And then that thing destroys the quantum entanglement. 

But the thing that causes collapse in Bell states is this. When energy travels out from the higher energy level qubit its energy level decreases. Because there are four states in the qubit pair. That thing causes entropy in energy levels to rise. The reason for that is that there are forming whirls and waves to the qubit. 

Those things destroy the entire qubit and cause the destruction of the Bell states. In tests, the researchers tested the Bell states stability and ability to send information back and forth by using the Bell states. The thing is that the Bell states are a requirement for two-direction communication over the quantum network. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_state

Researchers use quantum light to hear quantum sound.

   Researchers use quantum light to hear quantum sound.

At the beginning were ion microphones.

When a pressure wave hits the box where there are atoms, it transfers energy to that atom cloud. This thing gives an idea for the ion microphones. An ion microphone can be a kilometer-long tube where laser rays are detecting pressure waves in that tube. The ion microphones can detect sound waves from the ground.

The ion microphones are boxes where there are ions or atomic clouds. When a soundwave hits that box, it sends a pressure wave to that atomic cloud. The idea is that those atoms are brought to a certain energy level, and then a pressure wave gives them an energy impulse. And the lasers can detect the movements of that gas.

"Researchers from the University of East Anglia have introduced a pioneering method using quantum light to detect quantum sound. Their study sheds light on the intricate quantum interactions between molecular vibrations and photons. The findings are expected to enhance understanding of light-matter interactions on a molecular scale and could lead to new avenues in quantum technology and biology. The team’s efforts might also spur the development of innovative techniques to detect individual phonons directly." (ScitechDaily.com/ Solving Molecular Mysteries: How Quantum Light “Hears” Quantum Sound)

But then to the quarter microphones.

What would you do with boxes whose inside walls are made of 100% reflecting mirrors? In those boxes, the light rays can theoretically jump between those walls forever. The system allows for very accurate measurements.

We can think that a photon cloud is similar to an atomic cloud. However, the particles in a photonic cloud are smaller. When some particle moves in a photon cloud, it sends "quantum sound," which is the quantum version of pressure waves. The idea is that when a particle hits the photonic cloud, it transfers energy to those photons. And energy travels in a photon cloud just like pressure travels in a gas cloud.

The quantum light or photon cloud can be used to measure the smallest parts of atoms. The quantum microscope that uses two superpositioned and entangled photons can detect even quark- or gluon-level particles from atoms. In that system, quantum entanglement is used as a scanning tunneling microscope that has extreme accuracy. But photon clouds can also be used to detect things like electrons' movements in their orbitals.

Quantum light is a photon cloud that could be used to detect atomic fibrations. When atoms or subatomic particles impact a photonic cloud, they send energy to those photons. And that thing can cause an effect where those photons can detect vibrations in atoms and subatomic particles.

The problem with those photon clouds is that their energy level must be precisely the right level. If the energy level of those photons is too high, the system cannot detect "quantum pressure waves" in those photons. Another problem is how to make that photon cloud. One version is to use the box, whose walls are made of 100% reflecting mirrors.

Lasers will inject photons inside the box where there are other atoms, and then electrons and other parts of those atoms will send quantum waves into that photon cloud. The use of that reflection box eliminates the unwanted effects and makes the measurements sharper.

https://scitechdaily.com/solving-molecular-mysteries-how-quantum-light-hears-quantum-sound/

The Big Bang was not the beginning of the universe.

    The Big Bang was not the beginning of the universe. 

What was before the Big Bang? There were dimensions. The dimension could determined as the superstrings that have a certain energy level. Then something caused the situation. The superstrings send some kind of sub-strings or wave movement and that thing formed material. The impulse from those superstrings caused Schwinger to affect where those impacting superstrings formed the first particles. So we can say that the Big Bang was the event, where material or superstrings that formed material reach a certain energy level. 

But then we must ask was there a universe before our universe? There is a vision that radiation that comes from black holes is one of the reasons for dark energy. There is the possibility that information that we see as vapor of the black holes is coming from the future. The idea is that: when escaping velocity turns faster than the speed of light, the time turns to go backwards. 

Time stops at the speed of light. And if gravity turns escape velocity higher than the speed of light, the time starts to travel backward. Objects come out from the black hole at the point where the black hole formed. The question is: is time only in material? In this case black hole turns particles young. Or does the time affect also spacetime? And that caused an idea that could the quantum vapor that Sir Roger Penrose observed come from the future. 

When we think of black holes as tubes where material drops through time we can say that the expansion of the universe along with the decrease in the energy level causes the difference in energy levels from the Big Bang to the energy level at the end of the universe increasing while time goes away from the Big Bang. 

The thing that makes energy is differences in energy levels. Because the past is at a higher energy level than the future energy travels to the future. That energy keeps the black hole open. So to make energy and information backward in the black hole, the requirement is that the energy level in the future side of the black hole turns higher than it was in the past.

Is the quantum vapor, that comes from the black holes evidence of a cyclic universe? Or does that vapor come from the future? 

The question about Sir Roger Penrose's observations about the old black holes is: does that vapor come from the past or future? Penrose suggested that there was a universe before our universe. But if the black hole brings information from the future, that thing is a very interesting opportunity. 

That means the white hole is the case, where information can come from the future. The black hole's vaporization is evidence that a white hole is possible. That vaporization is seen as gravity waves. But the requirement for the existence of a white hole is that the black hole suddenly detonates. And then the energy that comes out from the channel keeps it open and forms the white hole. The thing is that a theoretical white hole brings information out of the black hole. 

And that information or radiation means that if some futuristic astronaut wants to use this phenomenon in time or space travel, that person must find a black hole and use a black hole as a transportator. The energy that comes from the white hole destroys that craft immediately. If our hypothetical astronaut wants to travel through a black hole energy level in the material of that craft must decrease very slowly or the craft will detonate immediately. 

The black hole doesn't let particles send its wave movement and energy out from it. And when a particle comes out from the black hole, it sends its extra energy with enormous speed. The reason for that is that energy always travels from a higher energy level to a lower energy level. When energy travels from that material to the environment. That thing increases the energy level around it. 

The difference between energy levels from the beginning of the black hole to the last second before it vaporizes or turns to wave movement determines how powerful is the pull in the black hole. So we can think that the first objects that formed after the Big Bang were enormous black holes. Those black holes could transfer material from the high-energy young universe to the end of the universe, where particles turn to wave movement. In this model, the first ones are the last. The first black hole is the last black hole. And the reason for that is that energy flowing through that black hole is so fast that it cannot collapse. 

And when differences between energy levels in the beginning and end of the black holes are high enough that causes an effect where material explodes. In that case, energy travels out from the material so fast that it forms an electromagnetic vacuum around the particle. And that rips particle into wave movement. This thing causes an effect where wave movement from those particles hits other wave movement. That thing can cause the new universe to start to form. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/how-universe-truly-begin/

https://www.forbes.com/sites/andreamorris/2023/10/23/testing-a-time-jumping-multiverse-killing-consciousness-spawning-theory-of-reality/

https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2020/10/08/no-roger-penrose-we-see-no-evidence-of-a-universe-before-the-big-bang/?sh=4ef65bd67a0f

https://futurism.com/sir-roger-penrose-alternate-theory-of-the-big-bang-2

https://physicsworld.com/a/new-evidence-for-cyclic-universe-claimed-by-roger-penrose-and-colleagues/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_cyclic_cosmology