The Einstein and tachyon. An ultimate test.

"Visualization of the Higgs field. Credit: CERN. The geometry of space, the setting in which physical laws operate, may hold clues to some of the biggest unanswered questions in fundamental physics. The underlying structure of spacetime itself could be the foundation for every interaction observed in nature." (ScitechDaily, Beyond Einstein: Could Our Universe Have Seven Hidden Dimensions?

The speed of light is the cosmic speed limit. But it's possible that the faster-than-light particles called tachyons can escape from black holes. Those particles can form only in black holes. They cannot be visible because they tunnel through other particles. The name of those hypothetical particles is tachyon. And the problem is that. Those tachyons are not tachyons anymore. When their speed decreases below the speed of light. When a tachyon decreases its speed. It should send radiation. Similar to Cherenkov radiation. Cherenkov radiation forms. When an electron. Or some other charged hits water. At a speed. That is a higher particle than the speed of light. That particle sends its extra energy as a blue light flash, or shockwave. Neutrino detectors also use this effect. 

“While the speed of light in vacuum is a universal constant (c = 299,792,458 m/s), the speed in a material may be significantly less, as it is perceived to be slowed by the medium. For example, in water it is only 0.75c. Matter can accelerate to a velocity higher than this (although still less than c, the speed of light in vacuum) during nuclear reactions and in particle accelerators. Cherenkov radiation results when a charged particle, most commonly an electron, travels through a dielectric medium with a speed greater than light's speed in that medium.”(Wikipedia, Cherenkov Radiation)

Einstein in ultimate tests. And there is a goal to prove. That there can be some kind of exceptions for things like the speed of light in extremely ultimate energy levels. The Michelson-Morley experiment, which measured the speed of light, plays a vital role in Einstein’s theory of Special relativity. And that experiment still stands. The only thing that requires checking is that the speed of light depends on the environment. That means. The speed of light is a cosmic constant that depends on the medium or the quantum field. Which travels in a certain direction. 

Things like black holes make quantum fields travel into them. And that means it's possible to cross the speed of light. In cases where the quantum field travels faster than the speed of light. When a black hole’s gravity field pulls energy and quantum fields inside its event horizon. The point. Where escape velocity reaches the speed of light. That quantum field pulls even photons with it. That causes the black hole paradox.

 When a field travels faster than the speed of light, that raises a question. About how fast the photon travels. The speed of a particle is relative to its environment. The quantum field pulls a particle into a black hole like a river. And that means. The speed of that particle relative to the quantum field that carries it is the same. As the speed of the quantum field. That means. The speed of the particle. Is zero. 

The gravity field forms. When a fast-spinning object binds energy. To it. That object turns those quantum fields into kinetic energy. There is a possibility. There is some kind of mass center. In the middle of the photon. If that thing is right. It's possible that there is a quantum-sized black hole in the middle of the photon. So, could those quantum black holes be gravitons, the hypothetical gravitational transporter particles? Or could tachyon be the same as graviton? The hypothetical faster-than-light particle leaves. The “low-pressure” or a lower-energy cone behind it. This lower-energy cone is the quantum version of the sonic cone. 

And if it exists, that explains why gravitation acts as it does. The tachyon itself tunnels through a particle. And that lower-energy cone pulls the particle. To the gravity center. That is the source of tachyons. That model explains tachyons. As the particles that form in quantum-size black holes are in every particle. That has mass. So a photon can be the energy disk of those black holes. 

That’s why nothing can escape from a black hole. There is no known particle. that can escape from a black hole. That requires speed. That is faster than the speed of light. And that fights against the laws of physics. If a black hole sends some other types of radiation. than gravitational waves, the best candidate for that radiation transporter will be the hypothetical Tachyon. That is a theoretical faster-than-light particle.

Could a light barrier really exist? Similar to a sound barrier? In theory, the tachyon can be a faster-than-light particle. The tachyon forms in the black hole. That means a black hole is a four-dimensional object. And in some models, there are possibly seven hidden dimensions in our universe. That means the black hole is the tensor. And the higher dimensions are things. that are hiding in the black holes. So, tachyon forms. In the higher dimensions. 

The thing about tachyons. Those are those extremely high-energy particles. Send their extra energy. As radiation. That radiation is similar to Cherenkov radiation. When a tachyon travels at a speed. That is higher than the speed of light. It tunnels through the particles. And when we see that interaction, tachyon’s speed slows lower than the speed of light. And its existence as a tachyon ends. 

We can think of the black hole. It could be like a waterfall. Where energy travels straight from the fourth dimension into the second dimension. That means the energy travels at a very high speed through the third dimension. Time dilation means.  At the speed of light, time stops. And when the escape velocity rises higher than the speed of light, time starts to travel backward in the black hole. 

Image 2) The structure of a photon gives a hint that there can be some kind of mass center in a photon. Or the photon can be an energy ring. That is the hypothetical tachyon leaves behind it. In those models, tachyons cannot form in the third dimension. Those particles require energy levels. Those are so high. Only the conditions in black holes can raise energy levels high enough. That tachyons can form. 

Image 3) The Sonic barrier

Image 4) The photon. Packet of quantum light. 

Image 5) "Cherenkov radiation glowing in the core of the Advanced Test Reactor at Idaho National Laboratory. Cherenkov radiation is an electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle (such as an electron) passes through a dielectric medium (such as distilled water) at a speed greater than the phase velocity (speed of propagation of a wavefront in a medium) of light in that medium. A classic example of Cherenkov radiation is the characteristic blue glow of an underwater nuclear reactor. Its cause is similar to the cause of a sonic boom, the sharp sound heard when faster-than-sound movement occurs. The phenomenon is named after Soviet physicist Pavel Cherenkov.” (Wikipedia, Cherenkov Radiation) 

Image 6) A century after Michelson and Morley’s historic zero result helped launch Einstein’s special relativity, physicists are still searching for tiny cracks in one of its core principles: Lorentz invariance. Conflicts between quantum theory and general relativity have inspired the possibility of slight violations detectable only at extreme energies or cosmic distances. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, Einstein Tested Again: New Gamma-Ray Study Pushes Physics to Its Limits)

The arrow of time means that time travels backward in the black hole. Near the black hole. Is the point. Where time travels forward at a very high speed. The arrow of time means that when a particle. Or time travels forward. That thing pushes particles near it backward. So when time moves backward.  That means it transports energy from the past to the future. The past is at a higher energy level. And that means the shortcut through time brings energy, maybe straight from the Big Bang, into the universe. 

In this model. Dark energy and hypothetical Hawking radiation are the same thing. And. A hypothetical tachyon particle is the transporter of that wave movement. If tachyon really exists. That particle will be extremely high-energy. It will be very small. And it can also tunnel itself through other particles. This means that when we think. If the elementary particles are the whisk-shaped structures of the superstrings. 

The tachyon can push those superstrings. Away from its route. That causes another question. Can a gravitational wave form when a tachyon cloud travels through the universe? If tachyon really travels through the quantum fields, it leaves the quantum version of sonic boom, or “light boom,” behind it. That light boom acts like a quantum low-pressure. This means that those “light booms” pull particles in the direction. There those tachyons come.  in that model.  Photon is the field. That forms in a similar way. The vapor ring forms in cases. The aircraft crosses the speed of light. Those things are seen in images 3 and 4. 

But then back to the higher dimensions. Those dimensions are invisible to us. The second dimension is the state of matter; the matter includes only height and width. If those particles really exist, they cannot reflect. The wave movement just travels past or over those particles. The third dimension means that the particle has width, height, and depth. The fourth dimension has a dimension. In time. The time that moves forward is the fourth, and the time that travels backward is the fifth dimension. 

Those dimensions are very complicated structures. “The researchers propose that the universe may include unseen dimensions shaped into complex seven-dimensional forms called G2-manifolds. These structures were typically viewed as fixed, but Pincak and his team treat them as evolving systems that change over time through a process known as the G2–Ricci flow, which alters their internal geometry as it progresses.” (ScitechDaily, Beyond Einstein: Could Our Universe Have Seven Hidden Dimensions?)

We could explain the 2D material. As the ultimate minimum energy state. And the black hole could be like the waterfall that allows energy to travel straight from the fourth and higher dimensions to the second dimension. That gives ultimate power. To that energy. This means that the arrow of time affects black holes. When time travels backward, it sends matter around it to the future. 

It’s possible that gravitation is not even a single type of interaction. Fast fast-moving. An energy field that travels through another energy field can have an effect similar to that of the wind. That traveling field. That is, a lower energy level pulls energy into it. If that energy field forms a tornado-shaped structure, it can roll energy or quantum fields from around it. This means that. Those fields also bind energy and turn it into kinetic form. 

https://scitechdaily.com/einstein-tested-again-new-gamma-ray-study-pushes-physics-to-its-limits/

https://scitechdaily.com/beyond-einstein-could-our-universe-have-seven-hidden-dimensions/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_mechanism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_barrier

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

It’s possible. That dark matter. It is not as dark as we believe.

“New gamma-ray evidence hints we may finally be “seeing” dark matter for the first time. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, In a First for Humanity, Scientists May Have Finally Seen Dark Matter)

Maybe researchers saw dark matter first time. And that thing is one of the big steps into cosmology. Researchers used high-energy photons. To simulate how dark matter annihilates. The models tell that the WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle). A hypothetical dark matter particle. It could be an extremely fast-spinning object. The extremely high spin speed and high energy level. That shape makes it possible to tunnel through material and quantum fields. This fast speed means that WIMP. Sends its energy all the time. So, we can say that WIMP roars. And when a WIMP loses enough energy. WIMP ends its existence as WIMP. 

“For nearly a century, dark matter has lurked unseen, shaping galaxies while refusing to reveal itself. Now, new gamma-ray data from NASA’s Fermi Telescope may have caught its elusive signature.” (ScitechDaily, In a First for Humanity, Scientists May Have Finally Seen Dark Matter)

“A University of Tokyo astronomer believes he has detected the exact high-energy photons predicted when hypothetical WIMP particles collide and annihilate—potentially giving humanity its first direct glimpse of dark matter.” (ScitechDaily, In a First for Humanity, Scientists May Have Finally Seen Dark Matter).

If those observations are real, this is a big step for science. The problem with dark matter is that. Nobody has seen it before. There are models. About dark matter particles. In those models. They are extremely fast-spinning particles. That fast spin pulls those particles into an ellipse. Or cigar-shaped. In that model, those structures pull energy into the middle of that form. That energy. Forms a wave that moves energy to the elliptical particle’s spin axis. The wave that forms simultaneously and travels across the shell of that particle sweeps energy and radiation into one direction.  

“Gamma-ray intensity map excluding components other than the halo, spanning approximately 100 degrees in the direction of the Galactic center. The horizontal gray bar in the central region corresponds to the Galactic plane area, which was excluded from the analysis to avoid strong astrophysical radiation. Credit: Tomonori Totani, The University of Tokyo” (ScitechDaily, In a First for Humanity, Scientists May Have Finally Seen Dark Matter).

Photon energy dependence of gamma-ray intensity of the halo emission (data points). The red and blue lines represent the expected gamma-ray emission spectrum when WIMP particles annihilate, initially producing a pair of bottom quarks (b) or a pair of W bosons, and they agree well with the data. Bottom quarks and W bosons are known elementary particles included in the standard model of particle physics. Credit: Tomonori Totani, The University of Tokyo “(ScitechDaily, In a First for Humanity, Scientists May Have Finally Seen Dark Matter).

“Gamma-ray intensity map excluding components other than the halo, spanning approximately 100 degrees in the direction of the Galactic center. The horizontal gray bar in the central region corresponds to the Galactic plane area, which was excluded from the analysis to avoid strong astrophysical radiation. Credit: Tomonori Totani, The University of Tokyo” (ScitechDaily, In a First for Humanity, Scientists May Have Finally Seen Dark Matter)

That makes particles impossible to see. If the observer does not stand. In the line of the particle’s spin axis. That can make WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) invisible. Then researchers noticed a strange gamma-ray glow near the core of the Milky Way. This means that its possible that the Sgr* A, a supermassive black hole in the center of the milky way sends so high energy radiation into WIMPs that are packed near the center of the milky way. If those WIMPs are particles that emit radiation in one direction, the high-energy photon that hits the WIMP. Can inject so much energy into that particle. 

The wave cannot push those quantum fields in one direction. This model. The energy wave. Forms two-way moving wave movements. This can also explain. The gravity effect of the WIMP. When a wave hits the WIMP at its “equator,” it splits into two waves that travel in opposite directions. When those waves are separating. They form a quantum low-pressure, or lower energy, quantum field between them. The energy or quantum field travels to that energy ditch. It forms the effect. That we can see as gravity. This model means that the particle can transform into a WIMP or a WIMP can transform into a regular particle. 

New observations support models. Dark matter is matter that we cannot see. There is a possibility that two photons touch particle in the middle of it. It can sweep energy into two directions. This model means that a photon connects with particles. Can deny the reflection. This means that. Photonics can allow researchers to create matter that is invisible to us. 

https://scitechdaily.com/in-a-first-for-humanity-scientists-may-have-finally-seen-dark-matter/

New records in quantum computers.

“Princeton researchers have created a superconducting qubit that stays stable more than three times longer than previous designs, marking a major leap toward practical quantum computers. Credit: Shutterstock” (ScitechDaily, Princeton’s Breakthrough Qubit Could Finally Make Quantum Computing Practical)

New quantum computers require photonic circuits to transform binary data into qubits. And also, those systems can help to control the energy use of quantum computers, and their temperatures are lower. The new quantum photonic microchip connects the light-emitting molecules. With single-mode waveguides. The photonic microchips are halfway to compact quantum computers. Photonic chips can make. New types of observation tools are being brought into reality. Things like quantum Doppler radars, where two photons orbit each other. Those photons are in quantum entanglement with other photons that are connected to the system. Two rotating photon pairs can scan the atom’s internal structures. They act like miniature Doppler radar. 

The 50-qubit quantum computer was simulated for the first time. And the Princeton researchers set a record for qubit sustainability. Those things are a big step for quantum computers. The problem with quantum computers is their ultimate power. Regular binary computers need even tens of billions of years to solve problems that the quantum computer solves in minutes. This makes it hard to create error detection for quantum computers. This record was set by using a supercomputer.  That uses an NVIDIA-chip-based architecture. 

“Illustration of the on-chip two-photon quantum interference experiment. Credit: Nature Nanotechnology (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02043-7” (Phys.org, Quantum photonic chip integrates light-emitting molecules with single-mode waveguides)

“ Researchers at the Jülich Supercomputing Centre, working with NVIDIA, have pushed classical computing to a new frontier by fully simulating a universal 50-qubit quantum computer on Europe’s first exascale system, JUPITER. Credit: Shutterstock” (ScitechDaily, World Record Broken: 50-Qubit Quantum Computer Fully Simulated for the First Time)

The quantum computer requires simulations to create the superpositions and quantum entanglements that those systems need. Then the system makes those connections between photons. And the weakness is that. A quantum computer is much more sensitive to outside effects. Than regular electronic computers. The biggest problem with high-power electronic computers is their heat. The simulation must be delivered to the system that maintains and controls the quantum computer. And the thing that makes quantum systems complicated is that. 

Theoretically, it is possible to make static quantum entanglement. Using some ball-shaped particles. The system puts those particles into spin motion. The idea is that. They send the string from their spin axle to the receiving particle’s equator. Then receiving particle. Starts to oscillate. And send that wave movement from its spin axle or “pole”.  

Then the quantum string transports that data to the next particle’s equator. And that can form a complex quantum system. There are quantum entanglements. That forms the box-shaped structures. Those systems are hard to control. 

The system uses those simulations for adjusting the quantum computer’s internal functions. And the problem is that things like earthquakes, cosmic rays, high-energy bursts, or even gravitational waves could disturb those systems. Those non-predictable effects can cause situations. That the system makes mistakes is hard to predict. The effect can be the situation. There, the car impacts the building, where the quantum computer is. Those things make quantum computers untrustworthy in some situations. It’s impossible to predict all variables that can affect the qubit. 

https://scitechdaily.com/princetons-breakthrough-qubit-could-finally-make-quantum-computing-practical/

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-quantum-photonic-chip-emitting-molecules.html

https://scitechdaily.com/world-record-broken-50-qubit-quantum-computer-fully-simulated-for-the-first-time/

Evolution might not be as neutral as researchers previously believed.

"Emerging research reveals that organisms may never fully catch up to their changing environments, opening new questions about how evolution really unfolds. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, Evolution Is Not Neutral: New Study Challenges 60-Year Biology Theory)

Evolution bases the idea. That genetic mutation causes favorable or unfavorable changes in the species. When there are large beasts. In an area. The evolution starts to favor small-sized herbivorous animals. The outside effects are those beasts. They remove the large herbivores. From the population. That causes the enrichment. Of the genomes. Of small-sized herbivores. This means that. Some outside effects can cause. The enrichment of a certain type of genomes. And that can cause. That's some features. Of animals. Start to stand out. 

The outside effect can be the weather. Environment, epidemic, etc. But when evolution starts to enrich. Some types of genetic material. That causes mutations. Those mutations can be seen as a different living environment, a different shape, or a different behavior. This means that the members of the larger group can start discriminating against those mutated creatures. The genetic mutation can start. To create mutations. That makes the individuals look weird. In the eyes of the general population. 

This means the general population might not defend those minorities and think that they are “outsiders”. The genomes of the mutated bacteria. Might not fit. With genomes of the general groups. The large heritability might discriminate. Against their smaller companions. And that makes it hard to make descendants. Or the organism. That is adapted to a special ecosystem. Like living in caves without sunlight. Comes out of its cave. UV radiation can destroy that organism. Immediately. So, adaptation to an extreme environment can turn an organism unable to live outside that ecosystem. 

The ecosystem. That is a paradise for some species. It can be lethal for some other species.  The most common example. Among those things is a fish. Fish can live in water because they have gills. But if a fish comes out of the water, it dies quite soon. Here, I don’t handle things like lug fish. But if a human goes to the water. And tries to breathe there. Without scuba-diving equipment. Attempting to breathe underwater causes drowning. This is the description of natural evolution. 

But in the human-controlled evolution. The goal controls how researchers manipulate organisms and molecules. Sometimes those organisms are created that way. So that they have no ability to make descendants. Or they use some special nutrients that are not in natural environments. This is one thing that we must realize in the controlled evolution. The human-controlled evolution is never neutral. There are many things, like laws. That controls the evolution in laboratories. 

https://scitechdaily.com/evolution-is-not-neutral-new-study-challenges-60-year-biology-theory/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution

Could a photon be the hypothetical tachyon’s quantum boom? That form when tachyon releases its energy and slows its speed?

Hawking was right, black holes never shrink. part II

Could a photon be the hypothetical tachyon’s quantum boom? That form when tachyon releases its energy and slows its speed? 

Black holes are star remnants that are so dense and heavy that even photons cannot escape inside the point called the event horizon. The event horizon is the point where escape velocity reaches the speed of light. That means the black hole pulls photons inside that point. That means black holes should not send even gravitational waves. So when we think about the black hole’s shape, there is one very interesting explanation for the reason why the black hole will not shrink even if it sends gravitational waves. 

The idea is that the black hole is the tensor, the object that connects the fourth and fifth dimensions to the three-dimensional space and time. In this model, a black hole transports energy and tachyons. Hypothetical faster-than-light particles. From the higher dimensions. Nothing in the three-dimensional universe can travel faster than light.

If tachyons really exist. They should send similar radiation as Cherenkov radiation. When a particle travels in a 3D universe. Or enter. In the 3D universe with a speed that is higher than the speed of light, it must follow the laws of physics. It must slow its speed to the speed that is the speed of light or below the speed of light. For that thing, the particle must deliver its extra energy. 

So, there must be some kind of energy flashes that tachyons form. The problem is that we cannot see tachyon itself. We can see the radiation ring that it leaves behind when it decreases its speed. So could photon be the quantum version of the tachyons' “sonic boom” that forms when that particle slows its speed and transforms to some other particle like Higgs Boson or Neutrino? 

Could tachyon explain dark energy? 

Above is the light cone. That thing can introduce. How the black hole focuses information from the future to the hypersurface of the present. And if we put the model of the arrow of time to that thing, we can create a model in which the black hole forms a channel that transports information from the future to the past. This is because of time dilation. 

This means a black hole also transports energy from a shortcut from the past to the future. If this model is true, the black hole is like a powerful incandescent lamp that shines dark energy. 

The past is at a higher energy level. And that means energy should travel from the past to the future. And maybe black holes can be the source of the dark energy, as well as tachyons. It’s possible that a black hole can send those hypothetical particles. 

Today, cosmological models suggest that the universe has four or five dimensions. The five dimensions mean that the time that travels forward is the fourth dimension. And the time that travels backward is the fifth dimension. And those things can explain many things. Like dark energy.

When escape velocity turns so strong that even light cannot escape. That means time travels backward in those objects. The model of the arrow of time means that. Some particles in the past can start to travel faster to the future. So, can that thing be the reason for the Big Bang? The black hole doesn’t create energy, as I just wrote. It just focuses energy. 

But the arrow of time means that near a black hole, particles can also experience an effect that we can call opposite time dilation. That means some particles can travel to the future faster. Or the arrow of time that transports particles to the past can cause effects that some particles travel to the future. 

Sonic boom above

It looks a little like a photon: below. 

So when that hypothetical tachyon comes out from the black hole, it sends a wave movement that is similar to the Cherenkov radiation. That is one way to think about the origin of dark energy. Cherenkov radiation forms when a high-energy particle, called a Neutrino, impacts water. A short moment that a particle travels faster than light travels in water. It sends a blue light shockwave. A neutrino detector can see that flash. 

Same way. Neutrons travel faster than light in a short moment. When they come out of a nuclear reactor. And that forms the blue light around the nuclear reactor. So, the tachyons should send. That kind of radiation. 

When a tachyon comes to the 3D universe, it releases its energy right away. And that means tachyon ends its existence as tachyon. The question is: could the photon be the ring, the denser point in the quantum field that the tachyon leaves behind it? This means that the photon could be the quantum version of the sealing ring. that supersonic aircraft leaves behind it when it travels through the air. 

Time dilation means. Time slows in particles when their speed approaches the speed of light. At the speed of light, time stops in a particle. And then in the cases where the escaping velocity turns higher than the speed of light. That turns time to move backward. 

If we think about the time arrow, or the arrow of time. Time travels backward in the black hole. The time arrow means that. When the particle moves forward. It sends energy to the particle that is near it. This energy impulse slows time in that another particle. When the energy impulse is strong enough, it sends another particle back in time. 

But one of the time dilation paradoxes is this. If time moves backward in some place, that forms the arrow of time. That moves things ahead in time very fast. That means a black hole could push particles straight into the future. 

So when we think about those hypothetical tachyons. Those particles would travel. Faster than the speed of light, before they deliver so much kinetic energy that their speed decreases to a speed that is the same, or lower than, the speed of light. If we think of the possibility. The particle travels faster than the speed of light. Even for a short period. It leaves a small channel or shortcut through time. And wave movement can travel through that channel from the past to the future. 

https://scitechdaily.com/hawking-was-right-new-data-confirms-black-holes-never-shrink/

https://www.space.com/tachyons-facts-about-particles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

Black holes never shrink.

“When two black holes collide and merge, they release gravitational waves. These waves can be detected by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA detectors on Earth, allowing scientists to determine the mass and spin of the black holes. The clearest black hole merger signal yet, named GW250114, recorded by LIGO in January 2025, offers new insights into these mysterious cosmic giants. Credit: Maggie Chiang for Simons Foundation” (ScitechDaily, Hawking Was Right: New Data Confirms Black Holes Never Shrink)

A black hole loses its mass, not its size. 

Hawking was right. The merged black hole’s surface area is as large as the merged black hole's total surface area. That means back holes don’t shrink. So, black holes don’t shrink when they send gravitational waves. The reason for that is in the universe’s expansion. The quantum fields that press a black hole into its form turn weaker. So, if that model is true, the reason for gravitational waves is in the universe’s expansion. When quantum fields turn weaker, they allow a black hole to send gravitational waves. We can think of a black hole as an onion with multiple internal structures. 

Or, shells. And the most out of those shells is the event horizon. When the gravitational wave travels out from the black hole, it sends one of its shells outside the black hole. And then the inner shell takes that escaped shell’s position. So the black hole’s size will be the same, because the energy, or quantum field that presses the black hole in its form, turns weaker. This means black holes’ evaporation does not have an effect on the black hole’s size. When the quantum field around it turns weaker.

A black hole sends so much energy. It can keep its energy level relatively at the same level as it was when the black hole formed. But what does that mean? If the end of the universe is the so-called big rip or big freeze, that means that in the very end of the universe, black holes’ existence ends. They release information that they stored inside their event horizon. But if the end of the universe is the Big Crunch, that means that the black holes start to grow. The model goes like this. The expansion of the universe continues.

But because the universe turns colder, the energy level of visible and dark energy decreases. The universe also leaks. Energy and radiation will travel out from the universe faster than particles . This means that. Gravity starts to win. When the universe’s expansion ends, and it starts to fall, the energy level and density of its quantum fields start to rise. That effect starts to pack material. And energy to the black holes. This means the black holes can expand. Or their size will be the same.

But anyway. Black holes start to travel. To each other. And in the ultimate fate, all black holes that pulled all radiation into them fall into the same point. The reason why the large black hole exists longer than the small one is. Because its surface area is larger. The outside quantum fields can press that black hole from a larger area than a small black hole. The surface area of a large black hole is relatively smaller. Than small black holes. That means energy loss in large black holes is smaller than in small black holes. So, a small black hole is less energy efficient than a large black hole. This means that a large black hole can exist. In lower-density areas. Than the small ones. This model raises interesting questions. If the density of the quantum and plasma fields around the black hole turns higher. 

Does the black hole stop sending gravitational waves? This requires that quantum fields and particles fall into the black hole symmetrically. When a black hole sends its most out shell away, that pulls radiation longer. Or traveling shell wraps the quantum field shorter in front of the traveling shell. And then. The valley or traveling ditch. Travels behind that short wavelength structure. 

But if the material and energy density around a black hole suddenly rises, that thing can deny the escape of the outermost shell. This means that if a black hole suddenly impacts a nebula. Or energy density in the way. Those particles. And energy impacts symmetrically with it. So, if a black hole pulls a nebula or some quantum field around it in symmetrical form, that symmetrical energy load can push radiation back into the black hole. 

https://scitechdaily.com/hawking-was-right-new-data-confirms-black-holes-never-shrink/

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-will-end-in-a-big-crunch-physicists-warns/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

Photonic microchips are halfway to a quantum computer.

"While humans and classical computers must perform tensor operations step by step, light can do them all at once. Credit: Photonics group / Aalto University. "(ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Made AI at the Speed of Light a Reality)

"Researchers have demonstrated single-shot tensor computing at the speed of light, marking a remarkable step toward next-generation AGI hardware powered by optical rather than electronic computation. Tensor operations are a type of mathematical processing that underpins many modern technologies, especially artificial intelligence, but they go far beyond the basic math most people encounter. A useful comparison is the complex movements involved in rotating, slicing, or reorganizing a Rubik’s cube in several dimensions at once. Humans and traditional computers must break these steps into a sequence, while light can carry out all of them simultaneously." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Made AI at the Speed of Light a Reality)

Photonic microchips offer speed-of-light computing. They are harder to disturb than electric microchips. However, there are many things. That researchers must solve. To make those chips a part of everyday use. The biggest challenge with photonic chips is transferring information between photonic and electrical states. Another problematic thing is the size of the photonic chips. Those photonic systems require complete knowledge. Of the photons and material interactions. In ideal cases, the magnetic fields and photon interactions are things. 

That can transmit data between magnetic systems and photonic computers. A magnetic microchip can be. Same way. As a big advance. As photonic chips are. Magnetic fields make microchips act. At lower temperatures than electric microchips.  The system can have three layers. Or, four, if the system has a quantum state. 

"Illustration showing photon emission from a nanodiamond and light directed by a bullseye antenna. Credit: SciTechDaily.com, inspired by Boaz Lubotzky" (ScitechDaily, Record-Breaking “Sparkle”: Scientists Unlock Diamond’s Quantum Potential)

1) The electric layer is the interface that inputs data that the user gives. 

2) A magnetic chip where the electricity will turn into a magnetic field. 

3) The photonic layer. The system will turn those magnetic fields into control photons. 

4) The fourth layer is reserved for a quantum computer. The photonic chip needs the optical gate to transform the photonic bit into a qubit. That layer exists only. If the system has a quantum layer or a quantum state. 

The wavelength of light is one thing. That puts limits. On photonic processors' miniaturization.  The processor or its components cannot be smaller than the wavelength of light. That travels in those components. The photonic processor can be halfway. To the table-sized or portable quantum computers. The problem is: how to control photons and electrons. And another problem is how to transfer data between optical and electronic systems. 

The second image could introduce the nano-sized diamond. It can act as a switch or gate. That can transform photonic information into a quantum mode. The diamond in the middle of the sensoric group delivers light and data to sensors. Those sensors are around it. This makes it possible to transform light, or a photonic data carrier, into the qubits. 

That system turns photons into the internal superpositioned structures. And that makes it possible to create the superposition when each layer of those internal photonic structures has one and zero states. As we know, a qubit is a superposition state of the structure. Each state can have values zero and one. The thing that makes the quantum computer different than a binary computer is this. The information is connected to a physical particle. Another thing is that. The quantum computer can drive each of its states as an independent binary computer. 

That means a quantum computer can act like many binary computers. Or it can share the complicated missions between each state of that system. The problem must be complex enough that the quantum computer can solve it faster than a binary computer. The reason for that is simple. The system requires superposition and entanglement between photons. This means that the quantum computer must have time to make those superpositions and entanglements. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-180-year-assumption-about-light-was-just-proven-wrong/

https://scitechdaily.com/record-breaking-sparkle-scientists-unlock-diamonds-quantum-potential/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-just-made-ai-at-the-speed-of-light-a-reality/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit

The genetically engineered viruses can help fight. Against cancer and other diseases.

"Researchers found a hidden signal that makes T cells shut down during cancer fights. Turning off this signal reawakens the cells and helps them attack tumors more effectively. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, Reviving Exhausted T Cells Sparks Powerful Cancer Tumor Elimination)

A vaccine is one of the applications of genetic engineering. The vaccine trains the immune system to search for and destroy harmful cells. But reprogramming the immune cells. Can give a possibility. To fight against things like cancer and Alzheimer. The problem with those things is this. The immune system will not, for some reason, recognize the plague and abnormal cells. If the immune system recognizes the plague that forms between neurons and cells that are turning into zombie cells, it can remove cancer cells and plague from the body before they can cause damage. 

One of the reasons why the T-cells don’t recognize those harmful things in the body is simple. Those cells are exhausted. The T-cell is the thing that marks tissue for destruction, and one way to boost that effect is to revive those exhausted cells. Another version would be to program the cancer cell or bacteria to produce antigens that can call macrophages to destroy them. This thing can transform entire chemotherapy. 

The mechanism that revives exhausted T-cells can be based on nanotechnology, where certain nutrients are equipped with a carrier antigen. That carrier antigen can transfer nutrients precisely to the T-cells. Or in another version, the nanotechnical nutrients can also cause mitochondria to divide in the T-cell. That increases their energy production. The genetically engineered viruses can also teach or program those T-cells to locate the plaques that form in Alzheimer’s. 

"Antibiotic resistance is one of the most pressing challenges to global public health as harmful microbes evolve to evade these medications." (Phys.org, 'Trained' bacteriophages expand treatment options for antibiotic-resistant infections")

Trained or reprogrammed bacteriophages can boost. Antibiotic-resistant infection treatment. 

When researchers manipulate the virus DNA. Or RNA, they train viruses. Trained bacteriophages can replace antibiotics in many diseases. Or actually, trained viruses. Can have unlimited abilities in biotechnology and genetic engineering. The idea of using genetically engineered viruses. Destroying unwanted cells is not new. In the early 1990s. In nature. Bacteriophage viruses kill bacteria. Those viruses are specialized to infect bacteria. This makes those viruses interesting. They can be used to destroy dangerous bacteria. The virus therapy means that an artificial virus carries the wanted genome to the cells that the researcher wants to transform. 

The viruses can transform one cell into another. And that can be used to create artificial neurons.  Those neurons can be used in some medical tests. But it's possible to use viruses to transform things like muscle cells into neurons. The virus must only remove the original DNA from the cell. And then inject the new DNA into those cells. Artificial neurons can be used to restore neural damage. 

The feared HIV viruses are one version of bacteriophages. Those viruses can infect immune cells. 

There were some ideas to use engineered HIV viruses to destroy leukemia cells. The genetic engineering was not very advanced at that time. But modern nanotechnology. With the high-power microscopes and artificial intelligence. Make it possible to create viruses. That attack precisely targeted cells. 

The genetically engineered viruses can also reprogram cells. They can order cells to destroy their own DNA. And then replace it. By using the DNA that is stored in those viruses. The fact is that the nanomachines can also carry the artificial DNA. Into wanted cells. And that thing can make it possible. To transform cancer cells into normal cells, or make them produce the cancer-killing viruses. The cancer-killing virus can simply order those cells to make suicide. 

The virus must only carry the genetic code that orders those cells to shut down their energy production. Or it can make the cell organelles. Produce some acid that breaks the cell’s shell or its internal structures. The artificial viruses can also transform cells into another. That means those viruses can turn bacteria against each other. Or they can transform the bacteria into an immune cell. 

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-bacteriophages-treatment-options-antibiotic-resistant.html

https://scitechdaily.com/reviving-exhausted-t-cells-sparks-powerful-cancer-tumor-elimination/

The new results of Muon g-2 experiments still cause discussions.

“The final (world average) result for the muon's anomalous magnetic moment after a series of experiments at major laboratories. Credit: Physics magazine, American Physical Society” (Phys.org, Final experimental result for the muon still challenges theorists)

The final experiment of the muon experiment. Still challenges physics. The muon g-2 experiment. Still causes discussions. Those anomalies in the Muon trajectory exist. Those anomalies fit into the predicted limit. But they simultaneously continue. And that causes work for theorists. The Muon is a high-energy. And a smaller version of an electron. The anomaly is curvature in the muon trajectory means. That something. That researchers cannot detect. affect the muon itself. Or the magnetic field that controls muons in particle accelerators. This means that there should be something that we cannot predict. 

There is a possibility that: 

1)There is some kind of unknown force that affects muons' trajectory. Maybe that thing is the mythic fifth force. 

2) It’s possible that the particle accelerator that is the low-energy synchrotron creates some kind of mass effect in the middle of it. When a particle runs in the low-energy synchrotron, or ring-shaped accelerator, that thing packs energy in the middle of the ring. That energy can impact the particle. That is in the middle of the synchrotron, and that can form a similar form as some kind of neutron star form. 

The image above. Introduces how plasma field injects energy into black holes. The ring-shaped structures can always inject energy into particles or other objects. In the same way. We can imagine that the synchrotron is in the place of that dark belt. And it transfers energy into an object. That is in the middle of the synchrotron. 

But the energy level in those other reactions is lower. And the energy object, or mass effect, in the middle of the ring-shaped synchrotron could behave in a way that this thing supports the muon g-2 anomaly model. The object in the field doesn’t deliver its energy all the time. The energy level in the particle must rise so high. That. It's higher than in the environment. When the energy level in a particle turns high enough. It can deliver its energy from the equator. Normally, it will deliver energy only from the spin axle. 

“The g − 2 storage-ring magnet at Fermilab, which was originally designed for the Brookhaven g − 2 experiment. The geometry allows for a very uniform magnetic field to be established in the ring.” (Wikipedia, Muon g-2)

This means the energy that this particle delivers must break the magnetic fields in the accelerator. And that requires that the particle or object can store enough energy in it. In that model, the object delivers its energy from the equator. That which affects the muons' route in pulses. And those pulses can explain the curvature in the muon’s trajectory. 

The particle in the middle of the synchrotron can have more mass when it gets symmetrical energy loads. And then that particle, whose energy level rises. Can change the muon trajectory. When energy impulses hit that particle, it sends it from its poles. That effect is similar to relativistic jets. But it's on a much lower energy level.. That can cause an anomaly in the magnetic field. 

3) The muon can collide with dark matter. Those things are one of the things. That causes grey hair for researchers. 

The remarkable thing is that the muon g-2 anomaly happens in the low-energy synchrotrons. This means that it's possible that the accelerator form. Some kind of mass center in the middle of it. These kinds of mass centers can be seen. Only in the low-energy accelerators. In high-energy systems, the kinetic energy is in those particles. And their speed will be too high, and those mass centers will not be detected. Or, they cannot affect those particles in the way that those sensors can detect them. 

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-experimental-result-muon-theorists.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_g-2

Dark excitons allow the control of light on the nanoscale.

“Plasmonic heterostructure for dark exciton control. Credit: Jiamin Quan” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Make “Dark” Light States Shine, Unlocking New Quantum Tech)

“ Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are electromagnetic waves that travel along a metal–dielectric or metal–air interface. Practically, in the infrared or visible frequency. The term "surface plasmon polariton" explains that the wave involves both charge motion in the metal ("surface plasmon") and electromagnetic waves in the air or dielectric ("polariton")” (Wikipedia, Surface plasmon polariton)

“ Plasmonics or nanoplasmonics refers to the generation, detection, and manipulation of signals at optical frequencies along metal-dielectric interfaces on the nanometer scale. Inspired by photonics, plasmonics follows the trend of miniaturizing optical devices (see also nanophotonics), and finds applications in sensing, microscopy, optical communications, and bio-photonics.”(Wikipedia, plasmonics) 

Photonics means. The ability to control light on the nano- or quantum scale. The system can store information in single photons or nano-scale photon groups. The system can manipulate photons and turn them into curves. The system can use electron holes or excitons to trap the photon above the hole. Then the system can use that electron to inject data into the photon. Those energy impulses turn those photons into vertical or horizontal curves. 

An exciton is the quasiparticle where an electron starts to orbit its hole. The major problem is how to stabilize those excitons. And the answer can be in the systems called “plasmonic heterostructure”. 

“A plasmonic metamaterial is a metamaterial that uses surface plasmons to achieve optical properties not seen in nature. Plasmons are produced from the interaction of light with metal-dielectric materials. Under specific conditions, the incident light couples with the surface plasmons to create self-sustaining, propagating electromagnetic waves known as surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Once launched, the SPPs ripple along the metal-dielectric interface. Compared with the incident light, the SPPs can be much shorter in wavelength.” (ScitechDaily, Plasmonic metamaterial)

Above: Plasmonic structure. When another particle is below the wave. Another particle is above the wave. The wave that travels between those particles separates them from each other. 

There is a possibility of transmitting information in that system using the wave-particle interaction. In that case, the system must push the information through a wave that separates those particles. Another way would be to use particle-particle resonance interaction. The information can travel between particles. Or it can travel between waves and particles. Or just in waves. That is the reason why that thing can be used in quantum communication. 

"A plasmonic waveguide design to facilitate negative refraction in visible spectrum" (Wikipedia, Plasmonics)

"Frenkel exciton, bound electron-hole pair where the hole is localized at a position in the crystal represented by black dots" (Wikipedia, Exciton)

The plasmonic heterostructure means a composite. There are two material groups. The plasma around the material layer. Or the ionized structure. In the material itself.  

Can control those excitons. When an electron jumps out from its position. And leaves a hole behind it. The plasmonic field can make a whirl around that electron hole and deny the electron's return to that hole. Then the system can put a photon above that electron hole. 

“An exciton is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole which are attracted to each other by the electrostatic Coulomb force resulting from their opposite charges. It is an electrically neutral quasiparticle regarded as an elementary excitation primarily in condensed matter, such as insulators, semiconductors, some metals, and in some liquids. It transports energy without transporting net electric charge.” (Wikipedia, Exciton)

“A research group from the City University of New York and the University of Texas at Austin has developed a method to illuminate light states that were once undetectable, known as dark excitons, and to direct their emission with nanoscale precision. The results, reported today in Nature Photonics, point toward future technologies that could operate more quickly, take up less space, and use far less energy.” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Make “Dark” Light States Shine, Unlocking New Quantum Tech)

“Dark excitons are unusual light-matter states found in extremely thin semiconductor materials. They normally escape detection because they release light only faintly. Despite this, they are considered valuable for quantum information science and next-generation photonics because they interact with light in distinctive ways, persist for long periods, and are less affected by environmental noise, which reduces decoherence.” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Make “Dark” Light States Shine, Unlocking New Quantum Tech)

Dark excitons allow the creation of systems. Their information travels in the very weak light. If the system can use weak. Or “dark” light in data transmission, the environment covers that light. That makes it hard to detect. The problem is that. The sensor should detect that dark light. And this is why that light should be protected. 

An exciton is the quasiparticle where an electron starts to orbit its hole. The quasiparticle acts like a real particle in some situations. And that gives it the ability to control waves and photons. The exciton can control photons in two ways. The electron that orbits its hole. Can interact with those photons. So that electron hits a photon. And pushes it into a new direction. Another thing is to use the hole to control those photons. The electron hole is a lower energy point in the electromagnetic field. And that thing. It can also be used in photonic control. 

The electron hole can also act as a collector. If the system inputs energy into its edge. That quantum-size structure pulls. That energy into the middle of it. The energy forms a pike that could trap a photon around it. These kinds of phenomena can also be used in 2D materials that should withstand very high-energy impulses. Those holes can act as the quantum dots that can collect energy into them. And then the laser. Or some other beam can transport energy out from those holes. 

https://nanocomposix.com/pages/the-science-of-plasmonics

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-make-dark-light-states-shine-unlocking-new-quantum-tech/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exciton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmonics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmonic_metamaterial

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_plasmon_polariton

Turbulent bubbles and cosmological ideas.

"High-speed cameras capture swarms of bubbles rising through an LED-illuminated water column, revealing the chaotic flow patterns of bubble-induced turbulence. Credit: B. Schröder/HZDR" (ScitechDaily, Turbulent Bubbles Confirm a Century-Old Physics Theory)

"An international team of scientists from the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Johns Hopkins University, and Duke University has found that a classic theory describing turbulence in fluids also explains how bubbles rising through water create chaotic motion. Their study, which tracked both bubbles and surrounding fluid particles in three dimensions, offers the first direct experimental confirmation that “Kolmogorov scaling” can appear in turbulence driven by bubbles. " (ScitechDaily, Turbulent Bubbles Confirm a Century-Old Physics Theory)

The new observations confirm a 100-year-old physics theory. When bubbles rise in the liquid, they form turbulence behind them. That thing is not very dramatic. But those bubbles that rise and form turbulence can play an unexpected role in things. Like amino acid molecule formation. That turbulence can shake the water or any other liquid. And that thing can destroy the molecule. In the same way, bubbles or ball-shaped things that fall in liquid can form turbulence between them. 

But can we turn that model into a cosmological idea? 

The turbulence behind those bubbles can create an interesting model about the dark energy. When we think that the matter or particle lose their energy when the universe expands, we can think that those particles act like some bubbles. There should be. Some kind of lower-energy space in particles. The particle acts like a bubble in the quantum fields. 

The outside quantum pressure keeps them in form. Without that outside quantum field that presses the superstring structure against that lower energy bubble, the particle turns into energy or wave movement. And its existence as a particle ends. 

So it’s possible. Those particles, when they release their energy. It will form the turbulence in those quantum fields. In modern models. The universe is a four- or five-dimensional space. And the time combination. There are three dimensions in space. And one or two dimensions in time. The number of time dimensions depends on. 

Are we separate time that moves forward from time that moves backward? In models, time moves backward only in the black holes, the places where escape velocity is higher than the speed of light. This means those fields. And space, and time act like water. Material with cosmic voids acts like bubbles. All of those particles and bubbles are moving somewhere. Because time moves forward. Or the energy level in the universe changes. All particles should form similar turbulence as bubbles form in water. In the universe’s quantum fields. 

https://scitechdaily.com/turbulent-bubbles-confirm-a-century-old-physics-theory/

Researchers are finally solving the mystery of cosmic rays.

"Cosmic rays are high-energy particles, primarily protons and atomic nuclei, that travel through space at nearly the speed of light and constantly bombard Earth from distant cosmic sources. Despite being discovered over a century ago, their origins have remained largely unknown. New research is bringing scientists closer to identifying where these powerful particles are born and how they gain such extreme energies. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, After Over 100 Years, Scientists Are Finally Closing In on the Origins of Cosmic Rays)

Every second, about 100 trillion neutrinos travel through the human body. Most of those neutrinos travel through the human body without touching anything. But there is a theoretical possibility that the neutrino interacts directly with a quark. And that thing can cause an energy impulse. Into liquid. Like neutrinos interact with water molecules in underwater and undersea telescopes. It can interact with water molecules. Anywhere else. We cannot detect that blue light shockwave.  If that impact doesn't happen in complete darkness. 

But that radiation can play. Some role in biological processes. When that impact happens. It sends an energy impulse, which we see as a blue light flash to its environment. Even if that effect is minimal. The effect on things. Like DNA can be like drumming. One impact doesn’t mean a thing. But when. Those impacts happen again and again. That can have. Some kind of effect on the DNA. 

When a neutrino impacts water. It sends a blue light flash. We cannot detect that flash in a normal environment. The problem is that we cannot separate Cherenkov radiation that comes from neutrinos from other particles. Things like protons. And neutrons. And electrons. Could also form Cherenkov radiation when they hit the atmosphere. 

"X-ray image of the newly discovered pulsar wind nebular associated with an extreme Galactic cosmic ray source  the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory, LHAASO J0343+5254u, obtained by the XMM-Newton space telescope (DiKerby, Zhang, et al., ApJ, 983, 21). Credit: XMM-Newton space telescope" (ScitechDaily, After Over 100 Years, Scientists Are Finally Closing In on the Origins of Cosmic Rays)

That radiation. Called Cherenkov radiation, turns the sky blue.  As I just wrote. Also, other particles. Then just neutrinos form that blue light flash. That blue light forms when a particle increases its speed and delivers energy. Near nuclear reactors, most of the things that form Cherenkov radiation are neutrons. Neutron involves three quarks, one up and two down quarks. 

When a neutron hits the water at a speed that is higher than the speed of light in water. Neutron’s structure will turn flatter. In that process. It is possible. That is the quark structure in a neutron that can spin around. The structure turns around like a swing. And the up quark sends an energy wave forward. We see that energy as a photon. 

Cosmic rays, or high-energy particles of unknown origin, have been known for over 100 years. Those high-energy particles cause problems with satellites, especially for long-term space flight. The source of the cosmic rays is in natural particle accelerators called PeVatrons. PeVatron-accelerators are supernovae and star remnants that can accelerate particles to speeds. Those are impossible to reach in human-made accelerators. Those particles travel at a speed that is at least 90% of the speed of light. 

Maybe. Those particles follow the spiralic trajectory around some kind of string-shaped energy beam. The primary question in cases like cosmic rays is. How can those particles keep their energy level so high, even if they traveled across the universe from some distant quasars? Why the neutrino will not deliver its energy. That it got from its distant origin. There must be many sources. In and outside our galaxy for those particles. That means. Very high energy objects. Like black holes’ relativistic jets and supernova explosions can press some other particles into neutrinos. At least some of those cosmic radiation particles deliver their energy when they impact a medium or a potential wall. We see that energy as a blue light shockwave. On Earth, neutrinos form in nuclear reactors. 

“Cherenkov radiation glowing in the core of the Advanced Test Reactor at Idaho National Laboratory” (Wikipedia,Cherenkov Radiation)

The supernova SN-1987A was one of the first cases when telescopes detected neutrino bursts. Those bursts are not directly connected with the SN-1987A. But they happened. At the same time as that event. 

But we know that some of those neutrinos travel from quasars. And that raises the question of why those neutrinos are not delivering their energy. One of the First times. When researchers noticed that neutrinos can travel from another galaxy. It was case SN-1987A. That event happened. In the Large Magellanic Cloud. A blue supergiant collapsed and formed that supernova. That supernova  sends neutrinos. That we can see on Earth. Those neutrinos traveled 163,000 light-years to Earth. And their energy level was incredibly high. That causes a thought that could be the shockwave of supernovas. It can somehow turn particles into neutrinos. But the major question is still. Why don’t they deliver their energy? Or if they delivered what was their original energy level? The SN-1987A was a so-called core-collapse supernova that formed a neutron star. 

“SN 1987A appears to be a core-collapse supernova, which should result in a neutron star given the size of the original star. The neutrino data indicate that a compact object did form at the star's core, and astronomers immediately began searching for the collapsed core. The Hubble Space Telescope took images of the supernova regularly from August 1990 without a clear detection of a neutron star.” (Wikipedia,SN 1987A) 

That means it's possible that the blue supergiant was bigger than calculated. It’s possible that it turns into a black hole. The neutrino bursts can be connected to the death throes of that supergiant. Before it collapsed, the star was pulsating very strongly. In that process, the temperature and density in the star’s core rose. That started new fusion reactions. But finally. The fusion material can deliver more energy than it uses. And at that tipping point, the energy production from the star’s core cannot stop its collapse. 

"Figure 1. Distribution of the ultra-high-energy gamma rays (yellow points) detected by the Tibet ASγ experiment in the galactic coordinate system. They are obviously concentrated along the galactic disk. The gray shaded area indicates what is outside of the field of view. The background color shows atomic hydrogen distribution in the galactic coordinates. Credit: NASA" (ScitechDaily, Surprising Evidence for PeVatrons, the Milky Way’s Most Powerful Particle Accelerators)

Wikipedia tells us this about those neutrinos. 

“Approximately two to three hours before the visible light from SN 1987A reached Earth, a burst of neutrinos was observed at three neutrino observatories. This was likely due to neutrino emission, which occurs simultaneously with core collapse, but before visible light is emitted as the shock wave reaches the stellar surface. At 7:35 UT, 12 antineutrinos were detected by Kamiokande II, 8 by IMB, and 5 by Baksan in a burst lasting less than 13 seconds. Approximately three hours earlier, the Mont Blanc liquid scintillator detected a five-neutrino burst, but this is generally believed not to be associated with SN 1987A.” (Wikipedia,SN 1987A)

“The Kamiokande II detection, which at 12 neutrinos had the largest sample population, showed the neutrinos arriving in two distinct pulses. The first pulse at 07:35:35 comprised 9 neutrinos over a period of 1.915 seconds. A second pulse of three neutrinos arrived during a 3.220-second interval from 9.219 to 12.439 seconds after the beginning of the first pulse.” (Wikipedia,SN 1987A)

“Although only 25 neutrinos were detected during the event, it was a significant increase from the previously observed background level. This was the first time neutrinos known to be emitted from a supernova had been observed directly, which marked the beginning of neutrino astronomy. The observations were consistent with theoretical supernova models in which 99% of the energy of the collapse is radiated away in the form of neutrinos. The observations are also consistent with the models' estimates of a total neutrino count of 1058 with a total energy of 1046 joules, i.e., a mean value of some dozens of MeV per neutrino. Billions of neutrinos pass through a square centimeter on Earth. (Wikipedia,SN 1987A)

“The neutrino measurements allowed upper bounds on neutrino mass and charge, as well as the number of flavors of neutrinos and other properties.] For example, the data show that the rest mass of the electron neutrino is < 16 eV/c2 at 95% confidence, which is 30,000 times smaller than the mass of an electron. The data suggest that the total number of neutrino flavors is at most 8, but other observations and experiments give tighter estimates. Many of these results have since been confirmed or tightened by other neutrino experiments, such as more careful analysis of solar neutrinos and atmospheric neutrinos, as well as experiments with artificial neutrino sources” (Wikipedia,SN 1987A)

https://scitechdaily.com/after-over-100-years-scientists-are-finally-closing-in-on-the-origins-of-cosmic-rays/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Magellanic_Cloud

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_1987A