Finally, researchers made the complete model for electron emission.

"A curious twist in quantum physics reveals that freedom isn’t just about having enough energy. Even when electrons seem poised to break free from a solid, invisible barriers can hold them back unless they find precise “paths” that lead outward. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Solve Decades-Old Puzzle of Electron Emission)

We can think. That electron emission is one of the simplest things in the world. Energy must only rise in the structure, and that kicks electrons high enough. That they can fly away. This model can work. In 2D structures. There, only the shell electrons must jump away. This model works fine if the outer orbit electron must jump away . The problem is that. The electron emission is harder. To model the 3D structure. Even in 2D structures, electrons must be in the right position. If the electron is on the side of another atom, that thing can jump the electron to another atom. 

So we can use the frog as the model. For how electron emission can happen. The frog wants to jump out of the room. It can jump out of the room if there is no roof. The frog can also try to find the window in the wall that it can use to jump out.  The potential roof is the limit where the electron can remain in the structure. The normal energy state means that the electron, which the frog symbolizes, can simply have enough energy. Doorway state means that the particle must find the right point, the “door” from the potential wall. In the image, that point is the window on the wall. 

The image is taken from ScitTechDaily. The frog is the electron, and the room is the matter, where it tries to escape. The frog, or electron, knows that there is a window that it can use to escape. The room’s walls are potential walls, and the window is the potential window that allows the electron to jump out through it. 

The frog can try to jump through that window to the outside of the room. If the jump is too high or the point where the frog jumps is wrong, the frog cannot travel through the window. The jump can be too low, which means the frog cannot reach the window.

"Artist’s visualization of the doorway states: the “trapped” electrons are like a frog, which has enough energy to escape but does not find the door. Credit: TU Wien" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Solve Decades-Old Puzzle of Electron Emission)

The frog is not a very good example if we want to model an electron. When an electron jumps out from the potential wall through the window, there is a possibility that it starts to transmit or emit photons. Before an electron can send a photon, or photons, its quantum field size increases. If those bulged quantum fields touch the window frames, the electron cannot travel through the window. 

So, if we want to send electrons out from the material, we must have precisely the right energy level. Also, the oscillation of the electron must be precisely right. When an electron releases its extra energy, it sends a photon. That photon emission is not a direct process. The electron sends a series of photons that it reaches the same energy level as its environment. And that is impossible, because the energy level in the universe decreases.  It can travel through the potential window. The reason why an electron sends a series of photons instead of one is this: when a photon travels out from the electron, it leaves the lower energy point behind it. 

That lower energy point near the electron causes a situation. Where energy travels out from the electron. Same way. Energy from outside, in small amounts of low-pressure, falls into that small bubble. That forms a standing wave that denies the photon from traveling to the observer. This means that for reaching the observer. The photon must travel through that potential wall. The photon must have a high enough energy level. 

That it can break the standing wave. Which is one of the potential walls. If the difference between the electron. And its environmental energy state is low. That can cause a situation where the electron sends only one photon. Anyway, electron sends photons all the time, because quantum fields that press against it are turning weaker, because of the universe’s expansion. 

For that process, the photon must collect enough energy. It can travel across that wall. In that process, the potential wall acts like a dam. It stores energy behind it. And when there is enough energy, that wall falls. When that wall falls, it releases energy in the form of a photon. And that forms a new potential wall that stores energy behind it. During the energy load, the particle doesn’t send photons. The energy in a photon must be on a high enough level. It can break through the potential wall. 

This means that: “ Like the frog, an electron needs more than energy to escape; it also needs to find the right 'exit,' a so-called 'doorway state.” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Solve Decades-Old Puzzle of Electron Emission)

The doorway state means that the electrons reach the right energy state to jump straight through the doorways, that is, the potential window in this case. If an electron sends a photon. At the wrong moment, those photons deny it to travel through that window. 

If electrons can be used. As data storage. That transports data. In the form of a qubit. It allows researchers to create. The system that stores data as a qubit can send it over the quantum network. The data must be written to electrons using the ultra-thin energy beam that turns it into qubits. But the problem has been. “How to deny the qubit from touching anything, before it jumps out.  That touch destroys data. The problem is that electrons are very small. Another thing is: how to protect them against outside effects. 

This thing makes it possible. To create memory storage, where data is stored in single electrons. The system requires that nothing can affect or touch the electron. When it travels to the sensor. The ability to store data in electrons. That is stored in the material. Allows for storing data in the form of qubits. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-solve-decades-old-puzzle-of-electron-emission/