Donut-shaped laser rays. And error detection in quantum computers.

  Donut-shaped laser rays. And error detection in quantum computers. 

The problem is how to protect information. 

The quantum channel protects information that travels in it. When the system sends information. It must protect information against all natural and non-natural effects that can harm information or its purpose. The reason, why qubits are hard to break is this: in quantum systems, information is stored in physical particles. 

If an unauthorized actor wants to steal information that causes damage in qubit. In that case, the eavesdropper pulls information out from the qubit. That operation destroys information. The system detects anomalous action and makes an alarm if the qubit is empty.

Qubits are sensitive to the outgoing electromagnetic effects. And if we think about 1000 state qubits things like gravity waves can destroy data in the qubit. 

"CU Boulder researchers have innovated a new imaging method using doughnut-shaped light beams, advancing the field of ptychography. This technique allows for detailed imaging of tiny, regularly patterned structures like semiconductors, overcoming previous limitations of traditional microscopy. This advancement promises significant improvements in nanoelectronics and biological imaging. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily.com/Tiny Wonders Revealed: How “Doughnut” Light Beams Unlock Microscopic Mysteries)

This kind of system can act as a photon-acoustic system that aims laser rays at some medium like water. That laser ray makes the molecule oscillate, and then that oscillation can used as a miniature sonar system. When the observable object is put in the donut-shaped laser ray, and then the femto- or attosecond laser delivers radiation stress into the object, that causes oscillation that the donut-shaped lidar ray can detect. But the system that loads information to qubit can look like little bit the same.  

It's possible to eavesdrop on the laser communication system. The eavesdropper can steal data that travels in laser rays by using aerosol. Aerosol makes reflections in the air. That makes it possible for the eavesdropper can observe changes in the laser ray's brightness benefiting that reflection. 

We always believe that lasers are immune against eavesdropping or jamming. If in laser ray is hovering particle. The observer can use reflection to detect changes in brightness in the laser ray. 

Aerosol in the air can make laser reflections from those particles that attackers can observe. But a more powerful laser with the same frequency as a communication laser can turn the communication laser's ray in another direction. 

That requires that the jammer system knows where laser rays are traveling. This means lasers are not immune against eavesdropping or jamming even if its harder to steal information from laser rays. 

Donut-shaped laser rays are a tool that can make quantum channels around information. 

That the laser ray forms. In those systems hollow, donut-shaped laser ray travels around the information transporter. Which can be a communication laser or qubit, that travels in the laser ray. The idea is that. The donut-shaped laser ray separates the communication laser ray from the outside world. The outside laser rays protect the communication lasers. 

And make it almost impossible to detect changes in communication laser-ray brightness. If somebody tries to steal information from the communication laser that actor must break the donut-shaped shell-laser rays. That affects the laser ray's brightness which means the system detects this kind of attempt to steal data. Stealing data from laser rays is hard, but not impossible. 

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How to break the laser communication system? 

The attacker or eavesdropper may deliver dust or very small particles into the air. When laser ray hits that dust it causes reflection. And the attacker can observe changes in the brightness of that reflection. That allows to break laser communication. So it's important to cover information by using hollow cable or donut-shaped laser ray. 

That forms the quantum channel which denies seeing the information transporting laser ray. The laser ray must also remove dust and other particles from its route. Because of that reflection and changes in its brightness, it makes it possible for the attacker can get enough information to break the code. 

Another thing that makes it harder to break laser communication is to use two or more laser rays. In that model, the laser communicator shares information into multiple different laser rays. In the simplest model, there are two lasers. 

Alternate bits travel in different laser rays. Or in some other models half of the bits are sent through laser ray. The system sends half of the data through radio waves using radio masers. That denies the attacker to see entire message if the attacker observes only laser rays. 

"While errors are normally hard to spot in quantum devices, researchers have shown that, with careful control, some errors can cause atoms to glow. Researchers used this capability to execute a quantum simulation using an array of atoms and a laser beam, as shown in this artist’s concept. The experiment showed that they could discard the glowing, erroneous atoms and make the quantum simulation run more efficiently. Credit: Caltech/Lance Hayashida" (ScitechDaily.com/Quantum Breakthrough: Caltech Scientists Unveil New Way To Erase Quantum Computer Errors)

The error detection in quantum computers is the thing that makes them suitable tools. 

When a quantum computer makes a qubit it loads information in some particles. The electrons and even atoms and molecules are tested in qubits. And the only requirement for that is that the system can control the system. When a system loads information into a qubit it loads energy into it. 

That energy causes quantum annealing which means the qubit starts to deliver energy out of it immediately when energy stress ends. The system can detect the quantum annealing brightness and if there are anomalies, the quantum system has an error. The system must control qubits and all anomalies like radio pulses and even gravity waves can cause anomalies in qubits. The system must detect those anomalies, or it is useless. 

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-breakthrough-caltech-scientists-unveil-new-way-to-erase-quantum-computer-errors/

https://scitechdaily.com/tiny-wonders-revealed-how-doughnut-light-beams-unlock-microscopic-mysteries/