About scientific theories

 About scientific theories

All scientific theories that we have must be based on some kind of knowledge. Or they should be based on the best available knowledge. We get our knowledge using instruments like telescopes. And that is one of the things that makes science living. Our view of the world is changing all the time, because we get new and more effective instruments to do research. That means things like JWST telescopes bring new and fundamental views into our knowledge. And still, we are looking at precisely the same things that ancient philosophers researched and thought. We know more particles than ancient philosophers. But we still look for the ultimate part of materia. 

That part is the thing that we cannot decay. This is the thing in modern science. We find smaller and smaller structures, but we cannot find the ultimate part that cannot decay anymore. We can discuss things like God. And then we can see that those questions are too hard for people. Sometimes scientists don’t talk about religion because they are afraid of anger. But the other thing is this. Some people say that God is a member of a species that visited a long time ago. That means if a person believes in God, that person believes in other extraterrestrial civilizations. 

And those things are somehow very sensitive things in science. When we talk about the SETI program, we must realize that things like species on other planets were science fiction or pseudoscience a couple of decades ago. In the 1980s, people claimed that there were no other solar systems. And today we know many other solar systems. But we don’t know any other civilization. There was one promising exoplanet where there could be phosphine and methane in its atmosphere. But then the checks deleted those observations. 

The JWST telescope is the first instrument that can research exoplanets' atmospheres. The water planets can host lifeforms like primitive algae. But can there be intelligent and technically advanced lifeforms? The answer can be something that we don’t want to find out. Maybe primitive life is quite a common thing in the universe. But intelligent and technically advanced civilizations are less common. Nobody actually knows if there is some algae in the distant waterworld's oceans until we can fly to those exoplanets. Those algae don’t make any contact with other civilizations. But if we face another intelligent species from another solar system, there is always the possibility that the contact is hostile. 

And then we must remember the dark forest hypothesis. The universe is like a dark forest. We think that we are alone. We can yell and ask if there is somebody. But we cannot know what kind of thing is in the darkness. There can be some kind of bandit waiting for the right moment to strike. And that’s why we should think carefully, if we want to make contact with other civilizations that we don’t know. 

The thing is this. We don’t know anything about the aliens. We have many hypotheses. But those hypothesis bases are in our own culture. There are no officially confirmed alien contacts. That means all our “knowledge” of the other intelligent species is purely hypothetical, or its base is in imagination. And the imagination continues until we get in contact. 

Maybe that contact comes tomorrow, maybe after 1000 years. Maybe it will ever come. The problem is that nobody can predict when the contact will come. Or maybe someday in the distant future, when the Sun turns into a white dwarf, the human civilization moves to another solar system. In that case, our species turns into many other species. When the Sun uses its fuel, humans or our descendants must leave the solar system or face extinction. But those things happen in the distant future. 

https://thatsthenatureoftime.blogspot.com

The arrow of time.

The arrow of time. 

The idea of the arrow of time, or time arrow, is when a high-energy beam or particle travels past some object or particle that transfers energy to that object. That should cause time dilation. But there are two things that make the time arrow unable to work in the modern universe. First, there is too much space in the universe. That means energy that the time arrow pumps to the object just travels away from the object immediately. 

That makes it impossible to see the time arrow and its effect on the object. The other thing is that if we think that time is like a river and we shoot an arrow against the flow, we know that this arrow makes the whirls. But those whirls are so short that we cannot detect them, and turbulence and chaos, and entropy are covering those things. So it's hard to detect the phenomenon that the arrow causes if there are rapids at that point. 

The black hole is one type of time arrow. There we could see the arrow of time. The reason for that is in the material and energy disk that will not let energy out from the black hole. In that case, the material disk acts as the time arrow, and that thing packs energy into the event horizon. So the black hole is like a tube where the high-energy structure pumps energy. Time dilation is also possible to see in places like particle accelerators. Their energy level is so high that researchers can see how the short-lived isotopes exist longer than they should. 

So, what should we do if we want to make a time machine? In this text, a time machine means a system that can travel to the past. We should make the tube or structure through which the laser, or some other particle beam, travel through a tube-shaped structure. The idea is that the tube cannot release its extra energy anywhere. 

The outside energy field must also press that structure into its form. And the beam that travels through the tube pumps energy into it. That thing can cause time dilation in the tube. That is one vision of the thing that bases the idea of the arrow of time. 

The idea is that time is energy. When a particle travels in the universe, it releases energy or receives energy. That means when the particle gets more energy than it receives, the particle turns younger. And if a particle receives energy, it turns older. The thing that makes time machines very hard to make is that the future is at a lower energy level than the past. If we make the time machine, there is a possibility that we will never be able to step out of that system. In the model where time is energy, the lower energy level in the future causes a situation where the energy flow out from the system turns so fast that it destroys the system. 

There is a possibility that the scientists of the future pack data into the balls. Then that researcher creates a black hole around those capsules. And sends information to the past. The system can be based on the spin of the nanotubes. When the capsule is at the right point in time, the system stops its spin. And that should make it possible to transport information through time. 

The idea is that all objects are in a gravitational pothole. That pothole means that all objects that have mass follow the present. The pothole forms in time dilation when spinning particles store energy in it. Or those particles turn the outgoing fields into the form of kinetic energy. When those spinning particles slow, they release their energy. And the present point in time reaches those objects. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

https://thatsthenatureoftime.blogspot.com

The black holes and time reverse.

The black holes and time reverse. 

If we think that black holes travel in the opposite direction in time than other universes because the escape velocity in the event horizon is higher than the speed of light. We must realize that black holes can also give a model of why it's so hard to transmit data from the past to the future. The redshift outside the black hole’s event horizon is extreme. The black hole stretches light. And that means the black hole seems to be at a longer distance than it really is. The gravitational redshift is the thing that stretches space and time. But then. We can go inside the event horizon. 

And ask what makes particles so hard to escape from the black hole, we face an interesting thing. In the event horizon, the wavelength turns extremely short because the outgoing field impacts that information. But outside the event horizon, the gravity stretches the wave movement. 

When particles and wave movement come through the event horizon, that is the point where the escaping velocity reaches the speed of light. This means that for escaping the black hole, the particle must get a speed that is higher than the speed of light. 

The outgoing wave movement impacts particles that are just below the event horizon. There is a possibility that particles and wave movement start to rotate the center of the black hole just below the event horizon. And it's possible that those particles can reflect radiation that attempts to get out from the event horizon. The wavelength of the wave movement that tries to escape from the black hole becomes extremely short. The outgoing wave movement presses the incoming wave movement into the black hole. When the wave turns shorter, it turns higher. And there is the quantum show behind it. 

 But if some kind of radiation tries to escape from the event horizon, that thing faces an interesting effect. The wave that turns very short inside the black hole will stretch outside it. And the end of the wave is in the event horizon. That pulls energy out from that wave that falls back into the event horizon. But then we can see the event horizon. If the energy level of that point is higher than the energy level in the event horizon, that thing presses all particles back to the black hole. 

The shape of a black hole is the whirl or whirling pothole in the quantum fields or spacetime. That whirl can take information to the point where a black hole forms. 

Then we can go to the time travel paradox: why is it so hard to get information from the future to the past? 

The model goes like this. Time is the dimension that flows from the beginning of time to the ultimate end of time. The energy level in the future is lower than the energy level in the past. The reason why it's so hard to get information from the future is that. When information travels against the time flow in a wave form, that time flow will turn that wave shorter. So the information wave that comes from the future will be very short. The idea is the same as putting a serpentine to the river. 

From the upper river that is past the serpentine, it keeps its form or stretches. But if the serpentine tries to travel back to the upper flow, it turns short or it warps. If we connect that information wave to the higher energy particle, which allows the information to travel against time. We face one thing. That time flow will pull the serpentine straight. Another problem is that if an extremely high mass object is connected to information and travels in time flow, it’s possible that it turns into another black hole. And information cannot be reached until the black hole is vaporized. 

There is an interesting model that the hypothetical civilization at the end of time sends an information ball to the past. They create a black hole that travels to the past. That civilization will create massive data storage and then lock those archives into the black hole. That information travels to the beginning of time. The idea is that all black holes can travel in time. But they cannot create information from nowhere. They store information that they collect from their trip to the point where the black hole’s existence began. But the theoretical artificial black hole at the end of time will not include information that is naturally stored in it. But it can transport a library or archive to the past. 

https://thatsthenatureoftime.blogspot.com

Are the “red little dots” in the young universe so-called quasi-stars?

"By all rights, they shouldn’t exist. When NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) first opened its eyes to the distant past, it spotted hundreds of tiny, brilliant objects glowing red in the infant universe — just 600 million years after the Big Bang. These “little red dots,” as astronomers came to call them, gleamed with such surprising brightness and density that they seemed to defy the basic rules of cosmology."Mysterious red dots may be a peculiar cosmic hybrid between a star and a black hole."(ZmeScience, The Universe’s First “Little Red Dots” May Be a New Kind of Star With a Black Hole Inside")

Little red dots are the first star-shaped objects in the universe. There is a new theory that those little red dots can be so-called quasi-stars. Quasi-stars are hypothetical star-shaped objects that get their energy from the black hole inside them. But can those objects exist in the universe where we live? Or could they exist only in the young universe? 

The hypothetical quasi-stars are star-like objects that get their power from black holes inside them. The idea in quasi-stars is that those black holes can lock particles around the event horizon, forming objects that look like stars. For a long time, researchers thought that the quasi-stars could be very large stars. But there is one thing that makes those quasi-stars more interesting than ever before. That thing is the primordial black hole. In models, primordial black holes can be very small and lightweight. Those low-mass black holes can be very small. Also, things like black hole relativistic jets can press even planets into black holes. 

In Einstein’s models, every particle or object can turn into a black hole. That means there can be very small black holes. The smallest possible black holes, called quantum-size black holes, are quarks or gluons that energy presses into an extremely dense form. In some models, those quantum-size black holes can be in your room. They are so small that they cannot pull particles inside them. But there is a possibility that things like ultra-heavy neutron stars can involve black holes. 

(ZmeScience, The Universe’s First “Little Red Dots” May Be a New Kind of Star With a Black Hole Inside")

The hollow neutron shell can orbit the small black hole. The neutron structure will be locked around the event horizon. That neutron shell can rotate the black hole in a “safe distance”. That kind of object looks like a massive neutron star. But it would involve a black hole. The existence of that kind of thing can be proven in the cases where the neutron star seems too massive. 

Those black holes can be grapefruit-sized, extremely high-energy objects. In some models, quasi-stars are not possible in our universe. Except for those things formed in the early universe. Or there is also the possibility that the low mass black hole can form a quasi-star around it if that thing is in the dense supernova remnant. But there is also a possibility that an extremely low mass black hole can form a planet-shaped shell around it. In that case, the water molecules or things like metal or silicone crystals can form ball-shaped structures around them. 

There is a possibility that some very hot red dwarfs or stars like Spica could be the quasistars. The thing is that the small, low-mass black hole can still lurk in our solar system. And there is a possibility that this exciting object can hide under the icy shell of some dwarf planet. That is the thing that can make the “ninth planet” exist and explain why it cannot be seen from Earth. So there can be something very massive lurking in our solar system. 

https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/49910160

https://blog.sciandnature.com/2024/09/little-black-holes-in-our-solar-system.html

https://www.livescience.com/space/black-holes/miniature-black-holes-could-be-hollowing-out-planets-and-zipping-through-our-bodies-new-study-claims

https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/planet-x/

https://www.sciencealert.com/something-massive-could-still-be-hiding-in-the-shadows-of-our-solar-system

https://www.zmescience.com/science/news-science/the-universes-first-little-red-dots-may-be-a-new-kind-of-star-with-a-black-hole-inside/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_black_hole

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spica

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-star

Gravity from entropy in an interesting theory.

"Diagrammatic representation of the entropic quantum gravity action. The action for gravity is given by the quantum relative entropy between the metric of the manifold and the metric induced by the matter field and the geometry. Credit: Physical Review D (2025). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.111.066001" (Phys.org, Gravity from entropy: A radical new approach to unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity)

If we think that gravitation occurs in cases where the spinning particles store energy in the. And transform that energy into kinetic energy, we can explain special features of gravity like this. All parts of atoms are spinning. And all particles have their own individual quantum gravity field. So if we try to look at the gravity fields around atoms, we would see multiple different-sized whirls. Gluons, W, and Z bosons, quarks, and electrons conduct energy into themselves. 

But also things like quantum fields and quantum field tunnels between quarks and around the atom's spin. That spinning movement binds energy to those particles and fields. And those particles and fields turn that energy into kinetic energy. 

So, energy, or quantum fields, can also bind energy and make energy travel to those fields. In the same way as in all objects, the spin or speed of a particle or field accelerates until it starts to deliver energy. That means things like black holes will send gravitational waves that are emitted from those objects. When their spin speed slows, they start to deliver energy. Even a black hole cannot create energy from nothing. It must conduct energy somewhere if it spins more slowly. And in that process, a black hole delivers energy. As well as all other objects in the universe. 

In the same way, if we think that quantum fields form superstrings, that explains some interesting things in gravity. Theoretical superstring is the rolled quantum field. So when a superstring moves, it harnesses energy from its environment. The superstring doesn’t form energy; it harnesses and stores it from fields around it. When a superstring slows, it releases a gravitational wave or some other energy wave. Just like all other gravitational centers. 

Gravitation from entropy, or entropic gravity, is a new and exciting model to explain quantum gravity. And attempt to fit quantum gravity into Einstein's general relativity and special relativity. That model tries to connect quantum gravitation to the larger-scale gravitation. Entropic gravitation holds the idea that gravitation is like electromagnetic radiation, or one of the quantum fields.

So, if gravitation is like radiation, there should be a so-called G-field that gravitational radiation forms. That G-field or free gravitational field is like any other radiation field, but gravitational radiation or gravitational wave movement forms that G-field. The G-field could form particles because wave-particle duality (WPD) is also possible between gravitational waves. 

"Representation of the gravitational field of Earth and Moon combined (not to scale). Vector field (blue) and its associated scalar potential field (red). Point P between earth and moon is the point of equilibrium." (Wikipedia, Gravitational field)

When we think about how difficult it is to fit quantum gravity with larger-scale gravitational objects, we must dare to ask one question. Did somebody forget fields when they made gravitational models? That means spinning, or moving quantum fields, can also act like a gravity center. The idea is that a fast-spinning field also binds energy fields from around it. And that makes those fields travel to that field. 

That means in theory the field can also act as a gravity center. The idea is that particles are also waves. Or they are condensed wave movements. In reactions like annihilation, antimatter-matter impacts turn antiparticle-particle pairs into the wave movement. That means matter is packed with energy. And when a particle hits its anti-particle pair, it releases energy that is stored in particles. 

The wave-particle duality means that particles can turn into energy or wave movement. And wave movement can turn into particles. If a G-field exists and some particle spins in it, that particle also rolls the G-field in it and turns that field into kinetic energy. That is one way to close this theorem. But the other way is to think that there are no absolute vacuums in the universe. There are always some kinds of fields and things like superstrings that are extremely thin energy fields. In the same way as superstrings and particles store energy, the spinning quantum field stores energy. 

Those things form the smallest structures in the universe. When a superstring or any other structure spins, that structure stores energy into it in the form of kinetic energy. When a spinning structure turns energy into kinetic form, it harnesses that energy from around it. That makes energy move to the structure. An energy field from outside the pulling area tries to fill that energy pothole. The energy movement to the object continues until the object’s energy level rises so high that energy can break the whirl around that object. 

But again, we can replace the word spinning by using word movement. The moving particle or object, like a moving field, stores energy. If we think that entropy is space where it is moving and oscillating, that thing can explain the form of gravity. Those particles store and deliver energy, and that can explain gravity. The question is always, what causes those quantum fields to move? Moving quantum fields take particles and radiation with them. And that makes the effect known as gravity. 

https://phys.org/news/2025-03-gravity-entropy-radical-approach-quantum.html

https://www.quantamagazine.org/is-gravity-just-entropy-rising-long-shot-idea-gets-another-look-20250613/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic_gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_field

Can the quantum Coriolis force make quantum mechanics warp around the gravity centers?

"A new study reveals that even small differences in elevation between quantum computers—just one kilometer apart—can allow Earth’s gravity to measurably affect quantum systems, challenging one of the foundational principles of quantum mechanics. Credit: SciTechDaily.com". (ScitechDaily, Earth’s Gravity Might Be Warping Quantum Mechanics, Say Physicists)

The fact is that we think that gravity centers are in the middle of the whirls of the quantum fields. The strength of those whirls depends on the density and mass of the gravity centers. The most powerful whirls are around black holes. But the fact is that all gravity fields, including planets, form those whirls. The size of the whirl depends on the turbulence around the object. And the mass of the object can also determine how powerful that whirl can be. In the same way, when a particle spins, it stores energy into itself. If a spinning particle is in the quantum field, it causes an anomaly or asymmetry in the quantum field around the particle. 

The fact is that we think that gravity centers are in the middle of the whirls of the quantum fields. The strength of those whirls depends on the density and mass of the gravity centers. The most powerful whirls are around black holes. But the fact is that all gravity fields, including planets, form those whirls. The size of the whirl depends on the turbulence around the object. And the mass of the object can also determine how powerful that whirl can be. 

In an absolutely stable space, the interference is low, and even low-mass objects can form black holes if they can pull enough gas around them. If nothing disturbs, that gas can form a black hole. But near stars like the sun, the stars cause interference that destroys those structures. Every whirl disturbs their environment. And there is a thing on the surfaces of every spinning object. That means the quantum fields that whirl around the gravitational centers can form a quantum version of the Coriolis force. 

"The Earth’s gravity, manifested as curvature in space and time, is expected to alter the rules of standard quantum theory. An experiment consisting of three quantum computers at different elevations can reveal the interplay between gravity and quantum mechanics. Credit: The Grainger College of Engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign"

"In the inertial frame of reference (upper part of the picture), the black ball moves in a straight line. However, the observer (red dot) who is standing in the rotating/non-inertial frame of reference (lower part of the picture) sees the object as following a curved path due to the Coriolis and centrifugal forces present in this frame." (Wikipedia, Coriolis force)

So that means all particles and objects near the gravity center, including Earth, can be in the whirl where the Coriolis force makes them spin. The Coriolis force is a fictitious force that makes anomalies in particle tracks. The coriolis force can be introduced when the particle hovers above the object, and then the object spins under it. That causes the particle to rotate against the larger object’s rotational direction. That means the Coriolis force can also exist in rotating fields. That force might be very weak. 

But in extreme conditions like over galaxy-size structures, that force turns stronger. And in other ways, we can think that the single particles are very light. That means a weak effect can interact with them and change their trajectories. Maybe anomalies in a single particle’s trajectory don’t mean much in large-scale systems. But in the quantum-scale systems, the field-based Coriolis force can cause particles to follow unexpected trajectories that are like screws. 

https://scitechdaily.com/earths-gravity-might-be-warping-quantum-mechanics-say-physicists/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_force

Time arrows and black holes.

Antigravity and Meissner effect. 

Normally, the Meissner effect is an electromagnetic phenomenon in superconducting materials. The Meissner effect happens in electromagnetic wavelengths. The gravitational Meissner effect is a similar effect that happens in the gravitational wavelength. Today, the gravitational Meissner effect is still a theory. 

Can gravity be like the Meissner effect? The Meissner effect is possible only in the extremely low temperature superconducting objects where an atom’s quantum fields form an entirety. The question is whether a similar effect that forms in gravity fields forms in cases where all parts of the atom are under one homogenous quantum field? Or is it enough that the electrons will push against the atom’s core into a homogenous form? 

If the “Gravitational Meissner effect” is possible, that makes antigravity levitation possible. If the gravitational Meissner effect is possible, that means the energy waves that travel past the particle or object are like time arrows, or arrows of time. Those things harness energy from their environment and push it into particles or particle groups. And that energy pushes those particles back in time. 

Or, otherwise saying, they cause time dilation. When the mass of an object increases, that means its spin turns faster. The spin speed accelerates until the particle cannot receive energy. Then the particle's speed starts to slow. In that process, it sends energy waves. Because it must transfer that kinetic energy somewhere. Black holes send gravitational waves when they slow their speed and release energy that is stored in them. 

The arrow of time (or time arrow) in the modern universe. 

Why doesn't the time arrow (arrow of time) work in the modern universe? There is one very good explanation. There is too much space in the modern universe. When a time arrow moves forward, it pushes energy to objects like particles around it. And then that energy pushes particles back in time. But the problem is that this requires that the particle can store the energy that it gets. In the modern universe, a receiving particle takes that energy into its quantum field. And then releases that energy immediately. 

The time arrow that pushes an object back in time requires a situation where a particle that receives energy will not give that energy away immediately. So the system must be dense enough and harness energy from a large enough area that the time arrow (or arrow of time) can push particles back in time. 

When we think about things like wormholes, those hypothetical energy tornadoes are one version of the time arrows. The wave movement tornado around the wormhole stores energy from around it. Then that energy will move to an object that travels in the wormhole. That energy can prevent an object from aging because that thing will not let the energy out from that particle or object. The case where the wormhole transports objects back in time is this. 

Diagram of the Meissner effect. Magnetic field lines, represented as arrows, are excluded from a superconductor when it is below its critical temperature. (Wikipedia, Meissner effect). Can this kind of effect be possible in the gravitational fields? In this image, Tc= temperature critical or critical temperature. The critical temperature means that below the critical temperature. The Meissner effect turns into reality. Could there also be a density critical that makes the gravity field act like EM-fields act in the Meissner effect? 

The energy level in those objects that travel in a wormhole must rise higher than the energy shadow at the front of the particle can transport that thing out from the object. The black hole is one type of time arrow. The black hole is a very fast-spinning object that collects quantum fields from around it and transforms that thing into kinetic energy. That means the black hole’s spin accelerates all the time. But that acceleration stops sooner or later. When the spinning speed of a black hole slows, it sends gravitational radiation or gravitational waves. 

When a black hole or any other particle spins in the energy field, it collects energy from that field. That thing makes an energy pothole. The pothole is the wormhole back in time. The particle can harness energy only from its environment. The thing in black hole cases is that the black hole is not eternal. It makes a hole through time. But the reason why the time arrow works in that case is that the energy field in that pothole is dense enough. The energy cannot escape from the black hole as easily as it could escape from some other objects. The black hole’s energy level can rise so high that it breaks the energy barrier around it. And that causes black hole destruction. The black hole travels back in time until it starts to deliver its energy. 

But why can gravity slow aging? The answer can be in the nature of gravity. If we think that gravity is one form of the Meissner effect, the particle that spins just makes energy fields travel past the particle. That makes quantum levitation. In the case of black holes, particles are in the same direction. And that makes the effect more powerful. The fast spin packs energy, or quantum fields, from such large areas that the object cannot release its energy through that thing. The dense material causes quantum fields to travel through the extremely dense object. Those energy fields or waves are like time arrows. They push objects in the middle of them back in time because they cannot let quantum fields travel through them. 

That means if we want to make a time machine that uses a time arrow, we should make extremely dense pearls. Then we must shoot particles or laser beams through it. That pumps energy to the structure around the channel. But for working that requires extremely dense materials. 

https://www.ecoticias.com/en/humanity-breaks-time-for-the-first-time/18338/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner_effect