Reseachers make new models for dark matter formation.

"A new computational breakthrough is giving scientists a clearer view into how dark matter structures evolve.(ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

"Dark matter has remained one of the biggest mysteries in cosmology for almost a hundred years, shaping the universe while remaining invisible and poorly understood. A new study from researchers at the Perimeter Institute now introduces a computational tool designed to track the evolution of a particular dark matter candidate known as self-interacting dark matter halos. These enormous structures are thought to host galaxies such as the Milky Way." (ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

"The study, published in Physical Review Letters, expands scientists’ ability to explore how different types of dark matter particle interactions influence the growth and behavior of cosmic structures over time." (ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

There is one thing that a self-interacting dark matter halo can interact. That thing is another self-interacting dark matter halo.  The self-interaction means. The collisions and energy release in WIMPs, the hypothetical. Dark-matter particles. 

"Self-interacting dark matter is defined by the ability of its particles to collide with one another, while remaining effectively invisible to ordinary baryonic matter, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. This behavior has important consequences for dark matter halos, which many theorists believe are central to the processes that shape galaxies and trigger star formation." (ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

“Dark matter forms relatively diffuse clumps which are still much denser than the average density of the universe,” says James Gurian, a postdoctoral fellow at Perimeter Institute. “The Milky Way and other galaxies live in these dark matter halos.” (ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

The idea is this: if the dark matter is the thing. That sends dark energy. Dark energy can affect the dark matter halo around the galaxy. That means the dark energy can move the dark matter halo, and the galaxy in the middle of the halo moves with it. So what if the halothermic collapse in the dark matter forms dark energy and then expands the universe? When halothermic collapse happens, the universe’s center or dark matter centers turn denser, and they turn hotter. When dark matter particles, weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), are involved. 

Or. Axions send radiation. They send it with the wavelength. That is the same as the particle’s diameter. This means that the halothermic collapse. In the dark matter. Sends radiation that we call dark energy. Dark energy that pushes visible matter away from those dark matter centers. 

“The evolution of self-interacting dark matter halos is governed by a phenomenon known as gravothermal collapse. This process arises from a counterintuitive property of gravity, where systems bound by gravity become hotter rather than cooler as they lose energy.” (ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

“Because self-interacting dark matter can carry energy through particle collisions, that energy gradually flows outward within a halo. As a result, the central region becomes increasingly hot and dense, driving further changes in the structure of the halo over time.”(ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

When we say that the halothermic collapse forms dark energy, we mean that the halothermic collapse increases free energy in the system. That collapse forms a denser or more powerful form when particles of the collapsing halo start. Getting. Closer to each other. And impact on each other. That releases free energy into the system. 

The focus of this research is on the so-called halothermic collapse. And gravity's counterintuitive property. That means when the system that gravity bounds turns hotter. While. It releases energy. This effect forms when the energy in the system decreases. And the particles fall closer to each other. Those particles that are closer to each other release energy. When the form of the halo structure is a ball, the most outer particles fly out from the structure faster than particles that are in the center of the structure. This causes an effect where the center of the structure is surrounded. By. A ring-shaped structure. That ring pumps energy into the ball-shaped halo.

During that process, those particles that flee out from the structure release energy faster than particles in the structure. And that means those particles are closer to each other, which makes energy denser. Those particles start to collide. And send more energy. And particles that flee from structure also deliver part of their energy to that system. At the same time, those particles lose their mass. At the same time, impacts with other particles release more energy. The big question is: how dense does that structure become? 

Could it turn into a black hole? If we follow this model, we find a model. The dark matter starts to pack in the middle of the universe. This means. That dark matter turns hotter. It sends a wave movement that we can call dark energy. So if the dark energy source is dark matter and its halothermic collapse, we can make one decision that can explain the interesting form of dark energy. The idea is that dark energy can interact with dark matter halos around galaxies. Those halos can be far larger than galaxies. And if dark energy moves that halo, it affects the gravity symmetry in the halo, and the galaxy in the middle of it. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-crack-a-new-code-to-explore-dark-matters-hidden-life/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Why does everything exist?

  

In the very beginning of time and space. The event. Called: the Big Bang formed interference that caused the formation of matter. The Big Bang was not a single event. It was like a bubble. That fell into one point. And then energy reflected from that point. The Big Bang was like an oscillating bubble. The existence of matter requires that there was wave movement or even a static field in the space before the Big Bang happened. 

The Schwinger effect explains that particles are formed from the electromagnetic field. Or maybe. Some superstrings formed the whirls in the standing fields. There is a possibility. That's all the other wave fields. Like standing gravity waves, they can roll themselves into particles. The wave movement that should have existed before the Big Bang formed resistance. And that resistance formed the wave, which formed bubbles or whirls behind it. Without that resistance, the superstrings, which can be like small quantum tornadoes. Those quantum tornadoes formed quantum dots. That started to collect energy and wave movement around them. 

Maybe the Big Bang formed in the case that something oscillated the superstrings that caused the wave movement that traveled across the universe. The interference in or outside those quantum tornadoes can cause a situation where those small quantum tornadoes or quantum-size wormholes touch each other. And if energy traveled in the opposite direction, it formed the quantum-size electric arc. 

If we follow the model that all types of wave movements can pack into the same point, the quantum-size wormholes can make the quantum-size electric arc. And when we try to mimic the conditions at the beginning of the Universe. We forget that the quark-gluon plasma. At the beginning. The universe. It formed in conditions where the resistance was minimal. There were no such interferences as in the modern universe. 

Standard model with graviton, the gravitational wave transmitter, or gravitational transporter particle. The existence of the graviton is still hypothetical. But there is a possibility that the graviton exists in all particles. The graviton would be a particle that formed other particles around its shell. This means that all particles. Those that have mass should include the graviton. 

So, if the existence of the Universe is. The Schwinger. Effect doesn’t mean that the effect is formed in the electromagnetic field. It’s possible. That there formed hypothetical gravitons in the static field. Then those gravitons started to collect wave movement on their shell. Then those gravitons. Started. To grow into particles that we know as the Standard Model. 

The philosophical question about existence is this: if a bell rings in the forest, does it ring? The main idea is that. Even if we don’t have contact with that bell, we might think that it can ring. But. Otherwise, if the clock hand is removed, that clock will not ring. But we know that there is a clock. Well, there might be a clock in the forest, because we might have seen it yesterday. But otherwise, some other person. Might take it into the pocket. This means we cannot be sure. If. There is a bell still in the forest. Yesterday there was a bell, but now we cannot be sure. The bell exists. And because information cannot vanish. The information about the bell remains.  

If. We try to remember information and quantum theories. The information about that bell exists. But does the bell exist in the form of the bell? We might conclude that the information doesn’t depend on the object’s or space’s physical existence. But if existence requires interaction, the black hole that pulls objects behind the event horizon will remove matter from the universe. Otherwise, the black hole cannot destroy matter or information that is connected to matter. It just removes. Matter's. Ability to interact with its environment. 

When we think about wave-particle duality and the Schwinger effect, where wave movement turns into particles, and particles turn into wave movement. The impacting wave fields can form. The wire-shaped. A fast-spinning “worm” that can explain why. Can't we see the hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) or axions? The axion is the worm or rope-shaped structure of the traveling quantum tornadoes. Those quantum tori can be the quantum-size wormholes. Who have wrapped themselves around each other. 

When we talk about everything, we talk about matter. Matter is the thing that makes the universe exist. Then we can consider the existence of matter and think that the wave-particle duality is what makes matter exist. And in this moment, we must realize that matter is a condensed form of wave movement. In the same way, whether matter or otherwise, particles can turn into the wave movement, and wave movement can turn into matter. 

This causes one of the most interesting and important questions in the world. That question is a thing. That we don’t see. Exist or not? Does interaction, or visible interaction, determine existence? This means that. We should see things. That. They exist. But being invisible doesn’t mean non-existence. 

The holographic principle means that everything is actually holographic. This means that every type of wave movement can form the hologram. And the gravitational hologram formed the universe. This means that matter is condensed wave movement. 

And particles are actually an extremely dense hologram. So we could theoretically create a so dense hologram. That. It turns into a physical object. We can transform wave movement into quarks. So that means. Maybe someday. That thing called the Schwinger effect. It can turn even larger objects into wave movement and teleport them to other places. 

In modern cosmology, all matter began its existence in the Big Bang. Many times, people ask, what was the energy level of the Big Bang? We should rather ask, what was the relation between the Big Bang and its environment? 

The Big Bang was a series of events that caused interference. That formed whirls. And then those whirls in the energy field formed particles. This type of explanation doesn’t include the expansion of the Universe. This means that in the past it was probably. Particles and particle groups that don’t exist anymore. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/reality-objective-exist/

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/something-instead-of-nothing/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_principle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Sterile neutrinos, tachyons, and axions. Can they explain why matter exists?

"Inner view of the large electrostatic spectrometer of the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino Experiment (KATRIN), the world’s most accurate neutrino scale. Credit: Michael Zacher/KIT, KATRIN collaboration" (ScitechDaily, Physicists Tighten the Net Around the Elusive Sterile Neutrino)

Reseachers closing the elusive sterile neutrino. The sterile neutrino is a very hard-to-detect particle. The particle itself will be so small, or so different than other neutrinos, that it will not exist for a long time. The sterile neutrino means that there are no quantum fields that left their marks on that neutrino. When a neutrino travels through quantum fields, those fields leave their marks on it. This means the neutrino turns dirty. And this is one of the biggest problems with physics. Neutrino is the next-generation tool for reseachers to make observations. It’s possible that the sensor can remove fields from the shell of the neutrino. 

But the sensor must know. What the neutrino is and what. Is the field. To determine the field that the sensor must detect and analyze, it must know the original values of the neutrino. If. The system knows the neutrino’s original values. Like. Its original energy level. Another possibility is that the sterile neutrino can prove the existence of a wormhole. If a neutrino can travel through the wormhole, it will not take quantum fields on its shell. And that means the neutrino can stay sterile. 

The standard model of physics. There is sometimes a marked graviton. The graviton. It is a hypothetical gravitation wave transporter. The graviton should exist. And sometimes some reseachers suggest that the graviton is the quantum-scale black hole. Another suggestion is that the graviton is the same thing as the axion. If an axion spins very fast, it rolls quantum fields on its shell. And that can explain dark matter, the mysterious gravitational effect in the universe. That can also explain dark energy. When the universe’s energy level turns lower, the axion releases its energy. 

Neutrino beams can also create wormholes in the electromagnetic fields. The neutrino beam can push those fields away their way. And then. This thing. It can make interstellar travel closer to reality. The idea is that the neutrino beam. It makes a hole in quantum fields. And then the energy that comes. Behind pushes particles or craft into the tunnel. 

A neutrino is a fermion type.  Its position is in leptons. So. That means Neutrino should be able to make similar bonds and interactions with other leptons. But there is no evidence that neutrinos form any shell to matter. The weak interaction creates neutrinos. Those neutrinos are: 

1) electron neutrino, νe

2) muon neutrino, νμ

3) tau neutrino, ντ

"Physicists have long suspected that elusive particles known as axions could help explain the hidden matter shaping the universe. While the idea even made its way into popular culture, solving the problem proved more difficult than fiction suggested. Credit: Shutterstock. A new theoretical study suggests fusion reactors could do more than generate energy, they might also produce particles linked to dark matter." (ScitechDaily, Dark Matter Breakthrough: Physicists Crack “Big Bang Theory” Puzzle)

There is a suggestion that dark matter particles that impact each other can form energy. Those impacting dark matter particles. Or. An energy impulse from that particle can form. A hole in the quantum fields. That means energy impulse from axions makes the vacuum or cosmic bubble. Then that bubble collapses. And. The effect is similar to a vacuum bomb. When a bubble or void collapses, it sends an energy impulse. 

To the outside. This means dark matter can play a big role in the Big Bang. But there is one big “but”. That very big “but” means that matter and dark matter should form at different moments. If dark matter formed before visible matter, that means the dark matter interaction could trigger the Big Bang. 

But then. To the mysterious dark matter particles. Called Axions. 

Nobody seen an axion yet. But it's possible. Axions are the mythical dark matter particles. There is something that denies its interactions with other particles. And maybe. The neutrino or sterile neutrino can open the path to the axions. If we think of the possibility that neutrino spin turns extremely fast, and its speed is almost the speed of light. That can press the neutrino into the form of a small “worm”. This means that an axion could be a particle. That is like a small wire or a small worm. The idea is that the high speed, along with the fast spin, turns into a roll. The axion may be like a drill. That travels through all energy fields. 

This allows the particle tunnel itself to pass through other particles. So, the axion could be like a traveling tornado. In some models, the mythical tachyon. The theoretical faster-than-light particle forms the photon when its speed decreases below the speed of light.  

We cannot see tachyon. While. It travels faster than light.  When the tachyon slows its speed below the speed of light, it must transfer its energy somewhere. This means tachyon should form the ring-shaped energy impulse. 

This means the photon would be the quantum shockwave, like a light boom. That is similar to a sonic boom. It is in the molecular world. Then the tachyon that decreases its speed sends another particle. Like. A sterile neutrino or some other fermion or boson. Another thing is that. Maybe. Fusion reactors can tell reseachers something about things. Like. The speed of light and neutrinos. Fusion reactors could form neutrinos just like fusion reactions form neutrinos in the Sun. Neutrinos form because of the high-energy wave-particle duality. Fusion sends wave movement through standing waves. 

And in that interaction, form a neutrino. When neutrinos travel out from the star, they form quantum dots. During that journey, the neutrino binds energy on its shell. That makes lower energy points to the star. Energy starts to fall into those energy tunnels, and that means. If. This model is right, neutrinos play a big role in stars. It might deny the form of the standing waves that detonate a star. So. If we continue this reasoning chain. Mythical. Axions can explain why matter exists. The axion can make those quantum dots into the smallest parts of matter. When. An axion travels through a particle. It creates a lower energy point that pulls the particle into its form. 

https://scitechdaily.com/dark-matter-breakthrough-physicists-crack-big-bang-theory-puzzle/

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-tighten-the-net-around-the-elusive-sterile-neutrino/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

Types of neutrinos: 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_neutrino

The simplest explanation for ultra-high-energy particles might be the best one.

"When high-energy cosmic particles strike the top of Earth’s atmosphere, they produce showers of “daughter” particles that will find their way down to Earth. On the surface, we’ve built several notable detector arrays, including the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), to reconstruct the energy and direction of the initial cosmic ray that struck the Earth." (BigThink, The simplest explanation for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays)

The ultra-high-energy particles are mysterious. But sometimes the best explanation is the simplest. When a particle travels in the universe, it faces many energy fields and other particles. Whenever those particles travel through the higher-power energy field, they transfer energy to the particle that travels through them. This means the reason for the ultra-high energy photons and other particles is that. 

"Any cosmic particle that travels through the Universe, regardless of speed or energy, must contend with the existence of the particles left over from the Big Bang. While we normally focus on the normal matter that exists, made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, they are outnumbered more than a billion-to-one by the remnant photons and neutrinos/antineutrinos. When a charged particle travels through the intergalactic medium, regardless of how it’s produced, it cannot ignore the “bath” of photons it will experience along its journey." (BigThink, The simplest explanation for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays)

Those particles traveled through extremely high-power energy fields, such as those. Found in black hole jets. In the same way. Things. Like gravitational lenses transmit energy to those particles. In the same way. When particles. Like electrons impact a photon, they load energy into the photon. 

A photonic ray. It can accelerate electrons. But in the same way, when an electron impacts a photon, that electron transfers energy into that photon. The photon also reflects from the incoming electron, and that impact. Stretches a photon into gamma-rays. The gamma-ray systems can be the next-generation tool in inspection. 

"Particles traveling near light speed can interact with starlight and boost it to gamma-ray energies. This animation shows the process, known as inverse Compton scattering. When light ranging from microwave to ultraviolet wavelengths collides with a fast-moving particle, the interaction boosts it to gamma rays, the most energetic form of light. This type of interaction, between photons and energetic charged particles, will also serve to slow down (or brake) the charged particle’s motion." (BigThink, The simplest explanation for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays)

Today. Those gamma rays are produced by using radioactive material. The radioactive material. It is a dangerous tool. In the wrong hands. And the particle accelerators that use laser beams. That impact with electrons can be an answer. The gamma-ray systems can open the atomic structures. In new ways. For reseachers. 

These kinds of reactions and interactions affect in the same way. To a photon, and because an electron’s mass is much higher, that thing can turn a photon’s wavelength into gamma rays. When. Laser rays are shot against electron beams. Those things can be used to create synthetic gamma-rays. The high-energy reactions can open a new route to high-energy solutions. 

"Cosmic rays, which are ultra-high energy particles originating from all over the Universe, including particles emanating from the Sun, strike atomic nuclei everywhere they exist. On Earth, they land in the upper atmosphere and produce showers of new particles, but on the Moon, they recoil off of the heavy atomic nuclei present on the airless Moon’s surface." (BigThink, The simplest explanation for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays)

The photon is the only particle that doesn’t cause annihilation when it impacts antimatter. 

Particle collisions between photons can also explain dark energy. The fact is that all particles in the universe react to photons. The interactions between photons and electrons can accelerate electrons to incredible speeds. The laser systems that accelerate electrons in the particle accelerators can open new paths into physics. 

The laser beam can travel across the cathode beam and push electrons into the accelerator tube. Those accelerators can be far smaller, and their energy level can be higher than that of particle accelerators. Those are in use. The photon beam can be used to control things. Like. Antimatter particles. The photon beam can be used to create antimatter systems. Like. Antimatter rockets. The laser beam that drives antimatter particles to the rocket chamber uses particles that don’t interact with antimatter. 

Dark energy and star formation.

"This Is the Entire Universe Squeezed into One Image" (Space.com)

Accelerating expansion of the universe doesn’t necessarily mean that dark energy exists. The expansion causes the effect that the gravity turns weaker relative to the other four fundamental forces. But if the energy level in the universe is stable relative to the gravity. That means that. The energy source can be in matter or particles. That evaporates or turns into wave movement.  Another thing that could explain the static energy field is an outside energy source. And that causes the thought about the existence of other universes. 

Another dark energy source. It can be. In the galaxy filament. When those megastructures accelerate and slow. Those structures bind and release extra energy. Spinning protons and electrons in atomic hydrogen can accelerate and slow. Those particles are in a Bose-Einstein condensate state. That means those particles can be closed. In. The united quantum field. When some GRBs hit those fields, they send energy through the galaxy filament. Those waves can also explain dark energy. 

Could the Doppler effect, or redshift, explain dark energy? When objects are separating, redshift stretches the wavelength. That means it's possible that the red light. Turns into infrared radiation. Also. Infrared can turn into radio waves. And gamma-rays can turn into X-rays. Blueshift means that. When objects are closing. The wavelength turns shorter. But also things. Like gravitational fields, other radiation fields affect the wavelength. This means that. Part of the cosmic microwave background could have an origin as the infrared radiation. That redshift stretches. 

In some other model. The Bose-Einstein condensate. The state can cause an effect. That makes protons and neutrons turn so large that quarks inside them can drive quantum fields between them. That effect can cause quantum-size electric arcs between those quarks. And that thing can turn the particle invisible. And waves. Those impacts form. It could be a source of dark energy. But. The Doppler effect between separating particles may turn visible light into infrared radiation. 

The blueshift can also transform infrared into shorter-wavelength radiation. The IR radiation has the most effective radiation effect. If. Radiation transforms into radio waves. Or visible light, which means the radiation's effect on matter turns lower. 

We can say that dark energy. Is. Free energy that whirls around material. That free energy rips the universe into pieces. The reason why the acceleration of the universe accelerates. Is that. The gravitational effect between objects. Turns weaker. Because their distance grows. But. Things like quantum fields are also turning weaker. This means that quantum fields cannot transport energy. So strongly that quantum fields transported energy in the young universe. Without those fields, there is no movement. Even gravity waves cannot move in weak quantum fields. 

In some models. There is a shockwave. That formed during the Big Bang around the universe. The thing. That supports this shockwave is that, without that shockwave. The universe should collapse immediately. The shockwave will not travel at the speed of light. Because. The universe’s gravity pulls it back. This shockwave requires that something resists the escaping energy and matter. 

Then we can look at the time cone. And ask one interesting question: can we say that the universe could be like an electric arc? This means that the information focus can be in the metasurface of the present. Then two energy flows. Or. Maybe two arrows of time, impacted. That thing caused a shockwave that could form a vacuum. Forward. Of expanding material. That means there may be a so-called cosmic vacuum around the universe. 

If. Radiation crosses that type of vacuum. Its wavelength turns longer. In the same way. The universe’s own gravity fields. Stretch radiation. So. That means. Redshift. Forms infrared radiation in the universe. When we think about redshift and blueshift, that means that objects move against each other. Blueshift means. The wavelength of radiation turns shorter. When. Objects travel. To. Each other. In the universe, most objects. Like galactic megaclusters are traveling away from each other. This means that there is more red light in the universe than blue light. That means there is more infrared radiation in the universe than there should be. The redshift can pull red visible light into the infrared area. 

"A graphical representation of the expansion of the universe from the Big Bang to the present day, with the inflationary epoch represented as the dramatic expansion seen on the left. This visualization shows only a section of the universe; the empty space outside the diagram should not be taken to represent empty space outside the universe (which does not necessarily exist)." (Wikipedia, Expansion of the universe)

In. The same way. Redshift pulls gamma-rays into the X-ray area. And a black hole can stretch gamma rays into the IR- or even radio area. That slide is possible in the extreme gravitational field. The gravity field also stretches radiation. This means that things like gravity fields can transform visible light into the infrared or even radio waves. This means that it's possible that. Dark energy is energy that forms when other energy forms. Or radiation wavelength stretches through the electromagnetic spectrum. That means the radiation that travels through the infrared area affects. Like. Infrared radiation in the moment. It is spent. In. The electromagnetic spectrum’s infrared area. 

Redshift affects across the electromagnetic spectrum. Things like gravity fields stretch light. This means that redshift can also turn part of the infrared radiation into microwaves or radio waves. So. Maybe the secret of dark energy. It is in. The redshift, the Doppler effect. That removes part of the infrared radiation from the universe. This happens because black holes and separating objects stretch radiation. Maybe. The origin of the 3K radiation is in a situation. The Doppler effect. Turns the wave movement longer. The fact is that the Doppler effect or redshift affects all kinds of radiation. 

When we think about dark matter and dark energy, it’s possible that if the level of dark energy in the universe stays stable. And the gravity effect turns lower. This can cause acceleration. Of. The expansion of the universe. So, in that model, dark energy can be virtual. When. Energy in the universe stays stable because of matter. Like. Particles turn into radiation or wave movement. When. The relations of the four fundamental forces change. That. It can look like dark energy. 

"A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum, showing various properties across the range of frequencies and wavelengths" (Wikipedia, Electromagnetic spectrum)

Does the star formation continue in the cooling universe? 

When we look at the image of the universe, we can see that galaxies are mainly located near the “shell” of the universe. That means that if a shockwave is traveling outward, it creates whirls. Those whirls form black holes and then stars. The existence of the shockwave that formed during the Big Bang explains why we cannot see other universes. Another thing that this ancient shockwave explains is why there are galaxies, and why those galaxies are like they are. So the chain for star formation is this: 

1) First, it forms the black hole. 

2) That black hole forms a quasar. 

3) Then, the quasar pulls gas and later dust around it. 

4) Star formation begins when the energy level turns low enough. And conditions are stable enough.

5) Star formation ends in a galaxy when all hydrogen is used.  

"Artist's illustration showing the life of a massive star: Nuclear fusion converts lighter elements into heavier ones; when fusion no longer generates enough pressure to counteract gravity, the star collapses into a black hole. During this collapse, energy may be released as a momentary burst of gamma-rays aligned to the axis of rotation." (Wikipedia,Gamma-ray burst)

The star forms in a whirl in the galactic nebula. The whirl collects matter from around it and starts to condense into a star. So, as long as galaxies can form, the star formation continues. But someday in the future, the matter in the universe turns so thin that star formation stops. In galaxies, star formation stops when all hydrogen is used. As. A star’s energy source. Or black holes pull all material inside them. Star formation can also end if the entropy destroys the whirl. The star starts to form. 

This thing happens only in old galaxies. When. Galaxy formation ends. That causes the end of the star formation. Some day. In the future. Star formation ends. When matter turns too thin, there is no possibility of forming stars. 

 In a young universe, stars might. Also, be from outside the galaxies. That happens even today, but those stars turn very massive. The reason for that thing. Is that. There is no interference. Like star wind.  Or the radiation of the supermassive black hole. Also. Gravitation can destroy a protostar. If a protostar. It is too close to another star. A black hole. Or white dwarf. Those things. Can destroy it. Before. The fusion starts. 

When the universe’s expansion continues, the gravitational effect between galaxies turns weaker. The quantum field between objects turns weaker. This means energy travels out from particles, and that increases free energy in the universe.  That increases entropy. But. Otherwise, weaker quantum fields around galaxies and a colder universe make that free energy weaker. The interactions between mass centers. Like galaxies are complicated. The weaker energy fields and expanding universe mean that the scattering effect turns weaker. 

Same way. Redshift between objects turns stronger. Redshift means that there is more infrared radiation than should be. Redshift or the Doppler effect means that the spectrum. Turns red. That means red visible light can stretch into infrared. Infrared can turn into microwaves or radio waves. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/stars-form-within-expanding-universe/

https://www.space.com/31517-entire-universe-squeezed-one-image.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_filament

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

Under the Titan surface, water may not be water in the form as we know it.

"The six infrared images of Titan above were created by compiling data collected over the course of the Cassini mission. They depict how the surface of Titan looks beneath the foggy atmosphere, highlighting the variable surface of the moon. Credit: NASA" (ScitechDaily, Titan’s Hidden Ocean May Not Exist and That Changes Everything)

"Titan’s hidden ocean may be more slush than sea, according to a new look at Cassini mission data. That icy, gooey interior could still host warm pockets of water—potential sweet spots for life." (ScitechDaily, Titan’s Hidden Ocean May Not Exist and That Changes Everything)

On the Titan’s surface, there is no water.  But. There are hydrocarbon oceans; otherwise, Titan is very dry. There is no water on its surface. The methane oceans are things that do not exist on Earth. But. It’s possible that under its surface is a water layer. 

Titan might not have a hidden ocean in the form we know oceans. This means that if there is some water layer deep under Titan’s surface, that water is in slushy form. The water deep under Titan’s surface would exist in extreme pressure but in low gravity. And that opens up new paths to consider possible alien life forms. 

There might not be fish swimming in that slushy ice layer. Maybe. There can be something. Called amino acids or self-replicating molecules. But then. We can think about things. Like. The existence of liquid water. Whether water is liquid on some planets. Or. Is it in icy form? That depends on things. 

Like. A planet’s temperature, gravity, and pressure. In strong gravity or pressure, water can be like ice. Even. If the temperature is high. Many variables affect water. And its form. 

“This illustration shows the various ways Titan might respond to Saturn’s gravitational pull depending on its interior structure. Only the slushy interior produced the bulge and lag observed in the new study. Credit: Baptiste Journaux and Flavio Petricca” (ScitechDaily, Titan’s Hidden Ocean May Not Exist and That Changes Everything)

On a planet. Or, rather, we should say that the pressure, where water exists, determines whether it is liquid or not. In. Very low gravity or in magnetic fields. Water can be in liquid form. Even. At very low temperatures. In very low gravity and very low temperature.  

Tidal forces and magnetic fields can keep water in motion. So it cannot freeze. Otherwise, water vaporizes at lower temperatures. At low pressure. In low-pressure water, the boiling temperature is low. And that means. Water loses its ability to bind oxygen and other gases at low pressure. And that can deny the existence of life on some planets. 

It is possible. That. Water molecules turn in the same direction. This thing is possible. Because water is a polar molecule, and magnetic fields can turn it into N/S direction. So in a very stable. Low-energy. And a low-gravity environment. It is possible that a magnetic field can cause water flow on a low-gravity object’s surface. 

But the water itself doesn’t mean life. Another thing that should be possible. This is the amino acid reaction. At very low temperatures, some chemical reactions turn very slowly. 

Chemical reactions require energy, and that means amino acids cannot form in low temperatures. Or, that formation requires a very long time. The energy level must be right for the amino acid to form. Otherwise, chemical bonds require a certain energy level. And a certain chemical environment. Those life-building blocks don’t prove life itself. But they make life possible. 

https://scitechdaily.com/titans-hidden-ocean-may-not-exist-and-that-changes-everything/

Fifth force and dark energy. (Is it possible that dark matter exists only in a Bose-Einstein condensate state? )

“Astronomers have discovered an early strand of the universe’s cosmic web using the James Webb Space Telescope, existing just 830 million years after the Big Bang. The study also examined eight quasars in the young universe and revealed significant insights into the assembly and influence of supermassive black holes on star formation. (Cosmic web artist’s concept.)”(ScitechDaily, Webb Space Telescope Illuminates Earliest Strands of the Cosmic Web)

Is it possible that dark matter exists only in a Bose-Einstein condensate state? 

Could it be possible that. The WIMPs could exist only when matter is in a Bose-Einstein condensate state. This means that the condensate state allows fast-spinning quarks to cram photons or quantum fields through the quarks. If. A proton or a neutron goes into the Bose-Einstein condensate state. That makes them large. A quantum field around them is weak. And that means. It's possible that the fast-spinning quarks can bind as much energy and aim it in a so thin string that we cannot see it. 

Can a powerful XRB, or GRB, that affects a galactic filament cause the dark energy? Can hypothetical WIMP (Weakly interacting massive particles) exist only when the particle is in a Bose-Einstein condensate state? In that case, the very low energy level. And a large quantum field. Turns elementary particles inside that quantum field (quarks, electrons) spin so fast that they cannot form a reflection. 

Or maybe that spin happens when a quantum field that surrounds protons and neutrons jumps away from quarks inside them. That means that. Also other. Than. Elementary particles can have a similar state to a Bose-Einstein condensate. That means that the quantum fields. Could. Separate from quarks that form baryons and hadrons. And that allows the field spin so fast that it pushes quantum fields through the hadrons. Or maybe those fast-spinning quarks squeeze quantum fields through them. That can cause an effect, so that the matter turns invisible. 

Normally, we say that the universe is formed of hot gas. Then we must realize. That Hot gas or a hot object can cover larger but colder objects below its glow. This means that dark matter can be material. That the glow of the visible matter covers it. Maybe the glow of the galactic filament covers those invisible structures. 

So, there is no need for any exotic particles. Extremely. Low energy level, where those quantum fields are. An extremely. Large size. Can cause. The particles in that field spin very fast. This means that the gas. That is in the Bose-Einstein condensate state and higher energy. Or warmer gas behind that structure. Can explain why we cannot see dark matter. The idea is that the WIMPs can exist. Only. In the Bose-Einstein condensate state. 

Can dark energy be a wave movement, whose wavelength is so long that it causes visible interaction only to the galactic supercluster? How can a supercluster be the source of dark energy? The filament is full of atomic hydrogen. Atomic hydrogen is normally weakly interacting matter if it's in a cosmic vacuum and at an extremely low temperature. That is near 3K microwave background. In that. 3K (-270,15 °C) temperature. That is 3 degrees. Over absolute zero (-273,15 °C), those hydrogen atoms are in a state. Called Bose-Einstein condensate. In that extremely low energy state, the quantum fields that surround atoms are as large as possible. So in that very low-energy environment. Those atoms’ quantum fields may touch each other. 

When an extreme high-energy eruption hits a galactic filament, it vibrates those quantum fields. That thing causes an effect. Those filaments or atoms outside galaxies vibrate like a guitar string. When XRB or GRB hits those atoms, they send a wave that travels through that filament. Even. If a single atom’s quantum field doesn’t send an observable energy wave. There are a lot of atoms. Those are participating in the oscillation. The harmonic oscillation that travels through the structures of that size is hundreds of megaparsecs, or even gigaparsecs. It can cause the high-power wave effect, even if one atom doesn’t oscillate strongly. 

The fifth force is the thing that causes discussions. The Muon G-2 experiments do not prove the existence of a fifth force. And that means the discussions about that force, and its existence, continue. We can say that the fifth force could be wave movement, or it must be some wave movement, because all other forces are wave movements. The big question is, which particles or subatomic particles does that wave movement affect? Finding that point will turn the fifth force into reality.  But. There is also a possibility that the fifth force interacts with atoms as a whole. 

It’s also possible that the mythical fifth force affects quarks or some bosons like gluons. Or maybe. That thing affects bonds between quarks. But those kinds of theories are only theories. The idea is that the fifth force can have an ability that affects only in large environments. That means its wave movement can be so long that we cannot even imagine that. 

“A figure illustrating the rotation of neutral hydrogen (right) in galaxies residing in an extended filament (middle), where the galaxies exhibit a coherent bulk rotational motion tracing the large-scale cosmic web (left). Credit: Lyla Jung” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Discover One of the Largest Rotating Structures Ever Seen in the Universe)

And then to dark energy. 

The question is: can dark energy be a wave movement with a wavelength of even thousands of light-years?. That explains why that interaction is invisible to us, except on the scale of cosmic galactic superclusters. If that wave movement exists, the scale of the galaxy is too small for that purpose. One of the suspected sources of dark energy can be in galactic filaments. 

“In cosmology, galaxy filaments are the largest known structures in the universe, consisting of walls of galactic superclusters. These massive, thread-like formations can commonly reach 50 to 80 megaparsecs (160 to 260 megalight-years)—with the largest found to date being Quipu (400 megaparsecs,  and possibly the still unconfirmed Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall at around 3 gigaparsecs (9.8 Gly) in length—and form the boundaries between voids. Due to the accelerating expansion of the universe, the individual clusters of gravitationally bound galaxies that make up galaxy filaments are moving away from each other at an accelerated rate; in the far future, they will dissolve.” (Wikipedia, Galaxy filament)

In that case, a dark energy source can be in the spinning megaclusters. Like. In the galaxy filament, also known as the cosmic web. In that case, the spin of the cosmic megastructure accelerates and slows. When. Those megastructures’ spin accelerates. They. Bind energy. When that spin slows, they release their energy. That means darn energy can be radiation. That was left from those structures’ quantum fields. And maybe. That explains. Why is the only known visible interaction between dark energy and other objects and clusters that happens on the scale of galactic superclusters? 

In this model. The fifth force can be the force that interacts with quantum fields. And that means, it could be so weak. We just. Cannot. Detect it in the scale that we can use. If. The wave movement of that still hypothetical force has. Over a light-year long. Wavelength. That means that the detection of that force is one of the most difficult things in modern physics. 

The wavelength of that thing can be even hundreds or thousands of light-years. Or, even more. That causes an idea. That may be the fifth force, and dark energy can be the same. Dark energy affects only the large-scale structures in the universe. This means that. Maybe dark energy has a wavelength of thousands of light-years. The thing. What supports this model is that dark energy seems to have visible interaction. Only. With the large-scale structures like galactic superclusters. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-discover-one-of-the-largest-rotating-structures-ever-seen-in-the-universe/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_force

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_filament

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

There are many other things. Then just gravity that affects the universe.

“Dark energy may be changing with time—reshaping the story of the Universe itself. Credit: SciTechDaily.com. New research suggests that dark energy, the mysterious force driving the Universe’s accelerating expansion, might not be constant after all.” (ScitechDaily, Supercomputer Simulations Reveal a Shifting Dark Energy)

Dark energy is shifting. And the reason for that can be in the universe’s expansion. When the universe expands, particles release more energy. At the same time. When that energy is released. The distance. Between objects grows. And that weakens the gravitational effect. This is one thing that can explain why the universe seems to expand faster and sometimes slower than it should. But the problem is this. Things like redshift depend on gravitation. This means the distant supermassive black holes stretch light. And that turns the light. Wavelength longer. This is one of the reasons why distant “little red dots” seem red. But another thing is that. Also, things like our galaxy itself stretch the light. 

But how much gravity stretches light and time? Time moves faster on Mars than on Earth. Earth's gravity can cause measurable time dilation. Mars is heavier than the Moon. The time moves 56 microseconds faster on the Moon than on Mars. Clock is ticking 447 microseconds faster on Mars. 

The clock should be ticking faster. On the moon than it ticks now. But the Moon has a large mass near it. That means Earth’s gravity, along with a closer distance to the Sun. It can cause a stronger time dilation on the Moon. Than. Time dilation is on Mars. Things like energy level. Radiation and other things. In the environment. It can also have an effect. On. Time dilation. But gravitation, counter radiation. And other things can affect the redshift.

Does that gravity affect the measurements? In the same way, galaxies and stars contribute to redshift. Maybe those measurements don’t mean much in short distances. But when distances are billions of light-years, even a small anomaly has a big effect. 

That turns the virtual redshift stronger. And this is the thing. That. We should understand.  Because all gravity centers. Stretch light. That moves the spectrum to red. The redshift is stronger near Earth than it is on Mars. 

Things like gravitational lenses also focus energy. Or wave movement into certain points. And maybe those points have a stronger effect on the universe. Another thing that modern observations have uncovered. The thing is that. The quasar's radiation has changed. The 50-year observations prove that thing. 

The expansion of the universe can explain that thing. While. The universe is expanding. There is less material, and quantum fields are weaker. And that causes. The change in the quasars and their radiation. When quantum fields are turning weaker. The material level. The universe decreases. Which. Causes a change in quasars’ radiation. This is one way to think about the black hole’s roles in the universe. When the universe expands, black holes also release energy that they bind from their environment. There is a possibility that supermassive black holes are not as universal as people thought. There are supermassive black holes. Those that are surrounded by more dark matter than others. 

“An artist’s impression of a bright quasar almost outshining its host galaxy. Credit: Dimitrios Sakkas (tomakti), Antonis Georgakakis, Angel Ruiz, Maria Chira (NOA). New observations suggest that the relationship between light emitted by quasars has changed over cosmic time, hinting that the structure around supermassive black holes may not be as universal as once thought. Astronomers from around the world have uncovered strong evidence suggesting that the material surrounding supermassive black holes has not remained the same throughout the history of the universe.” (ScitechDaily, Breaking a 50-Year Law: New Evidence Challenges Fundamental Black Hole Physics)

“Most of the universe is made of unseen components that reveal themselves only through subtle effects on galaxies and cosmic structure. Using an expanded set of observations from the Dark Energy Camera, researchers analyzed distortions in the shapes of hundreds of millions of galaxies to test the leading cosmological model. Credit: SciTechDaily.com”(ScitechDaily, Scientists Map the Invisible Universe, Revealing New Clues About Dark Matter and Dark Energy)

“By studying faint distortions in galaxy shapes across a vast region of sky, scientists probed the hidden structure of the universe.In the standard picture of the universe, nearly everything is hidden from view. About 95 percent of the cosmos consists of dark matter and dark energy, substances that cannot be seen directly and are still not fully understood”. (ScitechDaily, Scientists Map the Invisible Universe, Revealing New Clues About Dark Matter and Dark Energy)

"Even so, they play a major role in shaping the universe, with dark matter influencing how galaxies form through gravity and dark energy causing the expansion of space to speed up. Scientists learn about these unseen components by tracking how they affect visible objects, and researchers at the University of Chicago have now studied these effects across a newly analyzed region of the sky.”(ScitechDaily, Scientists Map the Invisible Universe, Revealing New Clues About Dark Matter and Dark Energy)

There is new information. Dark energy and dark matter are connected. Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) can send radiation. Or an invisible wave movement. If. Those WIMP particles are things. That forms dark matter. Their nature can explain dark energy. If. Dark matter particles exist. It's possible that. Those particles spin so fast. That quantum fields. Cannot touch them all the time. When those particles spin, they roll quantum fields onto them. That means they form a gravity effect. 

When. The quantum field separates from those particles. They. Send a wave movement. If. A quantum field slides over a particle. That means the wave movement can take that energy with it. This causes the idea. That may be. Some other gravitational centers form the dark matter. Or, maybe energy flow that slides over particles is enough. To transform a particle into an invisible one. The thing is that. Those particles might have some effect that makes quantum fields slide over them. 

The gravitational center causes quantum fields to travel over those particles. This means the energy flow interacts with particles, as they interact with stealth bombers. They slide over the particle. And because there is. Some gravitational center. That puts energy in motion; we cannot get a reflection from that matter. The reason for that could be that the gravitational center causes energy flow that denies straight reflection. This thing will not need any of the gravity centers. The moving energy is enough. 

https://eos.org/articles/the-relatively-messy-problem-with-lunar-clocks

https://scitechdaily.com/breaking-a-50-year-law-new-evidence-challenges-fundamental-black-hole-physics/

https://sciencenotes.org/dark-energy/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-map-the-invisible-universe-revealing-new-clues-about-dark-matter-and-dark-energy/

https://scitechdaily.com/supercomputer-simulations-reveal-a-shifting-dark-energy/

https://www.space.com/astronomy/mars/time-travels-faster-on-mars-than-on-earth-and-heres-why

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_red_dot_(astronomical_object)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift

Does time exist only in matter, or does it exist also in space?

Time is a complex thing. 

Is it possible that time doesn’t exist? The fact is that time exists, but its form is not certain. The time can be only a matter: Or particles. Or it can be in space. When. We think. About. Time is a form of particles, or an effect that transforms particles into wave movement. When the universe expands, it. Makes quantum fields weaker. And that can turn particles into wave movement. When the universe expands, particles release energy. And that increases entropy into the system. 

Also, vaporization is an event. These particles turn into energy. And that means that free energy in the system destroys it. Particles are condensed energy fields. To stay in the form of a particle, those fields require another field. That presses against them. Without that field, the material will be vaporized immediately. 

When we think about the multiverse theory and the ability to observe other universes. The quantum fields. That means four interactions: gravity and electromagnetism. And strong. And weak nuclear interactions. Once, Albert Einstein said that everything is relative. If wave movement travels from another universe, that wave has no resistance at all. This means those waves may turn straight. And then it’s possible that they cannot reach other universes. 

Because of radiation from, for example, our universe. It doesn’t let that radiation in. The quantum field outside the universe also forms a shockwave. That doesn’t let radiation from other universes into our universe. This quantum field is a requirement for other universes. The thing that supports that model. About a quantum field. Outside the universe. It is that. Without an outside quantum field, the universe loses its energy like a balloon. Without that resistance, the universe. Ends its existence. 

Time can exist in materia. Or, it can exist in space. 

In Einstein’s model, the universe has four dimensions. Three is in space, and one is in time. Or if the time. The dimension that travels backward is independent; the universe has five dimensions. The idea is that time can travel backwards in objects. If. The escape velocity is higher than the speed of light. This event is called time dilation. Time slows in an object. When its speed approaches. The speed of light. This event doesn’t require time as a dimension. When an object travels through the universe, quantum fields touch it like a spider web. 

When a particle accelerates. Quantum fields. Act like water. It touches the particle. The particle can bind that field more effectively when it travels fast. 

When a particle’s speed decreases. It. It cannot bind as much energy as a fast-moving particle. And time moves faster. When. A particle binds more energy than it releases. Time travels in a certain direction because the past is at a higher energy level. But if the universe’s expansion can stop. And the universe starts to shrink. Does time start? To move backward? That requires that the universe has the same amount of energy. That it got from the Big Bang. 

This requires that. There is no energy flowing from the universe. Or the universe presses its fields denser. That pushes energy into the universe’s particles. The thing is that the universe leaks. There is energy that travels out from the universe, faster than matter. That means the universe’s temperature decreases. And that makes the gravitational effect stronger. 

So, if the universe starts to shrink, it might leave energy out from its edge. 

It turns younger. And when a particle releases energy, it turns older. We can say that space is an energy field. If. The energy field’s level rises. Particle’s vaporization turns slower. The energy field can affect particles by slowing or accelerating time. If we say that time means evaporation, or turning into wave motion. 

The idea of quantum gravitation is that spinning particles roll energy fields into them. That makes energy travel to the gravity center. The thing that makes quantum gravity problematic is this. Every single elementary particle in the system is the gravitational center. When those elementary particles, like quarks, roll the energy fields into them. That means those particles roll the energy field also between them. And that can destroy the material structures. 

https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/the-closer-we-look-at-time-the-stranger-it-gets

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

Reseachers engineer photons in space and time.

"Controlling the Structure of Photons in Space and Time

Researchers from Wits University and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona show how controlling the structure of photons in space and time enables tailored quantum states for next-generation communication, sensing and imaging. Credit: Wits University" (ScitechDaily, Rewriting Quantum Optics: Scientists Engineer Photons in Space and Time)

Photons themselves have no time. This means that. Theoretically, it is possible to save information in photons. And that information remains as long as the photons. Information can be saved. Bending a photon into curves. This thing makes photon a good information transporter, if those curves remain in their form. This technology is under research. Photonics allows us to circumnavigate the theory of relativity. The idea is that two photons are in a superposition and quantum entanglement. 

Then those photons can transmit information virtually faster than light. Theoretically, it is possible to create a quantum entanglement. There, the receiving side moves precisely in the same moment as the transmitting particle. The idea is that the quantum entanglement would be like a stick. 

In the case that we could create a stick. That is 4,5 light-years long, we could transmit information between Earth and Alpha Centauri faster than radio waves. This means that when the astronaut pushes that stick in Alpha Centauri. The receiver sees that stick’s movement. The stick acts like an ultra-long gramophone stylus. But information travels as a wave between superpositioned and entangled particles. 

But sometimes quantum entanglement seems to break the speed of light. The thing that causes. This phenomenon is that the speed of light is a cosmic constant that depends on the medium through which light travels. The speed of light is slower in a medium than in a vacuum. This means the speed of light is slower in water than in air. The thing that slows or limits the speed of light. This is the scattering effect. 

We can think that. If. There is a vacuum tunnel in the air. Light travels faster. In that vacuum tunnel than outside it. The reason why quantum entanglement seems to break the laws of physics is simple. Information travels in the quantum tunnel. That turns the scattering effect weaker. Maybe someday we can transport information through space and time by using superpositioned photons. The idea is that. Another photon will be put into the higher energy level. By trapping it. In the chamber. That transmits energy into it. And this slows time in that photon. This photon will transmit information to another photon. That energy level is lower. Otherwise. If we want. To transmit information. 

The photon itself has no time. But it’s possible. That. Time moves more slowly in a photon. Whose energy level is higher than that of another photon. The system that transports the information from the future could be the ball. There is a quantum-sized black hole. The black hole itself or the photon. That which is positioned around the black hole transmits information to another photon. That is at a lower energy level. The idea is that. Time dilation in a part of this system. That is, the higher energy level. Makes time travel slower in that part. Then quantum entanglement transmits information to the past. 

We must not transmit information from a photon itself. We can transmit information from the field that surrounds a photon. So. If reseachers want to transmit information from the future, they must create quantum entanglement through time. They must keep the object. That transmits information. On a higher energy level. Than the energy level. It is in the receiving particle. That is one thing that could be possible in the future. The ability to transport information from the future to the past is one of the most fascinating things that we can imagine.

https://scitechdaily.com/rewriting-quantum-optics-scientists-engineer-photons-in-space-and-time/

Terahertz radiation can be a breakthrough in communication and observation tools.

“Frequency comb converted into light by a cell with Rubidium atoms. Credit: Mateusz Mazelanik, Wiktor Krokosz, University of Warsaw” (ScitechDaily, “Quantum Antenna” Breaks Barrier in Measuring Elusive Terahertz Signals)

“A research team has created a quantum antenna capable of precisely measuring terahertz frequency combs for the first time.” /ScitechDaily, “Quantum Antenna” Breaks Barrier in Measuring Elusive Terahertz Signals.)  The new system benefits Rydberg atoms as a measurement tool. 

“Terahertz radiation – also known as submillimeter radiation, terahertz waves, tremendously high frequency (THF), T-rays, T-waves, T-light, T-lux or THz – consists of electromagnetic waves within the International Telecommunication Union-designated band of frequencies from 0.1 to 10 terahertz (THz) (from 0.3 to 3 terahertz (THz) in older texts, which is now called "decimillimetric waves", although the upper boundary is somewhat arbitrary and has been considered by some sources to be 30 THz” (Wikipedia, Terahertz radiation)

Terahertz radiation’s position in the electromagnetic spectrum. It is between microwaves and infrared radiation. This makes them an interesting alternative for radio waves and microwaves in communication and observation tools. The terahertz Doppler-radar, or terahertz lidar. Can be two antennas that orbit each other. This kind of teraherz-doppler system can be the tool. That makes the stealth technology unable to protect things like stealth fighters. 

Or, otherwise saying. Terahertz radiation can hack the stealth technology. Lidar-type terahertz scanners. It can open a new era for stealth and anti-stealth systems. The idea is that. It’s possible to turn those terahertz signals away from the stealth plane. But the use of those systems requires that the aircraft must use active systems. The idea is that the coherent terahertz beam. Will be shot against the terherz lidar. The system should turn the terharz signals away from stealth aircraft. The ground-based system can see that radiation. But another thing is that. Those systems can also have lasers. That reacts to terahertz radiation. The combat laser system sees the target. 

It activates a laser. Or a coherent microwave. That should destroy the terahertz radar. Another thing is that. The terahertz-jammer requires precision terahertz frequencies. The lidar system uses. And that new antenna can make. These types of systems are possible. 

The stealth technology. That focus is only on the radar frequency, which cannot affect the terahertz radiation.  Modern chameleon camouflage. That can make an object blend in with the background. But it is unable. To affect terahertz radiation. This means the terherz-scanner. It can make many of the most effective camouflages. And stealth systems are unable to work. The same systems that detect radio and laser scanners cannot detect terahertz radiation. 

And that’s why this radiation type is used in body scanners, the mission is to uncover hidden weapons under clothes. Terahertz radiation can also be used in communication tools. Terahertz radiation can make the same things. That other electromagnetic waves can do in communication tools. The biggest difference. Between terahertz radiation. And radio transmission is this. Terahertz radiation is harder to disturb. Using electromagnetic fields. This makes the radiation suitable for the next-generation internet.  Terahertz radiation is a promising thing. But a lot of work must be done with those systems. That. They can make the new communication revolution. 

https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-chameleon-camouflage-military-use

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-antenna-breaks-barrier-in-measuring-elusive-terahertz-signals/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_radar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydberg_atom

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terahertz_radiation

Scientists debunk the sterile neutrino theory. But those small particles can play a bigger role in the universe than expected.

“After a decade of precision measurements, scientists have overturned a long-standing theory about a mysterious particle once thought to hide beyond the Standard Model. Using the MicroBooNE experiment’s powerful liquid-argon detector, researchers found no evidence for the elusive sterile neutrino. Credit: Shutterstock” (ScitechDaily, After Decades of Mystery, Scientists Debunk a Major Theory About a Bizarre Particle)

When we think about the missing pieces of the puzzle. Of cosmological models. We can ask: is one of those pieces the neutrino interaction between other particles? 

Neutrinos are small, weakly interacting particles. It interacts via weak interaction and gravity. Those particles can have a bigger role in the universe. Than nobody expected. In some ideas. That may be a neutrino beam. The supernova eruption sends. It can form black holes or neutron stars. The neutrino beam or burst takes all energy from between particles. And that thing makes material fall. Into the form of neutron stars. And singularity. If the star is smaller, and the neutrino burst. It is not as strong. That forms the white dwarf. 

The neutrino beam or flow through particles can deny things like neutron decay in neutron stars. That seems ridiculous. But then we must realize that in extremely high-energy reactions. Neutrino bursts can. Take all the energy. Out of an object. That causes an effect where all electromagnetic interactions lose their effect in matter that forms stars. The neutrino burst is like a thermal pump. It takes energy with it. And that causes the effect that gravity wins. When all energy. Travels out of plasma. That means quantum fields from outside. Travel to the star and press it into an extremely dense form. 

For making that thing, the neutrino beam must have an extremely high density. But theoretically. That thing is possible. 

To exist, the sterile neutrino must form in the neutrino detector or very close to the sensor. When a neutrino travels through the universe. It collects quantum fields on it. Those quantum fields are like spider silk that the neutrino takes with it. So, that means the sterile neutrino should not exist. Another possibility is that neutrinos travel through. Some kind of wormhole.  But there are no sterile neutrinos. 

“The first use of a hydrogen bubble chamber to detect neutrinos, on November 13, 1970. A neutrino hit a proton in a hydrogen atom. The collision occurred at the point where three tracks emanate on the right of the photograph.” (Wikipedia, Neutrino)

But the role of neutrinos in the universe might be bigger than we ever thought. It’s possible that neutrinos or neutrino beams can form so-called quantum dots that can collect matter around them. Those neutrino beams can form a colder point in the matter clouds and energy fields. That can make fields and objects travel to those points. So, neutrinos can have. Quite a big role. In star and planet formation. 

Neutrinos are very small particles that can tunnel through planets. They are among the least reactive particles in the universe. This makes neutrinos interesting. When a neutrino beam travels through some objects. It transports energy out of the object. When the high-power, long-standing neutrino beam travels through objects, it acts like a thermal pump. 

The neutrino that travels. Through material. Then deny the standing wave formation. That means neutrinos can play. Some kind of role in the existence of stars and other things. If something transports energy out of objects. That thing denies the formation of standing waves. That pushes particles. Away from each other. That means those particles can prevent the star from turning into a gas cloud. When its fusion starts. 

Neutrino beams can also have the ability. To make things like sunspots or stellar spots. The last ones are sunspots on other stars. Stellar spots form when the colder point forms in a star’s plasma shell. The spot exists as long as the particle flow transports energy out of it. 

When that particle flow ends, the spot collapses. They form a nuclear reaction that sends plasma eruptions. The massive plasma eruption (MPE) forms. When there is some kind of nuclear reaction deeper in the star’s core. The thing that makes those eruptions mysterious is what launches those energy formations that cause the plasma to escape from stars. 

https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainsneutrinos

https://home.cern/tags/neutrino

https://neutrinos.fnal.gov/whats-a-neutrino/

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/11/251102205023.htm

https://scitechdaily.com/after-decades-of-mystery-scientists-debunk-a-major-theory-about-a-bizarre-particle/

https://scitechdaily.com/tiny-ghost-particles-could-explain-why-the-universe-exists/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunspot