What was first: energy or the Big Bang?

The problem with cosmology is the universe’s size. When we think that gravity stretches light that means that massive objects seem to be at longer distances than they really are. The virtual redshift means that massive objects stretch light waves. And that means we see light as more red because of that effect than it really is. So because gravity stretches light all objects seem to be more red than they are.  When we look at objects from different angles the gravity and curvature of light make images distorted. Black holes pull light waves almost straight. And it's possible. The massive gravity pulls electromagnetic radiation longer so much that the visible light or IR radiation turns straight into radio waves. 

Did photons or energy exist before the Big Bang? The answer is that energy cannot come from anywhere. So there should be some kind of wave movement that focuses on the event where material and energy formed in the form as we know them. When we think of the Big Bang as a series of events that turned material and energy into form as we know them, we must realize that even if the Big Bang was only one single event there could be material that is impossible in our universe. In the just born universe energy level was higher. 

And maybe the higher energy quarks like bottom and top quarks could form short-term material like “hydrogen”. Their top quark and bottom quarks form the “proton” and the muon orbits that structure. Those things are impossible in the modern universe. And those structures vanished just after the Big Bang. Just after the Big Bang formed matter and antimatter. Then those particles and their mirror particles formed giant annihilation. So maybe the asymmetry in the wave-particle duality happened when some event like a primordial black hole pushed a little bit of material away from the antimatter. That great annihilation can form black holes because their energy level is so high. 

There are models of the Big Bang as a series of events, and some astronomers searched the place where that event happened. But there is no visible evidence of that place’s existence. There are theories that maybe some material formed a black hole just after the Big Bang. And that black hole could form the center of the universe. The idea is taken from the nuclear bomb explosions. When the Big Bang happened it pushed material into a ring-shaped structure. 

There formed a massive quantum vacuum or cosmic void in the middle of that ring. Then part of the material could fall back to the point where the Big Bang happened. When we think about models there the Big Bang was a series of events. We can imagine a situation where in the space before the Big Bang two strings or superstrings impacted. That impact formed the ring-shaped string called a photon. That photon started to form a quantum vacuum in it. Then that thing caused an effect where the quantum fields started to focus around that point. Then that energy broke out from that point. 

There are also models where the giant “photon” surrounds our universe whose geometrical shape can be like some kind of flat disk. The normal model says that the photons were formed seconds after the Big Bang. So could photons exist before the Big Bang? That could require the existence of the multiverse. The thing is that if those “photons” existed before the Big Bang I must say that they might have very little thing to do with the modern photons. And maybe the Big Bang began when those things formed. 

In String and Brane-theories the thing that began the Big Bang was the hole that formed in the wave movement before the Big Bang. That hole caused the upper Brane or dimension to fall through the energy bottom and smash with that wave movement. That pushed energy into that point forming the particles and energy. So, particles are droplets from the energy impact that happened a long time ago. 

The expansion of the universe supports superstring theory where the universe exists in the giant superstring. That expansion happens because the universe and material release energy into supersting.  In the newest theory time is the only real thing in the universe. And that means everything happens in and because of time. 

https://www.livescience.com/space/cosmology/did-light-exist-at-the-beginning-of-the-universe

The holographic principle and parallel universe.

"The holographic principle is a property of string theories and a supposed property of quantum gravity that states that the description of a volume of space can be thought of as encoded on a lower-dimensional boundary to the region – such as a light-like boundary like a gravitational horizon." (Wikipedia, Holographic principle)

The holographic principle means that the Universe can be a hologram. The idea is that the crossing energy, or superstrings can cause a scattering effect. That effect breaks those strings into pieces. And then material forms in those points where those strings impact with each other. The thing that causes impacts of those superstrings is the expansion of superstrings. The interesting detail in the holographic principle is that this thing means that photons can turn into quarks. 

Then the holographic principle causes an idea that making those photon clouds denser and shooting light waves crossing each other is a possibility to form material. This model means wave-particle duality, WMD. Wave movement can form material and material can turn into wave movement. And the material is only the reflection, an ultra-dense hologram. The model is that the light beams that crossed each other formed the first particles. When we think that time is the only real thing in the universe and the superstring expands all the time, that thing explains why entropy grows all the time. 

The thing that makes parallel universe theory along with the WMD  one of the most interesting models that we can even imagine. The idea is that new universes can form in the points between those universes where radiation that comes from them touches each other. If radiation that comes from another universe is very weak radiation that comes from our universe pushes that radiation away from our universe. If that radiation slides at the edge of our universe’s plasma and photon halo that means we cannot see that radiation. Same way as the heliosphere turns off much of the radiation and plasma that comes from other stars, our galaxy’s halo and the edge of the universe will push weak signals away. If there are other universes there should be similar plasma impact waves that surround our solar system and our galaxy. 

The thing is this: There is evidence against and supporting parallel- or multiverse. The main thing is that there is not enough evidence of that model. The parallel- and multiverse are not the same thing. A parallel universe means that other universes will be in extra dimensions. And the multiverse means that those universes are in 3D spacetime with our universe. 

The model of holographic principle where crossing superstrings forms “electric arcs” that form universes and material. 

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The evidence that supports and against the multiverse. 

-Cosmic microwave background radiation anomalies: Scientists studying the afterglow of the Big Bang have found strange patterns in space that some believe could be caused by another universe bumping into ours.

-Quantum mechanics experiments: The famous double-slit experiment showed that tiny particles can exist in multiple states at once, which could support the idea of a multiverse.

-Déjà vu and strange phenomena: Some people think that feelings of déjà vu or ghostly encounters could be glimpses of other realities. While this isn’t scientific proof, it’s still a fun idea!

Arguments Against Parallel Universes

-Here are some assumptions that suggest that parallel universes do not exist:

-Lack of direct evidence: So far, we haven’t been able to see or measure parallel universes, making them impossible to confirm.

-Testability issues: For something to be considered scientific, we need to be able to test it. Right now, the idea of a multiverse is more of a theory than a proven fact.

https://scienceandspacenews.com/2025/02/07/are-other-dimensions-real/

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The parallel universe theory where the Big Bang was only one of many similar cases explains things like exotic particles as their source is in some other universe. If we want to make theories about the beginning of space and time we face one thing. The parallel universe theory is only an extension of the Big Bang Theory. If the universe where we live is only one of many universes that doesn’t answer the question of eternal entirety where universes exist and were formed. 

The eternal entirety is the place where the universes form the bubbles or quantum systems where there can be planets but in some universes, there might not be planets or stars. The problem is to prove that theory is in the stars in our universe. Same way as city lights cause light pollution, galaxies, and other objects cause light pollution, if we want to see things outside our universe we must remove all light that covers that very weak radiation that could uncover other universes' existence.

Logically other universes exist like galaxies, and galaxies form local galaxy clusters. Local galaxy clusters form galactic superclusters. So we can say that the universe is the global galaxy cluster that is part of a larger entirety. But then we can ask can we still see everything? The parallel universe is the next logical step to the model that expands all the time. We know many new details about the universe. The multiverse is a simple thing that is hard to prove. But then we can remember. How our worldview increases. 

Before Nicolaus Copernikus people believed that the Earth was the center of the universe. Then Galileo Galilei proved that four moons orbiting Jupiter. After that Hubble proved that the Milky Way is only one of billions of galaxies. Then astronomers found local and superclusters of galaxies. The next thing that astronomers found was the “cosmic web” the largest known megastructure in the universe. And then the new step would be the parallel universe. 

Another universe can exist in our universe, places like black holes. Or it can exist outside our universe. It can form visible or dark matter. And in theory, their time can travel backward. Those universes are things that can be proven in the future. The problem is that the universe covers radiation that comes from other universes if they exist.  The other problem is that we live in a galaxy. Galaxies are ultimately massive objects. They pull dark and visible material around them as halos. 

Those halos form light pollution that the dimmest light cannot pass. The other problem with that thing is that the material between galaxies can be thinner than nobody expected. And if we continue that induction thinking we can think that quantum fields and material between hypothetical multiverse universes is much more thin than nobody even imagined. That means radiation from other universes can be much weaker than we even imagine. 

. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/evidence-parallel-universe/

https://phys.org/news/2025-05-bridging-worlds-physicists-holographic-principle.html

https://phys.org/news/2025-06-theory-dimensions-space-secondary-effect.html

https://scitechdaily.com/is-the-universe-a-hologram-schrodingers-100-year-old-equation-still-holds-the-key/

https://scienceandspacenews.com/2025/02/07/are-other-dimensions-real/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality

The new theory suggests that time is the only thing in the universe.

When the universe expands. The quantum fields inside it turn weaker. That causes energy to flow from the material. There is the possibility to deny that energy flow if something pulls the same energy dose to a particle that is left from its environment. That compensates for energy flow out from the particle. When energy travels into the particle it turns younger. When energy travels out of a particle. It makes it older. If we compensate for energy flow out from particles that raise the energy level difference between the particle and its environment. That causes situations where energy travels faster out from particles when energy pumping stops. And that thing destroys the material. 

We can stop time in particles if we can keep their energy level the same. As you can read from above, that happens by compensating the environment's energy level decrease by pumping as much energy in the particle as lost from its environment. Because energy travels to a lower energy level the energy pump denies particles from sending wave movement. That means when the expansion of the universe decreases the energy level of the quantum field the particle must get the same energy dose from somewhere. There is the possibility that the ball-shaped chamber. Where the system can pump as much energy as lost from its environment and can store the data in quantum mode forever. 

Sometimes we compare time to path. But the problem is that time moves. The expansion of the universe causes a situation where material vaporizes, or turns into wave movement. However, we must also realize that the expansion of the universe is not as easy to model as researchers initially thought. There are theories about cosmic fluid. That means all galaxy superclusters are going in the same direction. And if that is true galaxies and galactic superclusters orbit the same point, the hypothetical center of the universe. 

The other thing is that researchers found the missing material. Most visible and dark materials are in halos around galaxies. But sometimes that material escapes from galaxies. The relativistic jet of the supermassive black holes pushes material out from the galaxy. Same way other galaxies or their black holes steal material from larger galaxies. Black holes do not only pull material in it. Their radiation from the transition disk and relativistic jet push material away. In the same way, radiation from galaxies can also push material clouds from around it. 

Material is not spread homogeneously in the universe. Things like particles are only compressed forms of energy. The material is spread into the cosmic web. 

There is a new theory about 3D time. The idea is taken from some versions of string theory. The idea is that time can basically move only in one direction. When time moves forward that causes expansion in the superstrings and that causes the “electric arcs” that we think of as “Big Bangs”. The key element in those models is that there can be multiple universes and spaces or states of wave movement internally. 

This is one of the things that makes the time an interesting thing. There can be universes where time travels backward. The idea is that those other, still hypothetical universes can pull material or energy into them. And then if that really happens and those other universes don’t expand that means energy density, or energy level in those universes rise. And then that means material turns younger in those other, still hypothetical universes. 

The new theory says that time has three axles. (X, Y, Z) like in space. Time is like a tube where the roof is the top of the “Y”-axle. The bottom of the Y axle is the bottom of the tube. The tube expands all the time. And that causes material vaporization or turning into wave movement. That causes quantum fog or photon clouds. That prevents us from seeing the future and limits our possibility to see the past. 

But time is the force. Where all other events and phenomena happen. The past and future, or X-axle time are quite easy to understand. But Y and Z axle times are harder to understand. That means there can be “up” and “down” time. Those “up” and “down” times are energy maximum and energy minimum. 

If that thing is possible that makes time travel or information teleportation back in time “easier than we thought”. Making that thing can happen by going in “up” or “down” time. How can we describe that thing? Maybe we can say that time is like a river. The surface of the river is the “up” time. And the bottom of the river is “down” time.  When material travels in time it releases wave movement. And that thing causes a scattering effect. When material releases energy or wave movement that thing denies energy flow against the time. There are also whirls in time. In those whirls that we see as black holes, time can move backward. 

And flow near shores are the “edges of the time”. So how can we put information travel back in time? How to swim against the flow? We must go to places where time moves slower. If we want to travel back to flow we must not try from the middle of the flow. We must try to be near the bottom or near the shores. In those points, river flow is as slow as possible. When we travel to the energy minimum the energy flow from the material is as slow as possible. 

https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/XMM-Newton/The_models_were_right_astronomers_find_missing_matter

https://phys.org/news/2025-06-theory-dimensions-space-secondary-effect.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

Gravitons, photons, and string theory.

Above: A spiral galaxy is actually a material disk around a supermassive black hole. 

If a graviton is the black hole in the middle of a photon that thing is a small but very powerful particle. When we look at the black holes in the universe we can see that those phenomena pull material into them from extremely large areas. The Sagittarius A’s size is about the same as the solar system. But it forms a spiral galaxy around it. 

That means that if the photon is a structure that is formed around the quantum-size black hole, that means the quantum black hole could be the graviton, the missing gravitation transmitting particle. But that particle is extremely small if we compare it with a photon. In this model, the photon is an energy ring that locks that quantum black hole into its form. That means photons are the energy field that denies the quantum black hole explosion. 

Or if the superstring or string theory is true we can say that if a photon is lost. That pushes a black hole into that superstring. An energy field that falls behind it impacts the superstring. In string theory, superstrings form all particles and energy fields. Those strings can be like rings, or they can be very long lines. And that means those 2D strings form everything. 

The idea is that the hypothetical superstring that the photon surrounds acts like a thermal pump that puts energy flow away from that point. 

"A new theory, that explains how light and matter interact at the quantum level has enabled researchers to define for the first time the precise shape of a single photon. Credit: Dr. Benjamin Yuen" (ScitechDaily, Quantum Leap: Scientists Reveal the Shape of a Single Photon for the First Time)

The question is how can that thing form? The answer could be in the Kugelblitz black hole. The black hole can form from energy or from superstrings. The idea is that the photon that we see is an energy ring around the superstring. When the energy that comes out starts to push that string in that point, that makes energy move in and on that string. Superstring can be thinner than quark. But it can be as long as the diameter of the universe. So, when the energy level in that point starts to rise it puts energy to move out from that point. The rising energy level at that point puts energy moving faster at that superstring. 

That thing starts to pull energy out from that point so fast that all wave movement goes with that thing. In this model, the photon is the impact field around the superstring that cannot take all energy away from that point. The photon is the energy field that outcomes energy locks around the energy hill that makes energy move in the superstring. This means the black holes are like extremely powerful thermal pumps that make energy flow away from the point where they are so fast that quantum fields around them start to travel to that point with such high speed that light or any other wave movement cannot escape from that point. 

When we think that a photon is the ring-shaped energy field around some kind of superstring, the next question is how that superstring turns into a supermassive black hole. That happens when those superstrings are starting to tie around each other like a rope. That kind of thing can form extremely large black holes. But the requirement is that those structures must not let energy away from them. So maybe at least large-size Kugelblitz black holes cannot form in the modern universe. There is so much free space or surrounding quantum fields are so weak that the rope-shaped structure of superstrings will be broken. 

The black hole is in the interaction between it and its environment. Outcoming energy or quantum fields press that structure together. And in the young universe, those quantum fields were much stronger than in our universe. They pressed those superstrings together. And that means it's possible that in the very young universe the Kugelblitz black holes formed before material. That is one way to think about the most interesting phenomenon in the universe. Proving that thing requires proving string theory. And that is not an easy thing. 

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

The eternal question is: which came first, material or black holes?

"An illustration (not to scale) of a primordial black hole growing to supermassive size. (Image credit: Robert Lea (created with Canva))" (Space.com, Tiny ‘primordial’ black holes created in the Big Bang may have rapidly grown to supermassive sizes)

If Kugelblitz- or black holes formed of radiation could be possible that explains how black holes could form before materia. In a very young universe, there was only radiation and energy. The thing that causes discussions is the question of which came first, black holes or regular material. 

And did those primordial black holes form even before photons? Theoretically, it is possible to press a photon into a black hole by surrounding it with a thin energy string. If that energy string or energy lasso pumps enough energy to the photon it can turn into a small black hole. There is another possibility that allows that black hole to form straight from radiation. 

That thing is that it’s possible that the radiation forms the energy pool. That large low-energy space can cause a situation where energy falls into the middle of it. That fallen energy impacts in the middle of that point. And there, the energy level rises so high, that there is a black hole. Theoretically, those Kugelblitz black holes are possible but they need lots of energy. And maybe those things could form in the young universe where the energy level was higher. But they cannot form in the modern universe, except in special situations where two black holes explode near each other. That can cause so high energy radiation that it can from the Kugelblitz.  

In models, photons are wheel-shaped energy fields. There is a possibility that photons can form from “emptiness”. Or if two quantum fields impact each other they can form photons. And it's possible that some systems can press photons into the small, quantum-sized black hole. The photon itself is like some donut, so that causes the theorem that the graviton, the hypothetical gravitation transmitter particle, could be a quantum-size black hole that is in the middle of the photon. So if the graviton is in the middle of the photon, we can make an induction model, where dark matter could be gravitons or quantum black holes without that halo. 

The cosmic vacuum can also form light. The idea is that the vacuum makes energy travel into that bubble. When that energy field impacts the vacuum’s wall, it turns those fields into light. So the light is the wave movement that forms in the impacts of those quantum fields. It’s like noise that forms when water flow impacts the water surface. 

Primordial black holes could form straight from radiation that escaped from the Big Bang. 

In this case, the event called Big Bang means the event or series of events that formed the universe as we know it. That even could be some kind of black hole explosion or something else that made energy move. When that event happened it sent radiation across the space. Then a little bit of that radiation or superstrings that formed the radiation turned around. That caused the superstring to turn around some other radiation packages. And that caused the energy level to rise at that point. 

If photons existed in that time, the radiation string that surrounded the photon could start to pump energy into it. And that could form the first black hole. There was more radiation and the energy level in the young universe was far higher than in the modern universe. So if something formed the primordial black hole that thing will get more energy than black hole that exists in the modern universe. And that means even the primordial black holes could grow into enormous size faster than in the modern universe. 

Researchers are really interested in things like Kugelblitz black holes. Those things can offer a new way to transport information. They can form the other side in the superpositioned and entangled particle pairs. But those may be microscopic black holes that offer new types of energy sources. They can also offer the possibility to see details of the subatomic particles by benefiting those black hole jets. The fact is that those black holes can be very stable if outside energy cannot let energy flow away from that point. 

https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a65046120/light-from-nothing/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://www.space.com/astronomy/black-holes/tiny-primordial-black-holes-created-in-the-big-bang-may-have-rapidly-grown-to-supermassive-sizes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

The fifth force can hide in atoms.

"The Standard Model of physics doesn't account for everything we see. (ScienceAlert)

Researchers hunt for the fifth force. It is possible that the fifth force is the mirror gravitation. The idea comes from gravity’s special nature.  Gravity has no repelling effect, so can the mythical fifth force have only a repelling effect. And could that force be the key to understanding why electrons don’t fall to the atom’s nucleus? In that new model, the fifth force is the interaction between neutrons and the atom’s electron shells or electrons. 

In this model, the interaction between electron and proton and electron and neutron are separated. The fifth force could explain why dark matter became more dominating than visible material, but why does dark matter have only gravitational interaction with visible material? 

There is a possibility that the fifth force’s origin is in the subatomic particles like quarks or neutrons. If a particle looks like a whisk it can collect energy or wave movement from its environment.  So-called superstrings form that structure. That causes oscillation and that oscillation sends energy waves to the middle of the particle. When those strings oscillate they send wave movement in both directions in and out from particles. That packs energy into the particle until it can break itself out. 

There are four fundamental forces that we know. 

1 Gravity

2 Electromagnetism

3 Weak nuclear force

4 Strong nuclear force. 

So where should researchers look for the fifth force? One of the most promising places would be in atoms. Researchers know the electromagnetic interaction that is the interaction between an atom's nucleus and its electron core. But the interaction between positive protons and negative electrons has the dominating effect on that thing. The missing interaction is the interaction between neutrons and electrons. Neutrons are neutral particles. They have N and S poles and that makes a model where wave movement with N-polarity hits a neutron's S pole possible. Some kind of wave movement can leave from the neutron's equator. 

In that model, a neutron collects or focuses quantum fields from protons and then that energy flow causes radiation to the particle’s equator. The thing that makes the fifth force interesting is that force could be missing gravity’s pushing effect. An interesting thing is that gravity has no pushing effect. So the fifth force can be the missing “antigravity”. There is also another interesting detail in the neutron’s structure. Those particles exist only about 15 minutes (880 sec.) outside the atom. 

That thing means that it’s possible that the “fifth force” blows neutrons. There are only three quarks in a neutron. The higher energy down quarks-pair and one up quark. Energy flows from down quarks to up quarks. That can form the situation that the energy stretches a quantum field around those quarks. And that can cause vaporization in quarks. But when we observe atoms we must remember that we see them as entirety. We see all of those four fundamental interactions. And that means if we want to see the fifth force we must filter maybe all other forces away. 

All fundamental interactions have their own transmitter particle. They all have the wave movement form that wavelength depends on the size of the transmitter particle. So theoretically we could transform gravity straight to the electromagnetic wave movement if we have the right particle. The gravity wave is the energy ditch that travels in the universe. When that energy ditch faces a particle it pulls a little bit of energy out from the particle. That energy is the wave movement that is possible to catch. This is one of the things that can revolutionize our way of thinking about material. 

https://www.sciencealert.com/a-fifth-force-of-nature-may-have-been-discovered-inside-atoms

Can entropy form gravity?

The entropic system can have a gravity effect. But the system itself cannot form anything visible. Gravitation surrounds all objects in the universe. The idea of quantum gravitation is that the gravitation is the sum of all particles of the system. There is a possibility that if extremely high energy objects form the swarming entirety they cannot form visible structure. The swarming particles can form a thing called entropic gravitation. But is it possible that entropy is the thing that forms gravity? In some theories the WIMPs weakly interacting massive particles are some kind of swarming versions of the particles. 

When certain types of particles swarm like dust and pull energy inside them that thing causes a situation where it forms a pothole in the quantum field. That causes an energy flow that tries to fill that point. But those spinning particles in that particle cloud bind all energy into themselves. The particles act like dust clouds but they cannot form bigger objects, because energy waves push and pull them back and forth. Those particles have no time to create bonds. We cannot see those particles because energy flows in one direction. 

That means we cannot see them. Without reflection, particles are invisible. And if that happens that explains why we cannot see graviton-particles,  the hypothetical gravity transmitter. There is the possibility that a graviton is a fast-spinning particle that conducts energy to the spin axle where it forms a similar beam as black holes. But that beam is very thin. If that thin beam travels through the particles it might not cause strong changes in their energy fields. The beam can stretch that energy field. But it doesn't cause strong oscillation. The oscillation can be like waves in the particle's quantum field. If a particle makes wave movement flow across its surface it is invisible to the observer. 

Same way if particles bind quantum fields into them there is a possibility that the fast-swarming particles can form a channel between two objects. If there swarming particles between two objects that form a channel the particles cannot create resistance. The idea is quite similar in cases where the soap goes in water. That causes a situation in which water loses its surface tension. So this point or channel acts like some kind of vacuum between those particles or objects. 

There is one form or vision of the quantum stealth systems that can change games. Decrease the laser beam effect. That thing is based on the idea that energy can form waves that travel on the system shell travel in one direction. That means that those waves can push quantum fields around that object in one direction or with them. That thing makes it possible to aim reflection in some other direction than to the observer. The idea is that the energy wave travels on the object shell and pushes wave movement in one direction. Same way in regular antennas the wave that travels on the antenna's shell pumps informative radio waves into some direction. 

There is the possibility that entropic gravity forms when energy flows over a particle's shell or its quantum fields. If those waves from particles impact with other energy waves that come from other particles in the system. That can create quantum dots that push those particles away from each other. 

The idea of entropic gravity is interesting. When we think about rising entropy in the system we can make a model where the entropy grows also in the most dense objects in the universe. So the densest objects in the universe involve so huge entropy that is packed in the small point that it makes a similar effect as the cosmic vacuum or extreme void in the universe. Entropy gravity means that a large group of particles swarm and pull energy out from some point. The swarming particles can pull entire points empty or bind all quantum fields into themselves. 

So because particles swarm like some kind of dust in the room they cannot form any kinds of visible objects. And that can also explain why gravity behaves like it behaves. When we think about things like cosmic nebulas there is lots of entropy in the system. If that thing falls into a black hole there is a possibility that the entropy, or number of entropic particles is the same. But the movement, or entropic area is smaller. That means the particles that form gravity oscillate in the smaller area. That means the relation between entropy out- and inside that system is the same. 

https://phys.org/news/2016-12-verlinde-theory-gravity.html

https://www.quantamagazine.org/is-gravity-just-entropy-rising-long-shot-idea-gets-another-look-20250613/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic_gravity

The solution for hypersonic flight and space planes: rocket ramjet.

The answer to the problem of how to ignite the ramjet is the rocket ramjet. The system allows engineers to make the space plane. The aircraft that can operate the atmosphere and orbiter. 

The biggest problem with ramjet engines is the pressure. The engine itself doesn’t have moving parts. That means the aircraft that uses a ramjet engine must fly about Mach 1 so that the airflow into the engine can create pressure and heat that ignites the fuel-air mixture. There are introduced things like the rocket-ramjet hybrid system that uses an iris at the front of the engine. When an aircraft stands on the runway the system uses internal oxygen and fuel. The iris will be closed and the engine acts as a rocket engine. 

When the aircraft reaches Mach 1 the iris will be open and the internal oxygen injection ends. At that speed air that comes from the front of the engine can maintain burning. However, it is possible. The system uses pressurized air at the beginning of the flight. The system can store air in pressure bottles and then the same pumping system that is used for pure oxygen can transfer that air from the bottle to the engine. 

Above: Regular ramjet. 

The diagram of the ramjet engine that uses separated superchargers. The iris is open. 

The system can transfer air to the ramjet engine using centrifugal superchargers. That system allows aircraft to ignite ramjet engines at runways. There is a possibility that a rocket ramjet that turns the ramjet into a rocket engine can beat even a scramjet. If the compressor system can inject air to the combustion chamber at a speed that is higher than Mach 6 that system allows it to operate at higher speed and altitudes than traditional air-breathing ramjet and scramjet systems. The idea is that the system can take air and oxygen from the atmosphere but it conducts that oxygen to the engine in different ways than regular ramjets. 

The compressor system can fill those bottles with air, and then the engine system injects that air into the rocket ramjet chamber with fuel. The system can use hydrogen as fuel, which allows the system to ignite that fuel easier than kerosine. The system can also use an electric arc to ignite the fuel. The electric arc can be formed around the pressurizer cone that creates the pressure wave in the ramjet engine. The system can also use oxygen straight from the air. That means the system can replace those pressure bottles with centrifugal compressors. Those high-power compressors can be on both sides of the engine. Then they pump air at a very high speed from the front against the cone. 

Then, the hydrogen (or a hydrocarbon, such as kerosene) can be injected into the combustion chamber. If the iris at the front of the engine is closed, that system makes it possible to start and lift off the hypersonic aircraft straight from the runways. When the aircraft turns to move faster, that system opens the iris at the front of the engine. Then it can close the airflow to the compressor. If that kind of aircraft also had internal oxygen storage it could fly to space and operate at the orbital trajectory. The system can also dive into the atmosphere and utilize atmospheric air in its mission. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

Could the universe expand faster-than-light during cosmic inflation?

In the cosmic inflation model is the statement that the gravity turned opposite in the Big Bang. That means the energy level in the very early universe was raised higher than its environment. The energy minimum was far higher than in the modern universe. And entropy was lower. It’s possible to eliminate the gravity wave that is the energy ditch by decreasing the energy level lower than the bottom of the gravity wave. Or lower than the energy minimum in the universe. Only time in history that this thing happened was the birth of the universe. 

When the universe turned cooler and the material formed there formed multiple gravity centers that formed the gravity turbulence. Before the first particles formed gravity waves traveled in straight lines. The growing entropy made space between those gravity waves. And turned them into curves. If straight horizontal gravity waves are possible that makes energy valley there particles can travel. That kind of gravity wave can pump energy to a particle that travels in it. 

The key element in cosmic inflation is somewhere in the history of the early universe: it expanded faster than light. And how that is possible. When material erupted from the Big Bang there was nothing that could slow that event. There is a possibility that the entire universe’s energy level including gravity waves were above the energy level around that event. So if the entire universe was at a higher energy level that means there was only a pushing effect that pushed material away. Because there was no scattering or other things and energy traveled in straight lines there were situations where nothing pulled energy out from that radiation. 

And then that thing made it possible for particles to cross the speed of light. Otr they crossed the speed of light in the modern universe. As we know, the speed of light is relative. It depends on the medium, where it travels. Without scattering there was no effect that pulled energy out from the first photons. So can the universe still expand faster than the speed of light. The fact is that if there is nothing outside the universe that means there is nothing that can limit the photon’s speed. Except only known photons come from our universe. 

And that means the gravity effect behind those photons slows them. But there is a theoretical situation where gravity can turn opposite. That situation is that the environment’s energy level turns lower than the energy level at the bottom of the gravity wave. This effect eliminates gravity. So, that means that in the very young universe gravity turned opposite. The reason for that is that the universe’s entire energy level was higher than its environment. And that is the only known theoretical situation. 

If we think possibility that the universe expansion causes gravity wave ahead the universe, that requires quantum field outside the universe. That means the energy ditch surrounds the material bubble that we call the universe. If the energy ditch is deeper at the front of the structure it pulls that structure forward. If there is an energy ditch only at the front of the structure, the force of the energy ditch at the back of the particle will not disturb its acceleration. When a particle or any other structure moves it binds energy into itself. That thing causes an energy ditch at the front of the particle. The energy ditch will fill sooner or later. And that causes that particle to slow. Differences between energy levels behind and forward of the particle determines its speed or acceleration. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_inflation

Cosmic inflation doesn’t violate energy conservation.

"History of the Universe – gravitational waves are hypothesized to arise from cosmic inflation, a phase of accelerated expansion just after the Big Bang". (Wikipedia, Cosmic inflation)

“The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be conserved over time. In the case of a closed system, the principle says that the total amount of energy within the system can only be changed through energy entering or leaving the system. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it can only be transformed or transferred from one form to another”.(Wikipedia, Conservation of energy)

“For instance, chemical energy is converted to kinetic energy when a stick of dynamite explodes. If one adds up all forms of energy that were released in the explosion, such as the kinetic energy and potential energy of the pieces, as well as heat and sound, one will get the exact decrease of chemical energy in the combustion of the dynamite.” (Wikipedia, Conservation of energy)

The fact is that energy can change in the closed system if the system changes its form. So if a closed system expands there is less energy for filling the space that turns larger or smaller. The idea is similar to putting a balloon filled with water in a vacuum chamber. That system expands the balloon when the pressure decreases. So cosmic inflation means that there is less energy compared to space when space expands. The expansion is interaction. When pressure outside the system decreases the outside pressure presses it into its form. And otherwise, internal pressure pushes the system larger.

When the system’s size grows but the gas atom’s number in the system is the same, expansion decreases the power of the internal system. Energy acts in a similar way as gas. 

That doesn’t mean that the energy of the water decreases compared to outside because the difference between pressure levels stays the same. And quantum fields or energy act like water. So if we compare energy to gas or water expanding space means that pressure in the system decreases, but in the same way, differences in pressure levels in and out of the system are always relatively the same. 

If we push that ball we can increase pressure inside it. That means it's possible to affect energy density or energy strength by changing the system’s size. But the main question about the universe is this: Is the universe itself a closed system that recycles energy? Or does the universe leak, which means that the wave movement escapes from the universe faster than the universe expands? 

The universe itself is not any vacuum chamber. The space outside the universe is enormous. Or maybe it is infinite. That means there should be no resistance against the universe and its expansion from outside. But inside the universe, gravity pulls particles and wave movement back to the center of that thing. 

"In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation, cosmological inflation, or just inflation, is a theory of exponential expansion of space in the very early universe. Following the inflationary period, the universe continued to expand, but at a slower rate. The re-acceleration of this slowing expansion due to dark energy began after the universe was already over 7.7 billion years old (5.4 billion years ago." (Wikipedia, Cosmic inflation)

Above: The model of cosmic inflation. 

When the universe started to freeze, material formed that bound energy into particles. That formed space between those particles. When energy bound into material there was less free energy and that turned energy between material objects chaotic. Material is like ice bites in water. Material is one energy form. But when energy turns into material that is away from free energy. 

When we think about closed systems we must realize that those systems involve multiple internal systems. In the universe, the system is not homogenous. There are many energy levels in the universe. Materia is one energy form or densely packed energy. We must send an energy impulse to the system so that we can release energy that is stored in the material. When energy is packed in the atom or subatomic particles or bonds between atoms that energy is away from somewhere. There is a lot of energy in the universe. 

But because the universe is not endless there are limited energy resources. The thing that destroys the system is free energy. Free energy is energy that is not bound to material. And that energy causes oscillation. When we use energy we simply bind free energy into material. Materia itself is a denser form of energy. When the universe expands quantum fields in the universe turn weaker. 

That causes a situation where energy flows faster away from material and sooner or later, the material turns into wave movement. That means that the free energy in the system increases. And that causes the entropy in the system to increase. Free space in the system means that energy flows to that empty space. Energy must flow all the time. And it always travels to a lower energy level. The universe’s expansion means that the free energy state in the universe rises and rips material into pieces. That realizes energy that is stored in the material. 

So energy doesn't vanish. It just changes its form and power. But energy and information themselves are infinite. They cannot vanish. They can just turn denser or they can turn less dense. And that means there is no death in the quantum world. Energy is information and information can change its form but it cannot vanish. It can turn so weak that it's hard to see. Or it can take the form that we cannot understand. It can be so chaotic that we cannot separate and interconnect those bites into their original form. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/cosmic-inflation-violate-energy-conservation/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_inflation

Time reflection: can we see the future?

 

"A wormhole visualized as a two-dimensional surface. Route (a) is the shortest path through normal space between points 1 and 2; route (b) is a shorter path through a wormhole." (Wikipedia, Wormhole)

When we think about the tunneling effect, that means that when particles hit things like potential walls they get more energy from that wall. That increases their speed. If those particles hit the wall in the tube or in an energy tornado that forces other particles to follow them. That effect can pull those other particles into faster movement. So sooner or later. That creates electromagnetic suction. And if that suction is strong enough, it can sustain as long as the structure like an electromagnetic tornado denies that channel filling. The time reflection requires four-dimensional spacetime. 

Time moves from the past to the future. Energy levels were higher in the past because of the universe’s expansion. And that is one of the reasons why we cannot see into the future. 

Time reflection is the thing that can change our understanding of physics. The time reflection means that the wave hits things like a mirror and that turns their course to the opposite. So time reflection means that information comes back from the future. The problem is that the past is at a higher energy level than the future. When some information travels for a long time and reflects back we can get all the information that the information beam stores. But the problem is that we cannot keep that information in the form. 

So in normal space information will turn chaotic and we cannot return its form. The thing that makes black holes an interesting phenomenon is that it transports information to the future. The black hole is like the channel or quantum tornado that drills itself through spacetime. The black hole makes the gravitational pothole through time, and the reason for why we cannot get information back from the future is that the information that comes from the past pushes that information back. If the information were water, we can think of the black hole and wormhole as the tube that goes from the bottom of the water tank to the future. 

The wormhole is a theoretical energy tornado that connects two places through spacetime. The white hole is the theoretical point where the wormhole ends. If we want to use a wormhole to transport information in any direction we should remove turbulence. If there is whirling that breaks information. In a wormhole, the object cannot release its energy and that’s why it will not turn older. The time reflection means that it's possible to send information into the past. But that information must keep its form. 

In that energy channel, all radiation and objects travel at the same speed. And that causes an interesting theorem. If a particle travels through a wormhole the difference between energy levels in a particle and its environment goes very high. And that causes fast energy flow from the particle to the environment. That energy flow rips particles apart. The problem with wormholes and white holes is that those effects are not fully confirmed. Black holes are one version of the wormholes. 

In theories, the white hole is the end of the wormhole. The white hole is the point where a wormhole or energy bridge across the universe and spacetime ends. To make information travel backward in the Einstein-Rosen bridge we should push the white hole back through the wormhole. In a wormhole, the particle travels in an energy channel that denies it to deliver energy. Theoretically, that means energy locks into that particle. So when an object comes from a hypothetical wormhole, it delivers energy so fast that it rips that particle in pieces. If we ever can travel in time that means that we cannot step out from our time machine. 

The idea of time travel is that the object cannot release its energy. Or the system locks energy to that object. One of the forms of time is energy. The expansion of the universe means that the energy level in the universe decreases. And if we lock energy in some object and wait too long, that means the difference in energy levels in the universe and time-traveling objects rises very high. That causes a situation where energy flows out from objects so fast that it causes destruction. 

So, what if we want to bring information from the future to the past? The idea is that the system creates a wormhole to the future. And then it must turn the wormhole’s future side into a higher energy level than the past. In wormholes energy and information travel from the higher to lower level. 

That requires that in the future the high energy point that raises the energy level at the end of the wormhole could be the white hole so high that it can send information against the information flow that travels in the wormhole when the information starts to travel back into the wormhole that causes resistance. When something changes direction in the information flow that causes a similar pressure wave as water starts to flow in the tube. And this can break the wormhole. The system must press information against the natural information flow. 

The information flow must be strong enough that it can push information that comes from the past back to where it came from. And then the energy flow must be stable enough that information can keep its form. The turbulence is the thing that denies us to see the farthest objects. Whirls and chaos are things that put information out of order. 

https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a63979764/time-reflections-real/

https://www.sustainability-times.com/research/scientists-confirm-the-impossible-time-reflections-are-real-shattering-the-boundaries-of-physics-and-human-understanding/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-symmetry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Galaxies from the dawn of the universe tell how material is formed in the universe.

"Six images of galaxies taken from nearly 800,000, from upper left to lower right: the present-day universe, and 3, 4, 8, 9, and 10 billion years ago. Credit: M. Franco / C. Casey / COSMOS-Web collaboration" (ScitechDaily, When the Universe Broke the Rules: Webb Spots “Impossible” Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn)

Before stars start to form there must be some gravity center. Then that gravity center started to pull hydrogen or hydrogen ions into that point. The reionization where cosmic radiation pushes electrons out from an atom's orbitals is an interesting thing. There must be some kind of source for that radiation. And in some models the Big Bang caused shine. That caused reflection from those atoms causing that reionization. 

There is a possibility that in the young universe’s quantum field formed some kind of turbulence or whirls that pulled hydrogen ions against each other. There must be a lot of material that the fusion starts in those hydrogen stars. When we say that those first stars burn hydrogen to helium we forget one thing. In the fusion tests. Systems deuterium and tritium. Those heavy isotopes of hydrogen consist of one proton and one neutron (deuterium), or one proton and two neutrons (tritium). In Helium 3 is one neutron and two protons. So, which formed first, deuterium, tritium or Helium 3?

The “impossible” galaxies from the young universe give a view to material advance. Those very early galaxies give data about the theorem that dark matter can form visible material or even wobble between visible material and dark matter states. Those young galaxies tell about the interaction between dark and visible material. And they can offer an answer to the question, can the weakly interacting massive particle, WIMP be some “real” particle, or can it be a whirl in some quantum field? And that means the dark matter could be some kind of turbulence in some quantum field. 

"Researchers propose that early elliptical galaxies may be responsible for a significant portion of the cosmic microwave background, potentially undermining the Big Bang’s most trusted evidence. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Rewriting Cosmology: New Calculations Shake Foundations of the Big Bang Theory)

But everything is open until astronomers and physicists find the first sign of the mysterious WIMP. Dark matter is one of the biggest mysteries in the universe. It's a gravity effect without any source. In new models, it is possible that the gravity field can form the turbulence or whirl in that field. And if the whirl in the gravity field increases its power. Theoretically, packed gravitational fields can form even a black hole. In that case, the gravity waves that impact each other form a situation where the gravity pothole turns deeper and deeper Until even light cannot escape from there. 

And that closes the past universe partially away from theory where a detonated black hole formed the universe. There is a possibility that the black hole or Kugelblitz black hole formed straight from energy fields interaction and then that detonated black hole formed the event called the Big Bang. And then again, where did those gravity waves come from?

But we know that dark matter has a role in the galaxies. If dark matter doesn’t act as glue that means galaxies must rotate slower and stars should be closer to each other so that the structure stays in its form. Some galaxies have no dark matter. And some of them have. And that means dark matter is similar to visible material because it can form structures. But the dark matter form is a mystery. There is a possibility that WIMPs are like quasiparticles. One suggestion is that WIMP is like an exciton. 

In an exciton, the electron starts to orbit its own hole. So if that electron hole turns deep enough it could pull all reflection from the particle that orbits it into that hole. It is theoretically possible that the dark matter particle or WIMP is the miniature black hole that some other particle orbits. In some models, it is possible that one of three quarks can jump out from baryons. That leaves holes in the baryon structure and that can cause an effect where that baryon starts to wave or wobble. But those models are purely theoretical. 

https://scitechdaily.com/rewriting-cosmology-new-calculations-shake-foundations-of-the-big-bang-theory/

https://scitechdaily.com/when-the-universe-broke-the-rules-webb-spots-impossible-galaxies-at-cosmic-dawn/

 

Why is turbulence so important?

"The sky depicted in Vincent van Gogh's 1889 painting, The Starry Night has been studied for its turbulent flow"(Wikipedia, Turbulence)

“In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to laminar flow, which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers with no disruption between those layers”. (Wikipedia, Turbulence)

When aircraft or laser beams travel through the gas it pushes particles away from it. Turbulence forms in the border between energy or two materials that have different densities. Turbulence forms on the aircraft wings when some air molecules touch the wing. That forms the whirl and when the aircraft moves ahead it pumps kinetic energy to those whirls. There are vertical and horizontal whirls and when they cross that causes oscillation. When crossing whirls pump energy into each other they start to oscillate the aircraft’s material. 

The whirl can form only in cases where there is a higher energy wall between low-energy or low-pressure fields. The idea is that the outcoming gas cannot break the whirl. The whirl can start to grow until the outcoming gas or energy breaks it. If things like laser beams travel through the gas that forms two whirls around that beam. The whirl also delivers energy inside it. And it can remain until incoming energy breaks it. Or outcoming energy destroys that structure. We call that thing turbulence. If some algorithms that can calculate turbulence are possible that thing can make a big advance for hypersonic aviation and plasma research. 

Turbulence is one of the most important things that we must control and predict. Turbulence, or chaotic whirling is the thing that makes it hard to create hypersonic jet engines. Turbulence is the thing that breaks plasma entirely in fusion systems. When We think about things like ramjet and scramjet engines the whirl that comes behind the dam makes the pressure wave that makes the pressure and heat barrier that ignites fuel breaks the fuel-air mixture shape. The dam is the cone-shaped structure in the ramjet engine. 

And that limits the use of the ramjet engine between Mach 1 and Mach 6. It is not possible to create the structure that connects the ramjet and scramjet engines using conventional methods. (Maybe) There is a test of thin wires at the front of the scramjet. The problem is that those things make the low-pressure area behind them. They look a little bit like fish. And when those pressure waves impact that causes whirls in the engine. 

Ramjet

Scramjet

The thing that limits ramjet speed is the turbulence behind the ramjet’s compression cone. The scramjet engine uses a different shape in the cone. Researchers tried to connect those shapes. But that is very hard to make. So in some ideas, the aircraft uses different turbojets, ramjets, and scramjets. The aircraft will accelerate to Mach 1 using regular turbojets. Then the ramjet system ignites. When the aircraft’s speed is high enough the scramjet engine starts. That allows the plane to operate from regular runways. And it gives it an extremely high speed. 

There is a possibility to create a cone that pulls itself away from the front of the engine. The system can share that cone structure into four bites that the system pulls away from the ramjet, and then the scramjet acts as the afterburner for that system. If the system can remove ramjet's cone it makes it possible to connect the scramjet behind the ramjet. That system can make it possible to create aircraft that can travel with speed Mach 12 and higher. The rocket ramjet means the rocket engine that uses atmospheric air while the aircraft travels in the air, and when it jumps out from the atmosphere that system can close the iris at the front of the ramjet. Then the oxygen-fuel mixture will burn in the engine. That turns to using the internal oxygen source. 

However, we can also consider turbulence and nuclear fusion. The problem in the plasma is that there is forming empty space or a difference between energy levels. The problem is that the lasers cannot push plasma using the same force at all points. If somebody creates a laser that inputs energy to the plasma by using a beam that covers the entire plasma ring that would be a big advance. It is also possible to create anion plasma in the fusion system. And then the ions will inject that plasma ring homogeneously from the entire length of the plasma. 

If the ignition happens homogeneously in the entire plasma that could make the system more stable. The problem with that system is with magnets. The same system that presses anions to the ring pulls ions away. If the system uses laser points, it creates energy hills within the system, which form a situation where the laser beams make whirls inside the plasma. The problem is in the one or mono-polar plasma. 

Particles in ion plasma repel each other. And there are small points where the magnetic system cannot press that plasma with the same power. That point is the connection point of magnets. Those points cause waves in the plasma where those particles will jump away from each other because of electromagnetic repel. That makes space in the plasma ring. And that space allows the form of the whirls. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/new-superdiffusion-proof-probes-the-mysterious-math-of-turbulence-20250516/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

String theory is one of the hardest theories to prove.

String theory is a theoretical framework. That connects quantum mechanics to general relativity. 

Can we ever prove string theory? And if we can, what can we do with that thing? String theory is one of the most important cosmological theories. The idea in this theory is simple. All material, space, and time are formed of superstrings. Superstrings are energy lines that can travel in space and time. The other model is that superstrings are actually small energy tornadoes or wormholes. This is a very interesting way to close the reality and spacetime complexity. 

There is also the smallest possible superstring, the so-called quantum superstring is the thinnest possible unit in the complicated structure called spacetime. In string theory, there are at least 10 dimensions. Every string is an independent dimension. And energy flows or crossing energy flows in and between those strings create particles. 

Energy can flow in those strings and in superstring theory, the thing that causes the universe's expansion and material evaporation is negative gravity. The idea is that energy. That causes the universe's expansion to come from the superstrings. The superstring can have weaknesses or leaks in its structure. And that makes wave movement leak out from the energy channel. Also, energy travels in those energy channels. Makes them oscillate. That causes resonance in the entire universe. 

Superstrings make us see the future. (If they exist)

The idea is that those superstrings are like optical wires that bring information from a long distance. The thing is that those spinning quantum tornadoes act like Tipler cylinders. The fast-spinning energy tornadoes cause very strong time dilation in them. They input energy into information that stops time in those superstrings. The superstring can transmit information across time. And if the end of the superstring can rise to a higher energy level than the past, that makes it possible that information can travel from the future to the past. 

The past is always at a higher energy level than the future. So, if we want to bring information from the far future we must raise the energy level at the end of the superstring higher. The energy level determines how far to the past the information can travel. And of course, the main problem would be turning the energy flow direction. Then the energy level at the end of the string must be so high that the energy flow can keep it open. 

Superstrings also offer an unlimited energy source to us. 

If the superstrings can transmit information from the past to the present and future they offer an unlimited energy source. There is the possibility that by using extremely fast spinning plates it is possible to pull the superstring open. The spinning plate pulls energy out from the environment and that opens the superstring. If the superstring is long enough. It can bring energy to the shortcut from the past. This kind of system requires very strong materials and it's not possible can we ever make this kind of material that can withstand the spin that is almost the speed of light? This all can be true. 

Another name for a superstring is a wormhole. 

But the problem is that it requires that superstring theory is true. The superstring allows us to travel between long distances and through time. If we think about the nature of those hypothetical superstrings, the length of the superstring determines if we can use them for any purpose. The superstring is another name for the wormhole. The long wormhole remains open more likely than the short wormhole. 

If the length of those energy channels is billions of light years, energy flow in them can create a stronger quantum of high pressure than energy flow in a short wormhole. The energy flow's power in the system depends on the difference between energy levels at the higher and lower energy states. If that difference is high energy flow will be stronger. And it denies that outside energy cannot squeeze that channel. 

In a very long wormhole, the energy flow from the past to the future is so strong that it can keep those wormholes open. In short wormholes, the energy flow is not so strong that it can keep them open. But if there is some other wormhole in the larger wormhole, or superstring that can leak into the larger superstring that energy can push those superstrings open. Even if they are not very long. If string theory is true that gives us unlimited resources. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/will-we-ever-prove-string-theory-20250529/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

The Muon g-2 saved a Standard model.

The Muon g-2 anomaly is solved, and researchers have saved the Standard Model. That is one thing that we should be glad about. Except the fifth force is not found. But before we try to hunt the fifth force, we must describe it. It's very hard to make the description about the ghost, a force that might not be anything that we have seen before. Or maybe, the fifth force is only a mirage, or a virtual effect some kind of reflection of some other forces. 

We know that all four fundamental interactions or fundamental forces, strong nuclear interaction, weak nuclear interaction, electromagnetism, and gravitation or gravity are wave movements that the particle called boson sends. Every fundamental interaction has its boson, that carries that force or interaction. And the transmitter, or carrier boson’s size determines the wavelength of each individual force. 

Strong nuclear interaction has the shortest of those wavelengths. That wavelength depends on the size of the boson that carries that force. Gravity is the only fundamental force that can interact over long distances. Gravity is also the only fundamental interaction that has no repelling effect. The quantum gravity model explains things like this: all particles that have mass are the gravity centers, which we can call a gravitational quantum dot. 

And all gravitational centers from atoms to planets and black holes involve a certain number of those gravity quantum dots in a certain volume. So the density, or distance between those gravitational quantum dots determines the power of gravity. But then we can say that all fundamental forces or every boson can send radiation at a long distance, but we cannot see that radiation. 

When gluon, the boson that transports the strong nuclear interaction sends radiation in wavelengths that we call a strong nuclear interaction that radiation or wave movement doesn't disappear when it travels out from the atom's nucleus. Other fundamental forces just cover that radiation into them. The reason why we cannot detect that strong interaction over long distances is simple. The strong interaction oscillates so small a point in the atom, that we cannot separate it from the whole. 

Other interactions like weak nuclear force and electromagnetism, or their transmitter particles send radiation that affects larger parts of the atoms. And that's why we cannot see strong interaction. The model with gluons is that it's quite similar maybe, quite flat, to a photon. That flat particle creates the quantum channel or quantum tornado between quarks. Gluon transports energy out from the quantum channel to the point where it is. So the gluon acts like a thermal pump that pulls quarks close to each other. 

When gluon transports or conducts energy out from the bond that keeps quarks and hadrons it must get that energy from somewhere. That somewhere is the hadron's quantum field. This is the thing called evaporation or vaporization. When gluon sends energy out from the quantum channel it turns particles into radiation, or wave movement. 

When a particle evaporates it loses its mass. And when its quantum field turns weaker the outside quantum field tries to fill that point. The effect is similar to the case in which we bring ice to the room. When ice melts it conducts energy in it. In the same way, all evaporation requires energy. If we think that material is ice, we can ask why things like nuclear fission, fusion, or some annihilation release so much energy. 

Maybe we should rather ask: what puts energy travel in that case moving so fast that it causes a strong effect? When we think about things like annihilation that happens between the particles. And their antiparticle pairs. Antiparticles are similar to particles,  except their polarity or spin is opposite to their particle pair. When those particle-antiparticle pairs come too close to each other. Electromagnetic force pulls them together. 

In that process, those particles will go in the same quantum field. Then those particles hit each other. In that case, they turn flat. The impact pushes their internal quantum fields away. And then the quantum fields impact that point. The impacting quantum field forms the slam. That destroys those particle's structure. The reason for that is the resonance between superstrings, the smallest structures in the particles. That rips those particles into pieces. When those strings that form elementary particles rip quantum fields travel to that point. 

Same way when heavy elements like uranium or plutonium divide the quantum field falls between half of those particles. When heavy elements divide. Quantum field travels inside that thing. That field rotates protons and neutrons. And those things release energy from the nucleus. 

In fusion, impacting energy causes an energy wave. 

The reaction goes like this: Deuterium (2H) + Tritium (3H) → Helium-4 (4He) + Neutron (n). That thing means that the released neutron is the thing. That makes the energy released in fusion. The thing that makes the lightweight atoms make more effective fusion is this. In heavy atoms there is too much free space that their fusion can release more energy than the reaction uses. 

The idea is similar to the case where we throw softballs against each other. There is so much free space in those balls, that they cannot form noise. When small, or light atoms hit together. There is less free space. Protons and neutrons cannot slip in that free space. 

When we think about particles like mesons that have more than three quarks. Or they can involve two quarks. The meson is also a baryon, but it's the bosonic hadron. Simple structure mesons are more common than complicated mesons. 

Baryonic hadrons like protons and neutrons involve three quarks. If there are only two quarks in the particle's quantum field it pushes those particles away from each other. If the energy level between quarks rises too high that energy pushes quarks away from each other.  

 https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/anomaly-muon-g-2-puzzle/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

 

How hard is it to prove quantum gravity?

"In a dramatic twist on classical physics, scientists have cooled a mirror to near absolute zero with lasers to see if gravity might be quantum. This breakthrough could reshape how we understand the universe. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, MIT’s Chilling Experiment That Could Prove Gravity Is Quantum)

Quantum gravity: mass, density, and weight form gravity. And every single particle has a quantum field. The gravity is the interaction with quantum dots and the gravity center is the collection of those quantum dots. The quantum dot forms when a spinning particle binds quantum fields from around it into the particle's structure. The outcoming field denies the destruction of the particle by pressing it together. 

The spin of the particle is normally 1/2. Which means. When the particle turns its direction, it stops and releases energy. When the spin direction turns, the particle simply pushes quantum fields away from it. In that case, a particle binds energy, but that time is so short that energy cannot turn a particle into a black hole. 

If we want to turn particles into black holes. We must impact energy in it. When a particle binds energy from around it, it forms a gravity pothole. When that pothole turns deeper that pothole-particle combination pulls energy from larger and larger areas. 

The quantum gravity theory can be proven or disproven. But the idea in the quantum gravitational model is that. Every single particle in the universe has a gravity field. Quantum gravity means that all nuclear fundamental interactions have the "domination limit". There is a certain mass, size, or density of the objects. The object's size determines which of the fundamental interactions turn dominating. 

Dominating interaction between quarks and gluons is strong interaction or strong force. Dominating interaction between hadrons is a weak nuclear interaction. The dominating interaction between an atom's nucleus and electrons is the electromagnetic interaction. That makes the quantum gravity model hard to prove. The gravity wave is so weak at the quantum level that it's almost impossible to detect. Other interactions cover that effect below them. 

Dominating interaction makes atoms stay in the form. And it determines the position where subatomic particles are. Gravitational interaction affects long distances and only between large objects. Or, if we follow the recent text, we can say that gravitation forms in the entirety there are multiple gravitational centers. Or, every gravitational center involves multiple gravitational centers. 

Dark matter and quantum gravity model. 

And then we can introduce an interesting model of dark matter. Dark matter can be material that spins too fast. That spin makes them bind quantum fields inside their structures faster than they should. So, when quantum fields travel in those particles those fields pull them closer together. 

That explains why compact dwarf galaxies' stars are too close to each other. When some outside effect pulls dark matter halo out from the dwarf galaxies that causes the effect that the outside energy tries to fill those points. And that pulls stars closer to each other. When some outside gravity field pulls dark matter halo from away from the dwarf galaxy. That can turn those quantum shadows stretch. That thing makes quantum fields move to those positions that that movement releases. 

Another interesting model is that the WIMP (Weakly interacting massive particle) can be the situation that the other particle will go in some particle. That means we cannot see that other particle because the other particle covers it. So, if we think that the hypothetical graviton is that particle that gives mass to all other particles the graviton curves the quantum field or superstrings that form the whisk-shaped structure or bubble around that graviton. In some models, the graviton is the small, quantum-size black hole. 

The standard model is very functional until we face gravitation. Gravitation has no repelling effect and that makes it interesting. There are theoretical models about things like antigravity but they are not proven. 

There are models that gravity can be a mixture of other three fundamental forces, strong. And weak nuclear forces and electromagnetism. There is also a model that the spinning movement of the particles binds quantum fields to them. So when particles turn wave movement into kinetic energy. They just harness energy from around them and bind that energy to their structure. 

And then to the quantum gravity model. The idea is that all particles are quantum spots (or balls) that bind quantum fields around them. That means all gravity centers are collections of quantum dots. So, those quantum dots form all gravitational centers in the universe. The thing that forms the black holes are the internal quantum dots. 

The quantum field is like a canvas that travels through and between those quantum dots. The size of the holes, or the distance of those quantum dots determines how strong those quantum fields can be. The thing is that quantum gravity means that mass, weight, and density are things that determine the particle's gravity field. 

https://scitechdaily.com/mits-chilling-experiment-that-could-prove-gravity-is-quantum/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle