Why is turbulence so important?

"The sky depicted in Vincent van Gogh's 1889 painting, The Starry Night has been studied for its turbulent flow"(Wikipedia, Turbulence)

“In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to laminar flow, which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers with no disruption between those layers”. (Wikipedia, Turbulence)

When aircraft or laser beams travel through the gas it pushes particles away from it. Turbulence forms in the border between energy or two materials that have different densities. Turbulence forms on the aircraft wings when some air molecules touch the wing. That forms the whirl and when the aircraft moves ahead it pumps kinetic energy to those whirls. There are vertical and horizontal whirls and when they cross that causes oscillation. When crossing whirls pump energy into each other they start to oscillate the aircraft’s material. 

The whirl can form only in cases where there is a higher energy wall between low-energy or low-pressure fields. The idea is that the outcoming gas cannot break the whirl. The whirl can start to grow until the outcoming gas or energy breaks it. If things like laser beams travel through the gas that forms two whirls around that beam. The whirl also delivers energy inside it. And it can remain until incoming energy breaks it. Or outcoming energy destroys that structure. We call that thing turbulence. If some algorithms that can calculate turbulence are possible that thing can make a big advance for hypersonic aviation and plasma research. 

Turbulence is one of the most important things that we must control and predict. Turbulence, or chaotic whirling is the thing that makes it hard to create hypersonic jet engines. Turbulence is the thing that breaks plasma entirely in fusion systems. When We think about things like ramjet and scramjet engines the whirl that comes behind the dam makes the pressure wave that makes the pressure and heat barrier that ignites fuel breaks the fuel-air mixture shape. The dam is the cone-shaped structure in the ramjet engine. 

And that limits the use of the ramjet engine between Mach 1 and Mach 6. It is not possible to create the structure that connects the ramjet and scramjet engines using conventional methods. (Maybe) There is a test of thin wires at the front of the scramjet. The problem is that those things make the low-pressure area behind them. They look a little bit like fish. And when those pressure waves impact that causes whirls in the engine. 

Ramjet

Scramjet

The thing that limits ramjet speed is the turbulence behind the ramjet’s compression cone. The scramjet engine uses a different shape in the cone. Researchers tried to connect those shapes. But that is very hard to make. So in some ideas, the aircraft uses different turbojets, ramjets, and scramjets. The aircraft will accelerate to Mach 1 using regular turbojets. Then the ramjet system ignites. When the aircraft’s speed is high enough the scramjet engine starts. That allows the plane to operate from regular runways. And it gives it an extremely high speed. 

There is a possibility to create a cone that pulls itself away from the front of the engine. The system can share that cone structure into four bites that the system pulls away from the ramjet, and then the scramjet acts as the afterburner for that system. If the system can remove ramjet's cone it makes it possible to connect the scramjet behind the ramjet. That system can make it possible to create aircraft that can travel with speed Mach 12 and higher. The rocket ramjet means the rocket engine that uses atmospheric air while the aircraft travels in the air, and when it jumps out from the atmosphere that system can close the iris at the front of the ramjet. Then the oxygen-fuel mixture will burn in the engine. That turns to using the internal oxygen source. 

However, we can also consider turbulence and nuclear fusion. The problem in the plasma is that there is forming empty space or a difference between energy levels. The problem is that the lasers cannot push plasma using the same force at all points. If somebody creates a laser that inputs energy to the plasma by using a beam that covers the entire plasma ring that would be a big advance. It is also possible to create anion plasma in the fusion system. And then the ions will inject that plasma ring homogeneously from the entire length of the plasma. 

If the ignition happens homogeneously in the entire plasma that could make the system more stable. The problem with that system is with magnets. The same system that presses anions to the ring pulls ions away. If the system uses laser points, it creates energy hills within the system, which form a situation where the laser beams make whirls inside the plasma. The problem is in the one or mono-polar plasma. 

Particles in ion plasma repel each other. And there are small points where the magnetic system cannot press that plasma with the same power. That point is the connection point of magnets. Those points cause waves in the plasma where those particles will jump away from each other because of electromagnetic repel. That makes space in the plasma ring. And that space allows the form of the whirls. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/new-superdiffusion-proof-probes-the-mysterious-math-of-turbulence-20250516/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

String theory is one of the hardest theories to prove.

String theory is a theoretical framework. That connects quantum mechanics to general relativity. 

Can we ever prove string theory? And if we can, what can we do with that thing? String theory is one of the most important cosmological theories. The idea in this theory is simple. All material, space, and time are formed of superstrings. Superstrings are energy lines that can travel in space and time. The other model is that superstrings are actually small energy tornadoes or wormholes. This is a very interesting way to close the reality and spacetime complexity. 

There is also the smallest possible superstring, the so-called quantum superstring is the thinnest possible unit in the complicated structure called spacetime. In string theory, there are at least 10 dimensions. Every string is an independent dimension. And energy flows or crossing energy flows in and between those strings create particles. 

Energy can flow in those strings and in superstring theory, the thing that causes the universe's expansion and material evaporation is negative gravity. The idea is that energy. That causes the universe's expansion to come from the superstrings. The superstring can have weaknesses or leaks in its structure. And that makes wave movement leak out from the energy channel. Also, energy travels in those energy channels. Makes them oscillate. That causes resonance in the entire universe. 

Superstrings make us see the future. (If they exist)

The idea is that those superstrings are like optical wires that bring information from a long distance. The thing is that those spinning quantum tornadoes act like Tipler cylinders. The fast-spinning energy tornadoes cause very strong time dilation in them. They input energy into information that stops time in those superstrings. The superstring can transmit information across time. And if the end of the superstring can rise to a higher energy level than the past, that makes it possible that information can travel from the future to the past. 

The past is always at a higher energy level than the future. So, if we want to bring information from the far future we must raise the energy level at the end of the superstring higher. The energy level determines how far to the past the information can travel. And of course, the main problem would be turning the energy flow direction. Then the energy level at the end of the string must be so high that the energy flow can keep it open. 

Superstrings also offer an unlimited energy source to us. 

If the superstrings can transmit information from the past to the present and future they offer an unlimited energy source. There is the possibility that by using extremely fast spinning plates it is possible to pull the superstring open. The spinning plate pulls energy out from the environment and that opens the superstring. If the superstring is long enough. It can bring energy to the shortcut from the past. This kind of system requires very strong materials and it's not possible can we ever make this kind of material that can withstand the spin that is almost the speed of light? This all can be true. 

Another name for a superstring is a wormhole. 

But the problem is that it requires that superstring theory is true. The superstring allows us to travel between long distances and through time. If we think about the nature of those hypothetical superstrings, the length of the superstring determines if we can use them for any purpose. The superstring is another name for the wormhole. The long wormhole remains open more likely than the short wormhole. 

If the length of those energy channels is billions of light years, energy flow in them can create a stronger quantum of high pressure than energy flow in a short wormhole. The energy flow's power in the system depends on the difference between energy levels at the higher and lower energy states. If that difference is high energy flow will be stronger. And it denies that outside energy cannot squeeze that channel. 

In a very long wormhole, the energy flow from the past to the future is so strong that it can keep those wormholes open. In short wormholes, the energy flow is not so strong that it can keep them open. But if there is some other wormhole in the larger wormhole, or superstring that can leak into the larger superstring that energy can push those superstrings open. Even if they are not very long. If string theory is true that gives us unlimited resources. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/will-we-ever-prove-string-theory-20250529/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

The Muon g-2 saved a Standard model.

The Muon g-2 anomaly is solved, and researchers have saved the Standard Model. That is one thing that we should be glad about. Except the fifth force is not found. But before we try to hunt the fifth force, we must describe it. It's very hard to make the description about the ghost, a force that might not be anything that we have seen before. Or maybe, the fifth force is only a mirage, or a virtual effect some kind of reflection of some other forces. 

We know that all four fundamental interactions or fundamental forces, strong nuclear interaction, weak nuclear interaction, electromagnetism, and gravitation or gravity are wave movements that the particle called boson sends. Every fundamental interaction has its boson, that carries that force or interaction. And the transmitter, or carrier boson’s size determines the wavelength of each individual force. 

Strong nuclear interaction has the shortest of those wavelengths. That wavelength depends on the size of the boson that carries that force. Gravity is the only fundamental force that can interact over long distances. Gravity is also the only fundamental interaction that has no repelling effect. The quantum gravity model explains things like this: all particles that have mass are the gravity centers, which we can call a gravitational quantum dot. 

And all gravitational centers from atoms to planets and black holes involve a certain number of those gravity quantum dots in a certain volume. So the density, or distance between those gravitational quantum dots determines the power of gravity. But then we can say that all fundamental forces or every boson can send radiation at a long distance, but we cannot see that radiation. 

When gluon, the boson that transports the strong nuclear interaction sends radiation in wavelengths that we call a strong nuclear interaction that radiation or wave movement doesn't disappear when it travels out from the atom's nucleus. Other fundamental forces just cover that radiation into them. The reason why we cannot detect that strong interaction over long distances is simple. The strong interaction oscillates so small a point in the atom, that we cannot separate it from the whole. 

Other interactions like weak nuclear force and electromagnetism, or their transmitter particles send radiation that affects larger parts of the atoms. And that's why we cannot see strong interaction. The model with gluons is that it's quite similar maybe, quite flat, to a photon. That flat particle creates the quantum channel or quantum tornado between quarks. Gluon transports energy out from the quantum channel to the point where it is. So the gluon acts like a thermal pump that pulls quarks close to each other. 

When gluon transports or conducts energy out from the bond that keeps quarks and hadrons it must get that energy from somewhere. That somewhere is the hadron's quantum field. This is the thing called evaporation or vaporization. When gluon sends energy out from the quantum channel it turns particles into radiation, or wave movement. 

When a particle evaporates it loses its mass. And when its quantum field turns weaker the outside quantum field tries to fill that point. The effect is similar to the case in which we bring ice to the room. When ice melts it conducts energy in it. In the same way, all evaporation requires energy. If we think that material is ice, we can ask why things like nuclear fission, fusion, or some annihilation release so much energy. 

Maybe we should rather ask: what puts energy travel in that case moving so fast that it causes a strong effect? When we think about things like annihilation that happens between the particles. And their antiparticle pairs. Antiparticles are similar to particles,  except their polarity or spin is opposite to their particle pair. When those particle-antiparticle pairs come too close to each other. Electromagnetic force pulls them together. 

In that process, those particles will go in the same quantum field. Then those particles hit each other. In that case, they turn flat. The impact pushes their internal quantum fields away. And then the quantum fields impact that point. The impacting quantum field forms the slam. That destroys those particle's structure. The reason for that is the resonance between superstrings, the smallest structures in the particles. That rips those particles into pieces. When those strings that form elementary particles rip quantum fields travel to that point. 

Same way when heavy elements like uranium or plutonium divide the quantum field falls between half of those particles. When heavy elements divide. Quantum field travels inside that thing. That field rotates protons and neutrons. And those things release energy from the nucleus. 

In fusion, impacting energy causes an energy wave. 

The reaction goes like this: Deuterium (2H) + Tritium (3H) → Helium-4 (4He) + Neutron (n). That thing means that the released neutron is the thing. That makes the energy released in fusion. The thing that makes the lightweight atoms make more effective fusion is this. In heavy atoms there is too much free space that their fusion can release more energy than the reaction uses. 

The idea is similar to the case where we throw softballs against each other. There is so much free space in those balls, that they cannot form noise. When small, or light atoms hit together. There is less free space. Protons and neutrons cannot slip in that free space. 

When we think about particles like mesons that have more than three quarks. Or they can involve two quarks. The meson is also a baryon, but it's the bosonic hadron. Simple structure mesons are more common than complicated mesons. 

Baryonic hadrons like protons and neutrons involve three quarks. If there are only two quarks in the particle's quantum field it pushes those particles away from each other. If the energy level between quarks rises too high that energy pushes quarks away from each other.  

 https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/anomaly-muon-g-2-puzzle/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

 

How hard is it to prove quantum gravity?

"In a dramatic twist on classical physics, scientists have cooled a mirror to near absolute zero with lasers to see if gravity might be quantum. This breakthrough could reshape how we understand the universe. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, MIT’s Chilling Experiment That Could Prove Gravity Is Quantum)

Quantum gravity: mass, density, and weight form gravity. And every single particle has a quantum field. The gravity is the interaction with quantum dots and the gravity center is the collection of those quantum dots. The quantum dot forms when a spinning particle binds quantum fields from around it into the particle's structure. The outcoming field denies the destruction of the particle by pressing it together. 

The spin of the particle is normally 1/2. Which means. When the particle turns its direction, it stops and releases energy. When the spin direction turns, the particle simply pushes quantum fields away from it. In that case, a particle binds energy, but that time is so short that energy cannot turn a particle into a black hole. 

If we want to turn particles into black holes. We must impact energy in it. When a particle binds energy from around it, it forms a gravity pothole. When that pothole turns deeper that pothole-particle combination pulls energy from larger and larger areas. 

The quantum gravity theory can be proven or disproven. But the idea in the quantum gravitational model is that. Every single particle in the universe has a gravity field. Quantum gravity means that all nuclear fundamental interactions have the "domination limit". There is a certain mass, size, or density of the objects. The object's size determines which of the fundamental interactions turn dominating. 

Dominating interaction between quarks and gluons is strong interaction or strong force. Dominating interaction between hadrons is a weak nuclear interaction. The dominating interaction between an atom's nucleus and electrons is the electromagnetic interaction. That makes the quantum gravity model hard to prove. The gravity wave is so weak at the quantum level that it's almost impossible to detect. Other interactions cover that effect below them. 

Dominating interaction makes atoms stay in the form. And it determines the position where subatomic particles are. Gravitational interaction affects long distances and only between large objects. Or, if we follow the recent text, we can say that gravitation forms in the entirety there are multiple gravitational centers. Or, every gravitational center involves multiple gravitational centers. 

Dark matter and quantum gravity model. 

And then we can introduce an interesting model of dark matter. Dark matter can be material that spins too fast. That spin makes them bind quantum fields inside their structures faster than they should. So, when quantum fields travel in those particles those fields pull them closer together. 

That explains why compact dwarf galaxies' stars are too close to each other. When some outside effect pulls dark matter halo out from the dwarf galaxies that causes the effect that the outside energy tries to fill those points. And that pulls stars closer to each other. When some outside gravity field pulls dark matter halo from away from the dwarf galaxy. That can turn those quantum shadows stretch. That thing makes quantum fields move to those positions that that movement releases. 

Another interesting model is that the WIMP (Weakly interacting massive particle) can be the situation that the other particle will go in some particle. That means we cannot see that other particle because the other particle covers it. So, if we think that the hypothetical graviton is that particle that gives mass to all other particles the graviton curves the quantum field or superstrings that form the whisk-shaped structure or bubble around that graviton. In some models, the graviton is the small, quantum-size black hole. 

The standard model is very functional until we face gravitation. Gravitation has no repelling effect and that makes it interesting. There are theoretical models about things like antigravity but they are not proven. 

There are models that gravity can be a mixture of other three fundamental forces, strong. And weak nuclear forces and electromagnetism. There is also a model that the spinning movement of the particles binds quantum fields to them. So when particles turn wave movement into kinetic energy. They just harness energy from around them and bind that energy to their structure. 

And then to the quantum gravity model. The idea is that all particles are quantum spots (or balls) that bind quantum fields around them. That means all gravity centers are collections of quantum dots. So, those quantum dots form all gravitational centers in the universe. The thing that forms the black holes are the internal quantum dots. 

The quantum field is like a canvas that travels through and between those quantum dots. The size of the holes, or the distance of those quantum dots determines how strong those quantum fields can be. The thing is that quantum gravity means that mass, weight, and density are things that determine the particle's gravity field. 

https://scitechdaily.com/mits-chilling-experiment-that-could-prove-gravity-is-quantum/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Dark matter might not be what we thought. (again)

Dark matter and dwarf galaxies are areas that are not extensively researched.  Dark matter is the gravitational effect without an unknown source. The dark matter halo that makes galaxies form inside them. Forms the idea that the dark matter simply binds quantum fields inside it. That halo makes the structure that makes conditions in it more stable that the star formation can begin. 

Dwarf galaxies don't behave as they should. So, there are some kinds of problems. With that model. In galaxy formation models galaxies are formed in the dark matter halos. There are problems with fitting the dark matter halo, Lambda CDM (Lambda Cold Dark Matter), and the gravitational models together. In old dwarf galaxies, the CDM model stands. But in young dwarf galaxies, those models have no match or they are hard to match. 

The thing that is interesting is are those dwarf galaxies near other galaxies? And if those dwarf galaxies are in the other larger galaxies like the Milky Way that pulls gas and dust away from those galaxies. There is a possibility that the bigger galaxies can scatter and pull the dark matter halo while dwarf galaxies are forming. In compact dwarf galaxies, stars are closer than they should be. That means there is less dark matter in a galaxy than in normal dwarf galaxies. If there is no dark matter that means stars can be closer to each other.

When galaxies form in the dark matter halo that thing causes an interesting model in the mind. Does the dark matter halo from the pool, where that energy travels a certain way forming the turbulence? Or is there some kind of channel between those stars and particles that they can start to accumulate in the dark matter halo? 

There is the possibility that some dark matter particles are connected with ordinary or visible material. In those cases, the dark matter particles can stay near or between electrons and quarks. But it's hard to detect. If the WIMP is a very high energy, small particle. That particle can cause wave movement to act like solar storms when they impact Earth's magnetic field. 

"A strange clustering pattern in dwarf galaxies hints that dark matter may be far more complex—and interactive—than we thought." (ScitechDaily, Are We Wrong About Dark Matter? Dwarf Galaxies Suggest So)

There is also a possibility that the WIMP has such a complicated structure. That it pulls energy inside it. And if the WIMP releases that energy very slowly that thing explains why those particles are so hard to detect. 

If radiation slides over the particle without causing reflection it can make the particle turn like a stealth aircraft. The other version is that the dark matter sends such weak reflection that energy flow pulls that reflection with it. That is possible if the particle has the fuzz ball effect. The large energy field with layers surrounding particles that have a certain form can have a model that the quantum field that surrounds that particle can go in the whisk-shaped structure. The outcoming energy flow can push that energy field in the particle. That makes it possible for the particle to send reflection radiation. But that radiation is released so slowly that it's hard to detect. 

There is a possibility that the dark matter can have weak, non-gravitational interaction. There is also the possibility that the dark matter can form black holes. The gravitational interaction between material and dark matter supports that model. So if the dark matter halo collapses because of its gravity, that means there can be a black hole that formed from the dark matter. 

The black hole has its origin as dark matter. Is a similar black hole. As other black holes. The dark matter halo reacts to gravitation and the gravity field can pull that thing away. The quantum gravitational model introduces that all particles have gravitational fields. This field turns more dominant when the object's mass is growing. There is the possibility that gravitational waves can also have the wave-particle duality. That means crossing gravitational waves can turn into particles. 

https://scitechdaily.com/are-we-wrong-about-dark-matter-dwarf-galaxies-suggest-so/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model

Neutrino can be the tool of tomorrow's technology.

"An artist’s rendering of some of the detectors buried in ice that make up the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Credit: Jamie Yang, IceCube Collaboration" (ScitechDaily, IceCube Spots Space’s Strangest Signal: A Neutrino Torrent With No Gamma Flash)

The strange neutrino beam from a distant galaxy reveals the neutrino models. And that closes the new way to communicate. Neutrinos offer many possibilities. From qubits to new types of communication and weapon technology. If the system can create and control neutrinos that allows the creation of new types of quantum sensors like scanning tunneling microscopes. 

The size of a neutrino is about 1000 000 times smaller than an electron. And that makes it possible to create a scanning tunneling microscope that can observe even an atom's internal structures. 

There is the possibility. That if some system can create neutrinos those things can give a new path to quantum technologies. The neutrino can form when high-power UV radiation destroys neutrons. 

In a natural universe that happens when high-power UV light from black holes stresses helium atoms around them. That radiation causes the neutron decay. There is the possibility of making similar conditions on Earth using high-power UV lasers. The UV laser can use mercury vapor that the electric bursts stress. The UV laser is similar to a UV lamp or fluorescent lamp that sends UV radiation. The system just puts that UV radiation jump between mirrors. And that turns the UV light into coherent UV radiation. 

The neutrino superposition and entanglement can be used to create the teleportation tool that can send a qubit through the wall. The neutrino can travel even through the planets. Then we think about quantum teleportation or particle teleportation. The teleportation happens through the quantum channel or wormhole. That makes secure and ultra-fast communication possible. The problem is that the quantum channel forms between two superpositioned and entangled particles. 

That means that the quantum communication systems must make superposition and entanglement between two particles. Then the system must somehow send the recessive particle to the target. Then the transmitting- or higher-energy side of the quantum entanglement can transmit information through that channel. Theoretically, that system can send recessive particles even through the wall by pushing it with, maybe X-ray laser. 

Theoretically it is possible to shoot things like electrons through that quantum channel, if the system can combine the quantum channels between neutrinos. The system must also control maybe millions or billions of neutrinos. 

The system must trap electrons to the front of the neutrinos. And then that system can create the quantum entanglement between those neutrinos and send anti-neutrinos through that channel. If that kind of quantum channel is possible, that system can also teleport positrons, and antimatter electrons through the walls. 

The neutrino is 1000 000 times smaller than an electron. But if the system can create a layer of neutrino group there the other layer turns into a recessive part. And then those neutrino groups will be put into superposition, which can create the rope-type quantum channel. There is also the possibility that the neutrinos act like a drill that opens the path to the other particles. The neutrino can also make it possible to create new and ultra-high accurate scanning tunneling microscopes. If the system can trap a neutrino and put it into the stylus, that system can scan the atom's internal structures, as I wrote at the beginning of this text. 

https://scitechdaily.com/icecube-spots-spaces-strangest-signal-a-neutrino-torrent-with-no-gamma-flash/

Can dark matter be the opposite phenomenon to dark energy?

When we think about the nature of gravity and the model where the gravity wave is like an energy ditch, there is a step ahead of the bottom that explains why gravity can turn opposite. Gravity waves can trap so-called hovering energy strings in it. And when the energy falls to a gravity wave. It can push that energy string up. The gravity wave can also decay. And two remnant waves are lower than the original wave. The gravity wave can also stretch, which makes it lower. The idea with antigravity is that the bottom of the gravity wave jumps up. Forming an energy hill. 

The model of false vacuum can also be used in the models of gravity waves. The only problem is how gravity waves don't push anything. It just pulls things to the gravity center. The energy pothole that comes before the energy level minimum in a gravity wave. Explains why it acts as it acts. The energy pothole that the gravity waves can have many more than just one makes it possible that the bottom of the energy ditch is always lower than the energy hilltop. 

Above: False Vacuum model

And that can happen when two other energy waves impact the gravity wave. Or the gravity wave can stretch so long that its bottom is so close to the environment's energy level that it cannot pull an object to the gravity center. If we think that the decay of gravity waves is similar to the false-vacuum decay that means the energy hill that jumps up from the bottom just shares those energy ditches into the smaller parts. There can be multiple energy hills that rise from the bottom of the gravity wave. And that thing can put it into so small parts that they cannot pull objects in them. 

In the case of dark energy, the problem is: what puts energy into movement? Same way dark matter of mysterious gravity affects energy into moving. But that movement happens in the opposite direction. Gravitational interaction is an interesting phenomenon.  And that thing is also more complicated than researchers think. When we think about stretching gravitational waves, that thing can cause a situation. 

Where there is a hill in the waves. It is also possible that two other energy fields impact the gravity wave. And that turns the energy level in the energy ditch opposite. So the energy ditch turns into an energy hill. And if the gravity wave fills that means gravity is erased. To erase gravity waves we must only fill them. 

So, what if the dark matter particles, or weakly interacting massive particles, GIMPs are virtual particles? What is their shape? When we think about gravity waves' ability to stretch and decay, we can think the same way: gravity waves can unite. They can turn together making a deeper energy ditch. In the same way as a gravity wave can stretch it can turn shorter. That thing makes it deeper. Same, way a gravity wave can impact another gravity wave. That thing makes the new gravity wave deeper than the two original gravity waves. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_vacuum