Tuesday, February 20, 2024

The new green energy solutions.


Above: The small modular nuclear reactors offer networked energy solutions for large areas. They can offer power supply for ships, trains, aircraft, and other vehicles. In the military world, the small modular nuclear reactors guarantee the power supply for the new directed energy weapons (DEW). Those modular nuclear reactors can also connect as parallel and serial connections. So they can deliver as much energy as large nuclear reactors. 


Photosynthetic bacteria can also used to create power for electricity. 


The traditional method to use bacteria as an energy source is to use them to make methane. Engineers will put that bacteria in the reaction chamber. The bacteria form the methane in anaerobic conditions. And then. The system can transport that gas to fuel cells or turbines. The problem is that carbon must removed from methane. 

The photosynthetic bacteria send their bioluminescence light to solar panels, and they can create biologically created electricity. Genetic engineering makes it possible to create luminance bacteria that can create quite bright light. In those systems, the bacteria cultures are covered using solar panels or photovoltaic cells. 

There is also the possibility of making genetically engineered bacteria. They are connected with electric eel's genomes, and those bacteria can create very high-power electricity. The biological batteries can connected into parallel or serial connections. 

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Above: Those bacteria could also create electricity for that network. That requires genetic engineering. But the solution could be a good tool for emission-free energy systems. 

 https://www.nessling.fi/en/new-sustainable-materials-for-green-electricity-production-from-photosynthetic-bacteria/

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One of the problems with green energy is that the single systems cannot create enough power. There are needed hybrid systems. That can deliver energy in calm weather and cloudy days. And at night time. One company in the USA introduced an idea about a hybrid power plant with a miniature nuclear reactor and solar panels. The hybrid system can also use all types of green energy sources like geothermal heat, solar panels, wind power, or water and wave plants. In those solutions, miniature nuclear reactors can used in situations. There the green energy power is not enough to replace electricity use. 

Green energy can also used in reactor's backup systems. The miniature nuclear reactors are interesting because they offer non-centralized solutions for energy production. In crisis, non-centralized, network-based power supply is harder to destroy than centralized solutions. 

Dumping money into one solution is not good. The mountain areas are suitable for hybrid solutions, where wind energy and solar power are combined. In some visions, the water tubes that transport water can also be equipped with small rotors that can recycle part of energy. 

The solution is to use all kinds of clean energy sources. Miniature nuclear systems are the things that can create electricity for villages, ships, trains, and aircraft. The hybrid system is connected an solar power with miniature nuclear reactors that can used in space systems. The solar wings or long solar panels can offer a platform for the reactor's cooling systems. The nuclear reactor can offer energy when that system requires high-power energy systems. And that system can used in killer satellites. There is suspicion that Russians plan the nuclear-powered space system that can destroy other satellites using EMP impulses. 



The next-generation LNG can create hydrogen, oxygen, and chlorine with sodium while they travel through the sea. 


One of the solutions that might interest is the rotor sails or Fletner rotors. Airbus plans to create rotor ships that use this type of rotor to create electric power. The Flettner rotors can transport their electricity straight to the engines. Or they can release the energy into the electrolytic chambers. In that system, the Flettner rotors create electricity that breaks water molecules. 

The fact is that. In some futuristic models, the Flettner rotors or some other rotors can be in underwater positions. If there are rotors in the ocean floor those systems can create hydrogen oxygen, chlorine, and sodium from the seawater. In that model, those rotors can be similar to wind generators. In that case, those rotors can benefit ocean currents and underwater flow for making green energy. 

Then the system transports hydrogen into the turbines. And fuel cells or they can transport that gas to the customers to the ground. In some theoretical innovations, the Flettner ships can travel through the ocean and fill their tanks with hydrogen, oxygen chlorine, and sodium. Then at the harbor, those ships can deliver those materials to the customers. The electrolytic systems can also separate lithium from seawater. 

The Flettner rotors can also operate on fixed platforms. In those systems, the Flettner rotors create electricity that creates hydrogen and oxygen in gas pipes. If those Flettner platforms turn into reality, they can create hydrogen on the same scale as natural gas produced from offshore oil rigs. 

https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/celc.201900997

https://futurism.com/the-byte/russia-nuclear-spacecraft-attacks-energy

https://futurism.com/the-byte/russia-space-nuke-destroy-orbit-satellites

https://www.iaea.org/publications/15098/nuclear-renewable-hybrid-energy-systems

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.2968/065006007

https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/companies/norsepower-to-provide-rotor-sails-for-lda-and-airbus-s-new-fleet/ar-BB1ierAf

https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsus-companies-collaborate-on-small-fast-reactor-technology-5763171

https://www.nessling.fi/en/new-sustainable-materials-for-green-electricity-production-from-photosynthetic-bacteria/

https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-power-reactors/small-nuclear-power-reactors.aspx

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flettner_rotor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_ship

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_modular_reactor


The new type of magnetism can be a big step in data transmission technology.

"Altermagnetism introduces a third magnetic phase, combining the non-magnetization of antiferromagnets with the strong spin-dependent phenomena of ferromagnets. Discovered through international collaboration, this new phase offers significant potential for spintronics, bridging previous gaps in magnetic material applications. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, New Fundamental Physics Uncovered – Experiments Prove the Existence of a New Type of Magnetism)


Researchers found a new type of magnetism called "Altermagnetism".


"Altermagnetism" is a phenomenon where the magnetic object has no outside magnetic field. The lack of an outside magnetic field is the phenomenon. That advances nanotechnology and secure data transmission. The lack of outside magnetic fields means that the electricity that travels in altered magnetic wires doesn't affect other wires. And that will decrease resistance. That thing is very important in the nanotechnical wires. 

The magnetic field around the wire forms the so-called Hall effect field in electric wires. When electrons hit that field or potential barrier they transport energy to the wire. This is one thing that causes oscillation in wires. And that oscillation increases the temperature in the wires. The superconductivity means that the oscillation in the wires is minimal. The atoms should be as close as possible to minimize the effect of the potential barrier. 

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"In altermagnetic materials, atoms form a regular pattern with their spin and spatial orientation alternating on the neighbouring magnetic sites in the crystal." (Wikipedia, Altermagnetism)

"Alternating magnetic and crystal pattern in altermagnetic Manganese Telluride (left) and Ruthenium Dioxide (right)." (Wikipedia, Altermagnetism)


"Fermi surface of an altermagnetic metal. The blue and red colors correspond to the up and down polarization of the spin." (Wikipedia, Altermagnetism)


"The band structure of an altermagnet."(Wikipedia, Altermagnetism)


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One reason for the potential barrier (Hall field) is the magnetic field. Or quantum field that surrounds every atom. When an electron travels through that field it transports energy in it. And that thing causes oscillation when energy travels in those quantum fields. 

The "Altermagnetism" can make it possible to form insulators that don't disturb the electric or electromagnetic fields in the hollow insulator. In that case, the "altermagnetic" field effect in the insulator will close outside electromagnetic fields out from the hollow insulator. That thing decreases resistance and disturbings in the information that travels in the middle of an "altermagnetic" insulator. 

The insulator can also protect laser rays and electron rays. That kind of insulator that can close outside electromagnetic fields from the quantum channel in quantum computers can help to make the error correction. In error correction, qubit transports information over the quantum entanglement. 

Then that receiving system sends information back, and the quantum system can compile the data. The easiest way is to use superpositioned and entangled electron pairs. When electron 1 has transported information into electron 2, the system sends electron 2 back to the transmitter, and the transmitter can compile data and make sure, that the data that traveled in qubit has no change. 

This can be a suitable tool in superconducting data transportation and superconducting microchip technology. The superconducting microchips can operate using two wires. The wire 1 is zero and wire 2 is 1 in binary systems. The photonic processors operate similar way. But in those systems, the laser beam sends information into the photovoltaic cell. This system is similar to photonic microchips. The system can use "Altermagnetism" in the systems that transmit information for photonic sources. 


https://scitechdaily.com/new-fundamental-physics-uncovered-experiments-prove-the-existence-of-a-new-type-of-magnetism/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altermagnetism


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_surface


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_effect


https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/02/20/the-new-type-of-magnetism-can-be-a-big-step-in-data-transmission-technology/

Sunday, February 18, 2024

The ancient galaxy challenges the dark matter and galaxy formation theories.

"JWST-7329: a rare massive galaxy that formed very early in the Universe. This James Webb Space Telescope NIRCAM image shows a red disk galaxy but with images alone, it is hard to distinguish from other objects. Spectral analysis of its light with JWST revealed its anomalous nature – it formed around 13 billion years ago even though it contains ~4x more mass in stars than our Milky Way does today. Credit: James Webb Space Telescope" (ScitechDaily, “Beyond What’s Possible” – Webb Space Telescope Discovers Mysterious Ancient Galaxies)


Ancient galaxy challenges theories about galactic formation and dark matter. That galaxy seems to have too little dark matter that it can form. And that thing advances the model of dark matter interaction. In some theories, dark matter is the origin of dark energy. When dark matter oscillates it sends radiation or wave movement called dark energy. 

When those hypothetical WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) send wave movement they act like regular or visible material. The other WIMP takes that radiation into its quantum field. And when that radiation stress ends the WIMP sends that radiation away. That radiation pushes WIMPS away. And the gravity pulls them together.  

If the WIMPs is a particle at all. In some models, the things that dark matter theorists call WIMPs are small false vacuums. Or some kind of standing waves. There is the possibility that the WIMP is the standing wave that forms when energy impacts some particle's quantum fields. 

Or in superstring theory, there are thin but extremely long quantum fields in the universe. Some of those strings are so long, that they travel through the entire universe. If something forms some kind of knot in those superstrings they can cause a gravitational effect that looks like material. 

The superstring model is simple. Materia can turn into wave movement and backward. Wave movement can form into the material.  And the material is only one form of energy. When those superstrings interact they form energy impulses that can called dark energy. 

The model goes like this: dark matter and its gravitation are interaction. In the young universe, the energy level was higher, and energy was denser than today. The dark matter interaction with that energy was different than today. There must be an extremely high energy level that dark matter can interact with so-called visible energy. 

The higher energy means, that there are more quantum fields or denser quantum fields than in the modern universe. In that model when dark matter sends radiation or wave movement. That wave movement hits those quantum fields or quantum strings more often than in the modern universe. 

Another thing that can form the galaxy is the cosmic vacuum. There is a possibility that the young universe formed a cosmic bubble or so-called false vacuum. In that model, the false vacuum caused the material and energy to fall into that bubble. And that thing can form the disturbance that forms a galaxy. 

Things like some kind of cosmic eruption can form a situation in which some kind of energy or ion beam can pull lots of material or energy with it. That kind of energy beam like a radiation tornado can act like a cosmic thermal pump that forms the vacuum. Energy and material around that vacuum start to fall into it. This effect can form a supermassive black hole, and then that black hole starts to form a spiral galaxy around it. The spiral galaxy is the whirl around a mass center called a massive or supermassive black hole. 


https://scitechdaily.com/beyond-whats-possible-webb-space-telescope-discovers-mysterious-ancient-galaxies/

Wednesday, February 14, 2024

AI and quantum computers boost material research.



"By replacing the atoms on one side of the nanosheet with a different element, the team has realized a nanosheet that can spontaneously roll into a scroll when detached from its substrate. Credit: Tokyo Metropolitan University" (ScitechDaily, The Next Wave of Nanomaterials: Precision-Engineered Nanoscrolls)


The new tool for metamaterials is the metamaterial called nano-scrolls. Those nano-scrolls can used to cover layers. They can used as nano-size ion cannons. Ion cannons can create nano-size origami over layers. 

Nano-size ion cannons can used shoot ions over things like graphene layers. That thing can be used for making nano-scale components like atom-size transistors and resistors over the graphene layer. That thing makes the microscopic microprocessors possible. 

The new metamaterials are making the impossible possible. The new abilities of the quantum scale design using AI-boosted quantum computers offer new types of materials. In some models, the quantum-size designs make it possible to design the "UFO materials" or structure layers with integrated quantum computers. 

The new quantum semiconductor is an interesting tool. That semiconductor makes the new types of small- and compact-size quantum computers possible. If those quantum semiconductors mount on the material's layer. If that connection is successful, it makes it possible to connect metal structures with quantum computers. 

In those imaginational materials the shell of those materials that might look like regular metals acts as a quantum computer. Some electrons or protons trap photons used to pump data to the quantum entanglements. Those new intelligent materials can probably fix their damages or even turn invisible to the human eye. 



Fast-rotating ion bubbles around objects can act as a protective field.  When those ions hit an object they act like ion cannons. 


The most interesting quantum materials are the layers where high-energy particles whirl above the layer. That whirl can cause time dilation. But in other models. That whirl simply breaks the incoming asteroids and other ammunition. The ion whirl between craft and space acts like an ion cannon. 

It breaks all incoming ammunition. In the most futuristic versions, the structure is two layers of electrons, and then there is a positron, anti-electron layer between those layers. Electrons anchor those positrons into the right position, and if something tries to come through that bubble the positrons destroy the object. 

"A new experimental method developed by researchers enables the identification of topological properties in materials without relying on mathematical models, simplifying research and expanding the potential applications of topology in various fields. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Revolutionizing Physics With a Game-Changing Topological Approach)


In some versions, the quantum material simply traps photons in it. Then it conducts it away from the observer. In more advanced versions the system uses photon polarization where the shell is hovering electrons or some other quantum cages catch the photons. And then that system must conduct those photons in the other direction. If there is no reflection or reflection cannot reach the observer the system is invisible to the observer. 

This thing makes chiral attributes in materials interesting. In 3D structures, chiral molecules cannot fully cover each other. This ability makes it possible to create structures where photons and electrons jump back and forth. This movement decreases the particle's energy level. This thing can used in the new acoustic and photoacoustic materials. In some versions, there are em fields in material that pull energy out from impacting them. fields. 

The new research introduces that there is an interaction between electromagnetic fields, or more accurately light can interact with EM fields. The photon can pull energy to electrons. And we know things like laser-accelerated electrons. This new research can make things like antigravity possible. 

In the virtual version, the system just pushes other particles backward. That thing forms a short moment of false vacuum. Then the EM field and pressure fill that vacuum between the wave and the bottom of the object. 

The idea of hypothetic antigravity is that the system can create some kind of EM radiation that cuts the interaction between the gravity field and the hovering object. Theoretically, that requires only the system that creates so dense photon waves that it can turn gravity waves that travel between hovering objects and gravity center away. 


https://www.graphene-info.com/graphene-nano-origami-could-enable-tiny-microchips


https://scitechdaily.com/beyond-classical-physics-scientists-discover-new-state-of-matter-with-chiral-properties/


https://scitechdaily.com/challenging-conventional-understanding-scientists-discover-groundbreaking-connection-between-light-and-magnetism/


https://scitechdaily.com/engineering-the-impossible-how-metamaterials-and-ai-redefine-material-science/


https://scitechdaily.com/the-next-wave-of-nanomaterials-precision-engineered-nanoscrolls/


https://scitechdaily.com/redefining-quantum-possibilities-scientists-develop-diamond-lithium-niobate-chip-with-92-efficiency/


https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-create-worlds-first-quantum-semiconductor/


https://scitechdaily.com/redefining-optical-limits-columbia-engineers-uncover-enhanced-nonlinear-properties-in-2d-materials/


https://scitechdaily.com/revolutionizing-physics-with-a-game-changing-topological-approach/



https://spectrum.ieee.org/graphene-semiconductor



https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/dec/19/graphene-will-change-the-world-the-boss-using-the-supermaterial-in-the-global-microchip-war

Tuesday, February 13, 2024

New advances in quantum computing. And complex quantum entireties.


"A recent study has introduced a potent combination of diamond and lithium niobate for quantum technologies, achieving a remarkable 92% light transmission efficiency. This advancement promises to enhance the development of quantum computing and communication networks." (ScitechDaily, Redefining Quantum Possibilities: Scientists Develop Diamond-Lithium Niobate Chip With 92% Efficiency)


Researchers slow the speed of light 10,000 times slower than it is in a vacuum. During that experiment, they minimize the loss of energy. And that thing can make the new ways to control the photon's movement. That thing gives quantum computers more time to transport information into those photons. 

The thing is that a high-power electromagnetic field can stop photons. That reaction happens in the sun and fusion reactors. If the photons can stopped in lower temperatures, that gives time to transmit information to them. The system can use stopped photons to make a complex network of superpositioned and entangled particles. 

The radical thing is the crystals that tie photons or electrons to their shell. Those photons or electrons can used for making quantum entanglements. And that brings solid and compact quantum computers closer than ever before. The ability to close some photons into the physical form makes it possible to control those things better. 

In some visions, the photons can close in electrons. If that thing is possible. That makes it easier to transport information between binary and quantum systems. It is possible that the time crystals can used to make the stable atom line. Then the electron shells will turn to plates, and then the system makes quantum entanglement between electrons or photons that close in electrons between two different time crystals. 


"Scientists have made a significant advancement in the field of quantum physics by producing a time crystal with a lifespan millions of times longer than previously achieved. This discovery validates the theoretical prediction of time crystals made by Nobel laureate Frank Wilczek in 2012, demonstrating periodic behavior in a system without periodic external influence." (ScitechDaily, Physicists Unlock Quantum Immortality With Revolutionary Time Crystal)

One way to make particles travel faster than light is to use a time crystal. Theoretically, if an electron's (or some other particle's) spinning speed is close to the speed of light. And then they start wobble cause that the particle crosses the speed of light. 

And that thing can make the time crystal the crystal ball that can interact with particles in the future. In some models, the fast-spinning particles that are on the layer can create the retrocausal effect with an identic particle group. In those hypothetical models, the entanglement can transport information over time. 

 If the wobbling atom line wobbles near the speed of light and then the particle accelerator transports those time crystals forward the spin and wobbling movement of those atoms causes at least some electrons can travel faster than the speed of light. The idea is that the extremely fast spin can cause that electron on another side to cross the speed of light. 

If this thing is possible. That can make the retrocausality in the system possible. In that model, the system can affect from the future to the past. Researchers created quantum immortality using time crystals. And maybe someday those strange things help us to see the future.  

The light can travel back and forth in time. Normally, traveling back in time means that the particle turns younger. This thing is possible to make by using superpositioned and entangled particles. The first particle travels at high speed and the second remains in position. The ability to exchange information between those particles depends on which particle has a higher energy level. 

The idea is to make quantum entanglement that allows to exchange of information through time. When another particle travels or spins with the speed of light. That means it remains at a certain point in time. And if the second particle remains still, that thing means that the second particle travels in time faster than the first one. 



https://interestingengineering.com/science/quantum-time-flip-scientist


https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-slowed-down-light-by-10000-times-in-an-experiment


https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-unlock-quantum-immortality-with-revolutionary-time-crystal/


https://scitechdaily.com/redefining-quantum-possibilities-scientists-develop-diamond-lithium-niobate-chip-with-92-efficiency/


https://spectrum.ieee.org/time-reversal-interface


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrocausality


https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/02/13/new-advances-in-quantum-computing-and-complex-quantum-entireties/


Wednesday, February 7, 2024

Higgs Boson decay might revolutionize physics.


"Candidate Higgs boson events from collisions between protons in the LHC" (Wikipedia, Higgs Boson


Higgs Boson is one of the most difficult objects for observers. The short existence of the Higgs Boson means. That there is a very short time to make observations. Higgs Boson may have a spin. But the Higgs Boson's spin is hard to detect because the existence of that particle is so short. 

Higgs Boson is the highest energy and shortest living particle that can change how we understand physics. The decay itself is the thing that gives information about things like WARP bubbles and other kinds of things. When ultra-high energy particles come into the environment, whose energy level is the same as it is on Earth it sends an energy pulse. 



That energy pulse forms a shockwave that will not let outside quantum fields affect to Higgs Boson or any other high-energy particle. The bubble exists and expands until that shockwave's energy level is lower than the environment. There is an electromagnetic vacuum that pulls energy away from that particle. And this energy flow rips Higgs Boson into pieces. 


The thing is that researchers are not sure about the shape of the Higgs Boson. The thing is that researchers have seen some kind of flexing or anomalies in the shape of the Higgs Boson. And that thing causes theories that this boson involves some, even more, smaller and higher energy particles. There is another thing about the Higgs Boson and that thing is that some researchers are not sure, if this Higgs Boson is the same boson, that Higgs predicted. 

Some people say. This Higgs Boson is found in too low energy levels. The prediction was that the Higgs Boson could be found in the energy level that can form in an asteroid belt-size particle accelerator.  But the LHC accelerator found that particle, called Higgs Boson. The thing is that there is a prediction or theory that between photons and Higgs Bosons is only one or at least a couple of particles. But can we find those particles? That is the key question about the physics. 


https://bigthink.com/hard-science/higgs-boson-decay/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson


https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/02/08/higgs-boson-decay-might-revolutionize-physics/


Crossing speed of light, the cosmic speed limit.



To reach the Kardashev scale 3 the civilization requires faster-than-light- technology. 


The simplest way to cross the speed of light is to equip the craft with a system that drives particles forward. When the craft reaches a speed that is close to the speed of light the accelerator will shoot those particles ahead. And that turns them into small black holes where the craft can drive. The other version is to equip the craft with the wheel. When it's as close to the speed of light as possible the wheel rotates and that thing can cross the speed of light. 

Stargate can be the system is a thin water membrane in the frame, and then the high-speed craft will be dríven through that thing. 

Theoretically crossing the speed of light can happen quite easily. The craft must only reach a speed that is higher than the speed of light in the water. In that model, the magnetic frame will lock the water layer or single-molecule water membrane in the frame. And then the spacecraft will travel through that stargate with a speed, that is higher than the speed of light in water. 

The speed of light in water is 255 000 000 m/s, and the speed of light in vacuum is 299,792,458 m/s. So it's possible. That some very advanced spacecraft can someday reach that speed. 

The idea is taken from neutrino detectors where neutrinos impact water forming a blue light shockwave. That shockwave called Cherenkov radiation forms when neutrino delivers its kinetic energy. For the same reason, there is a blue shine around nuclear reactors. 


The electromagnetic wormhole. 


The other version of the Stargate can be based on the Hall effect. In that model, the craft travels in a beam that is forming of electrons and a laser ray, that accelerates them. In that version, the energy level in the craft must be the same as the beam. And then crossing magnetic fields pump energy to that craft. And that thing makes it jump across the speed of light.

There is the possibility that somewhere in the future humans can create "faster-than-light travel". There is a plan called WARP or Alcubierre Drive. In that model, the craft accelerates as close to the speed of light as possible. Then the magnetodynamic drive pulls particles against the craft.

The WARP bubble is "easy to make" by detonating antimatter. That antimatter detonation will happen in the chamber and that shockwave pushes quantum fields from around the craft. If an outcoming force forms that WARP bubble it can rip material into pieces because energy starts to travel out from the craft at extremely high speed. 



And that thing can increase the impact speed with particles and electromagnetic fields to a level, that is higher than the speed of light. In that case, those impacts remove the thing called the standing wave problem. When a particle or craft closes to the speed of light it turns smaller. 

In passive Alcubierre drive the craft drives very fast against the solar wind. In that case, the impact speed with craft and environment is higher than the speed of light. In some models, the craft flies against the direction of the plasma whirl. All those systems are based on the idea that the impact speed between objects and particles can be faster than the speed of light. 


And finally, the quantum field jumps out from that object. And this denies acceleration. Because an object's speed can increase only when energy travels into it. In some theories, the particle accelerator at the edge of the craft or system that detonates antimatter in the craft just when it reaches the cosmic speed limit can push the craft over the light wall. Acceleration of the craft happens by using antimatter. 

In some models, the system uses false vacuum or false vacuum decay to make the particle beam travel faster than the speed of light. The plasma ion engine. Where ions and electrons are accelerated by lasers shot into the vacuum. In that case, the vacuum allows those particles to cross the speed of light. 


In some models, the particle beam that shoots forward can cross the speed of light. That means that those particles turn into black holes that pull craft behind them to hyperspace or wormhole called the fourth dimension. 

In the most futuristic models, the engine system will create so high energy and fast particles that they can make quantum entanglement with hypothetical tachyon particles. Then those superpositioned and entangled tachyons pump energy to the craft. That thing's possible only if tachyons exist. 


But if crossing the speed of light is possible another problem is how to slow the craft's speed. In theories when a particle travels faster than the speed of light, that thing causes a situation in which the particle jumps out from the universe. That energy level is called the fourth dimension. If the craft wants to slow down it must make the interaction with particles. That is at the third dimension. Without that interaction, the craft cannot pump energy out from its body. 

The conclusion is that faster-than-speed travel is an extremely difficult thing to make in practice. All those methods are based on the idea that energy will freeze in the craft's body. If the craft travels in an electromagnetic wormhole that denies its turn into the wave movement. The problems start while the craft slows. 

The energy level in the universe decreases all the time. And that increases the difference between energy levels between a craft and its environment. And if the craft will slow that increases the energy flow, and that thing can destroy the craft immediately. 


The hypothetic civilization can move to the fourth dimension. 


So in some models, civilization can create large cylinders that rotate with speed that is faster than the speed of light. The idea is that there are multiple internal layers and ion flow between those layers. 

When internal layers rotate in the same direction the speed of those shells can be relative to the speed of space. And that thing can send those cylinders into the fourth dimension or the energy level that their material cannot interact with 3D material. If that civilization cannot come back they would continue their life in the fourth dimension. 


https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/alien-space-travel-speed-of-light/

https://science.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-program/10-things-going-interstellar/

https://www.skywatchtv.com/2021/04/06/warp/

https://www.sott.net/article/383595-NASA-Alcubierre-Drive-Initiative-faster-than-the-speed-of-light

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcubierre_drive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_drive


https://setiandfermiparadox.wordpress.com/2024/02/07/crossing-speed-of-light-the-cosmic-speed-limit/

Dark energy could be something incredible.

   Dark energy could be something incredible.  "The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument is mounted on the U.S. National Science Founda...