The fifth force can hide in atoms.

"The Standard Model of physics doesn't account for everything we see. (ScienceAlert)

Researchers hunt for the fifth force. It is possible that the fifth force is the mirror gravitation. The idea comes from gravity’s special nature.  Gravity has no repelling effect, so can the mythical fifth force have only a repelling effect. And could that force be the key to understanding why electrons don’t fall to the atom’s nucleus? In that new model, the fifth force is the interaction between neutrons and the atom’s electron shells or electrons. 

In this model, the interaction between electron and proton and electron and neutron are separated. The fifth force could explain why dark matter became more dominating than visible material, but why does dark matter have only gravitational interaction with visible material? 

There is a possibility that the fifth force’s origin is in the subatomic particles like quarks or neutrons. If a particle looks like a whisk it can collect energy or wave movement from its environment.  So-called superstrings form that structure. That causes oscillation and that oscillation sends energy waves to the middle of the particle. When those strings oscillate they send wave movement in both directions in and out from particles. That packs energy into the particle until it can break itself out. 

There are four fundamental forces that we know. 

1 Gravity

2 Electromagnetism

3 Weak nuclear force

4 Strong nuclear force. 

So where should researchers look for the fifth force? One of the most promising places would be in atoms. Researchers know the electromagnetic interaction that is the interaction between an atom's nucleus and its electron core. But the interaction between positive protons and negative electrons has the dominating effect on that thing. The missing interaction is the interaction between neutrons and electrons. Neutrons are neutral particles. They have N and S poles and that makes a model where wave movement with N-polarity hits a neutron's S pole possible. Some kind of wave movement can leave from the neutron's equator. 

In that model, a neutron collects or focuses quantum fields from protons and then that energy flow causes radiation to the particle’s equator. The thing that makes the fifth force interesting is that force could be missing gravity’s pushing effect. An interesting thing is that gravity has no pushing effect. So the fifth force can be the missing “antigravity”. There is also another interesting detail in the neutron’s structure. Those particles exist only about 15 minutes (880 sec.) outside the atom. 

That thing means that it’s possible that the “fifth force” blows neutrons. There are only three quarks in a neutron. The higher energy down quarks-pair and one up quark. Energy flows from down quarks to up quarks. That can form the situation that the energy stretches a quantum field around those quarks. And that can cause vaporization in quarks. But when we observe atoms we must remember that we see them as entirety. We see all of those four fundamental interactions. And that means if we want to see the fifth force we must filter maybe all other forces away. 

All fundamental interactions have their own transmitter particle. They all have the wave movement form that wavelength depends on the size of the transmitter particle. So theoretically we could transform gravity straight to the electromagnetic wave movement if we have the right particle. The gravity wave is the energy ditch that travels in the universe. When that energy ditch faces a particle it pulls a little bit of energy out from the particle. That energy is the wave movement that is possible to catch. This is one of the things that can revolutionize our way of thinking about material. 

https://www.sciencealert.com/a-fifth-force-of-nature-may-have-been-discovered-inside-atoms

Can entropy form gravity?

The entropic system can have a gravity effect. But the system itself cannot form anything visible. Gravitation surrounds all objects in the universe. The idea of quantum gravitation is that the gravitation is the sum of all particles of the system. There is a possibility that if extremely high energy objects form the swarming entirety they cannot form visible structure. The swarming particles can form a thing called entropic gravitation. But is it possible that entropy is the thing that forms gravity? In some theories the WIMPs weakly interacting massive particles are some kind of swarming versions of the particles. 

When certain types of particles swarm like dust and pull energy inside them that thing causes a situation where it forms a pothole in the quantum field. That causes an energy flow that tries to fill that point. But those spinning particles in that particle cloud bind all energy into themselves. The particles act like dust clouds but they cannot form bigger objects, because energy waves push and pull them back and forth. Those particles have no time to create bonds. We cannot see those particles because energy flows in one direction. 

That means we cannot see them. Without reflection, particles are invisible. And if that happens that explains why we cannot see graviton-particles,  the hypothetical gravity transmitter. There is the possibility that a graviton is a fast-spinning particle that conducts energy to the spin axle where it forms a similar beam as black holes. But that beam is very thin. If that thin beam travels through the particles it might not cause strong changes in their energy fields. The beam can stretch that energy field. But it doesn't cause strong oscillation. The oscillation can be like waves in the particle's quantum field. If a particle makes wave movement flow across its surface it is invisible to the observer. 

Same way if particles bind quantum fields into them there is a possibility that the fast-swarming particles can form a channel between two objects. If there swarming particles between two objects that form a channel the particles cannot create resistance. The idea is quite similar in cases where the soap goes in water. That causes a situation in which water loses its surface tension. So this point or channel acts like some kind of vacuum between those particles or objects. 

There is one form or vision of the quantum stealth systems that can change games. Decrease the laser beam effect. That thing is based on the idea that energy can form waves that travel on the system shell travel in one direction. That means that those waves can push quantum fields around that object in one direction or with them. That thing makes it possible to aim reflection in some other direction than to the observer. The idea is that the energy wave travels on the object shell and pushes wave movement in one direction. Same way in regular antennas the wave that travels on the antenna's shell pumps informative radio waves into some direction. 

There is the possibility that entropic gravity forms when energy flows over a particle's shell or its quantum fields. If those waves from particles impact with other energy waves that come from other particles in the system. That can create quantum dots that push those particles away from each other. 

The idea of entropic gravity is interesting. When we think about rising entropy in the system we can make a model where the entropy grows also in the most dense objects in the universe. So the densest objects in the universe involve so huge entropy that is packed in the small point that it makes a similar effect as the cosmic vacuum or extreme void in the universe. Entropy gravity means that a large group of particles swarm and pull energy out from some point. The swarming particles can pull entire points empty or bind all quantum fields into themselves. 

So because particles swarm like some kind of dust in the room they cannot form any kinds of visible objects. And that can also explain why gravity behaves like it behaves. When we think about things like cosmic nebulas there is lots of entropy in the system. If that thing falls into a black hole there is a possibility that the entropy, or number of entropic particles is the same. But the movement, or entropic area is smaller. That means the particles that form gravity oscillate in the smaller area. That means the relation between entropy out- and inside that system is the same. 

https://phys.org/news/2016-12-verlinde-theory-gravity.html

https://www.quantamagazine.org/is-gravity-just-entropy-rising-long-shot-idea-gets-another-look-20250613/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic_gravity

The solution for hypersonic flight and space planes: rocket ramjet.

The answer to the problem of how to ignite the ramjet is the rocket ramjet. The system allows engineers to make the space plane. The aircraft that can operate the atmosphere and orbiter. 

The biggest problem with ramjet engines is the pressure. The engine itself doesn’t have moving parts. That means the aircraft that uses a ramjet engine must fly about Mach 1 so that the airflow into the engine can create pressure and heat that ignites the fuel-air mixture. There are introduced things like the rocket-ramjet hybrid system that uses an iris at the front of the engine. When an aircraft stands on the runway the system uses internal oxygen and fuel. The iris will be closed and the engine acts as a rocket engine. 

When the aircraft reaches Mach 1 the iris will be open and the internal oxygen injection ends. At that speed air that comes from the front of the engine can maintain burning. However, it is possible. The system uses pressurized air at the beginning of the flight. The system can store air in pressure bottles and then the same pumping system that is used for pure oxygen can transfer that air from the bottle to the engine. 

Above: Regular ramjet. 

The diagram of the ramjet engine that uses separated superchargers. The iris is open. 

The system can transfer air to the ramjet engine using centrifugal superchargers. That system allows aircraft to ignite ramjet engines at runways. There is a possibility that a rocket ramjet that turns the ramjet into a rocket engine can beat even a scramjet. If the compressor system can inject air to the combustion chamber at a speed that is higher than Mach 6 that system allows it to operate at higher speed and altitudes than traditional air-breathing ramjet and scramjet systems. The idea is that the system can take air and oxygen from the atmosphere but it conducts that oxygen to the engine in different ways than regular ramjets. 

The compressor system can fill those bottles with air, and then the engine system injects that air into the rocket ramjet chamber with fuel. The system can use hydrogen as fuel, which allows the system to ignite that fuel easier than kerosine. The system can also use an electric arc to ignite the fuel. The electric arc can be formed around the pressurizer cone that creates the pressure wave in the ramjet engine. The system can also use oxygen straight from the air. That means the system can replace those pressure bottles with centrifugal compressors. Those high-power compressors can be on both sides of the engine. Then they pump air at a very high speed from the front against the cone. 

Then, the hydrogen (or a hydrocarbon, such as kerosene) can be injected into the combustion chamber. If the iris at the front of the engine is closed, that system makes it possible to start and lift off the hypersonic aircraft straight from the runways. When the aircraft turns to move faster, that system opens the iris at the front of the engine. Then it can close the airflow to the compressor. If that kind of aircraft also had internal oxygen storage it could fly to space and operate at the orbital trajectory. The system can also dive into the atmosphere and utilize atmospheric air in its mission. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

Could the universe expand faster-than-light during cosmic inflation?

In the cosmic inflation model is the statement that the gravity turned opposite in the Big Bang. That means the energy level in the very early universe was raised higher than its environment. The energy minimum was far higher than in the modern universe. And entropy was lower. It’s possible to eliminate the gravity wave that is the energy ditch by decreasing the energy level lower than the bottom of the gravity wave. Or lower than the energy minimum in the universe. Only time in history that this thing happened was the birth of the universe. 

When the universe turned cooler and the material formed there formed multiple gravity centers that formed the gravity turbulence. Before the first particles formed gravity waves traveled in straight lines. The growing entropy made space between those gravity waves. And turned them into curves. If straight horizontal gravity waves are possible that makes energy valley there particles can travel. That kind of gravity wave can pump energy to a particle that travels in it. 

The key element in cosmic inflation is somewhere in the history of the early universe: it expanded faster than light. And how that is possible. When material erupted from the Big Bang there was nothing that could slow that event. There is a possibility that the entire universe’s energy level including gravity waves were above the energy level around that event. So if the entire universe was at a higher energy level that means there was only a pushing effect that pushed material away. Because there was no scattering or other things and energy traveled in straight lines there were situations where nothing pulled energy out from that radiation. 

And then that thing made it possible for particles to cross the speed of light. Otr they crossed the speed of light in the modern universe. As we know, the speed of light is relative. It depends on the medium, where it travels. Without scattering there was no effect that pulled energy out from the first photons. So can the universe still expand faster than the speed of light. The fact is that if there is nothing outside the universe that means there is nothing that can limit the photon’s speed. Except only known photons come from our universe. 

And that means the gravity effect behind those photons slows them. But there is a theoretical situation where gravity can turn opposite. That situation is that the environment’s energy level turns lower than the energy level at the bottom of the gravity wave. This effect eliminates gravity. So, that means that in the very young universe gravity turned opposite. The reason for that is that the universe’s entire energy level was higher than its environment. And that is the only known theoretical situation. 

If we think possibility that the universe expansion causes gravity wave ahead the universe, that requires quantum field outside the universe. That means the energy ditch surrounds the material bubble that we call the universe. If the energy ditch is deeper at the front of the structure it pulls that structure forward. If there is an energy ditch only at the front of the structure, the force of the energy ditch at the back of the particle will not disturb its acceleration. When a particle or any other structure moves it binds energy into itself. That thing causes an energy ditch at the front of the particle. The energy ditch will fill sooner or later. And that causes that particle to slow. Differences between energy levels behind and forward of the particle determines its speed or acceleration. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_inflation

Cosmic inflation doesn’t violate energy conservation.

"History of the Universe – gravitational waves are hypothesized to arise from cosmic inflation, a phase of accelerated expansion just after the Big Bang". (Wikipedia, Cosmic inflation)

“The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be conserved over time. In the case of a closed system, the principle says that the total amount of energy within the system can only be changed through energy entering or leaving the system. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it can only be transformed or transferred from one form to another”.(Wikipedia, Conservation of energy)

“For instance, chemical energy is converted to kinetic energy when a stick of dynamite explodes. If one adds up all forms of energy that were released in the explosion, such as the kinetic energy and potential energy of the pieces, as well as heat and sound, one will get the exact decrease of chemical energy in the combustion of the dynamite.” (Wikipedia, Conservation of energy)

The fact is that energy can change in the closed system if the system changes its form. So if a closed system expands there is less energy for filling the space that turns larger or smaller. The idea is similar to putting a balloon filled with water in a vacuum chamber. That system expands the balloon when the pressure decreases. So cosmic inflation means that there is less energy compared to space when space expands. The expansion is interaction. When pressure outside the system decreases the outside pressure presses it into its form. And otherwise, internal pressure pushes the system larger.

When the system’s size grows but the gas atom’s number in the system is the same, expansion decreases the power of the internal system. Energy acts in a similar way as gas. 

That doesn’t mean that the energy of the water decreases compared to outside because the difference between pressure levels stays the same. And quantum fields or energy act like water. So if we compare energy to gas or water expanding space means that pressure in the system decreases, but in the same way, differences in pressure levels in and out of the system are always relatively the same. 

If we push that ball we can increase pressure inside it. That means it's possible to affect energy density or energy strength by changing the system’s size. But the main question about the universe is this: Is the universe itself a closed system that recycles energy? Or does the universe leak, which means that the wave movement escapes from the universe faster than the universe expands? 

The universe itself is not any vacuum chamber. The space outside the universe is enormous. Or maybe it is infinite. That means there should be no resistance against the universe and its expansion from outside. But inside the universe, gravity pulls particles and wave movement back to the center of that thing. 

"In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation, cosmological inflation, or just inflation, is a theory of exponential expansion of space in the very early universe. Following the inflationary period, the universe continued to expand, but at a slower rate. The re-acceleration of this slowing expansion due to dark energy began after the universe was already over 7.7 billion years old (5.4 billion years ago." (Wikipedia, Cosmic inflation)

Above: The model of cosmic inflation. 

When the universe started to freeze, material formed that bound energy into particles. That formed space between those particles. When energy bound into material there was less free energy and that turned energy between material objects chaotic. Material is like ice bites in water. Material is one energy form. But when energy turns into material that is away from free energy. 

When we think about closed systems we must realize that those systems involve multiple internal systems. In the universe, the system is not homogenous. There are many energy levels in the universe. Materia is one energy form or densely packed energy. We must send an energy impulse to the system so that we can release energy that is stored in the material. When energy is packed in the atom or subatomic particles or bonds between atoms that energy is away from somewhere. There is a lot of energy in the universe. 

But because the universe is not endless there are limited energy resources. The thing that destroys the system is free energy. Free energy is energy that is not bound to material. And that energy causes oscillation. When we use energy we simply bind free energy into material. Materia itself is a denser form of energy. When the universe expands quantum fields in the universe turn weaker. 

That causes a situation where energy flows faster away from material and sooner or later, the material turns into wave movement. That means that the free energy in the system increases. And that causes the entropy in the system to increase. Free space in the system means that energy flows to that empty space. Energy must flow all the time. And it always travels to a lower energy level. The universe’s expansion means that the free energy state in the universe rises and rips material into pieces. That realizes energy that is stored in the material. 

So energy doesn't vanish. It just changes its form and power. But energy and information themselves are infinite. They cannot vanish. They can just turn denser or they can turn less dense. And that means there is no death in the quantum world. Energy is information and information can change its form but it cannot vanish. It can turn so weak that it's hard to see. Or it can take the form that we cannot understand. It can be so chaotic that we cannot separate and interconnect those bites into their original form. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/cosmic-inflation-violate-energy-conservation/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_inflation

Time reflection: can we see the future?

 

"A wormhole visualized as a two-dimensional surface. Route (a) is the shortest path through normal space between points 1 and 2; route (b) is a shorter path through a wormhole." (Wikipedia, Wormhole)

When we think about the tunneling effect, that means that when particles hit things like potential walls they get more energy from that wall. That increases their speed. If those particles hit the wall in the tube or in an energy tornado that forces other particles to follow them. That effect can pull those other particles into faster movement. So sooner or later. That creates electromagnetic suction. And if that suction is strong enough, it can sustain as long as the structure like an electromagnetic tornado denies that channel filling. The time reflection requires four-dimensional spacetime. 

Time moves from the past to the future. Energy levels were higher in the past because of the universe’s expansion. And that is one of the reasons why we cannot see into the future. 

Time reflection is the thing that can change our understanding of physics. The time reflection means that the wave hits things like a mirror and that turns their course to the opposite. So time reflection means that information comes back from the future. The problem is that the past is at a higher energy level than the future. When some information travels for a long time and reflects back we can get all the information that the information beam stores. But the problem is that we cannot keep that information in the form. 

So in normal space information will turn chaotic and we cannot return its form. The thing that makes black holes an interesting phenomenon is that it transports information to the future. The black hole is like the channel or quantum tornado that drills itself through spacetime. The black hole makes the gravitational pothole through time, and the reason for why we cannot get information back from the future is that the information that comes from the past pushes that information back. If the information were water, we can think of the black hole and wormhole as the tube that goes from the bottom of the water tank to the future. 

The wormhole is a theoretical energy tornado that connects two places through spacetime. The white hole is the theoretical point where the wormhole ends. If we want to use a wormhole to transport information in any direction we should remove turbulence. If there is whirling that breaks information. In a wormhole, the object cannot release its energy and that’s why it will not turn older. The time reflection means that it's possible to send information into the past. But that information must keep its form. 

In that energy channel, all radiation and objects travel at the same speed. And that causes an interesting theorem. If a particle travels through a wormhole the difference between energy levels in a particle and its environment goes very high. And that causes fast energy flow from the particle to the environment. That energy flow rips particles apart. The problem with wormholes and white holes is that those effects are not fully confirmed. Black holes are one version of the wormholes. 

In theories, the white hole is the end of the wormhole. The white hole is the point where a wormhole or energy bridge across the universe and spacetime ends. To make information travel backward in the Einstein-Rosen bridge we should push the white hole back through the wormhole. In a wormhole, the particle travels in an energy channel that denies it to deliver energy. Theoretically, that means energy locks into that particle. So when an object comes from a hypothetical wormhole, it delivers energy so fast that it rips that particle in pieces. If we ever can travel in time that means that we cannot step out from our time machine. 

The idea of time travel is that the object cannot release its energy. Or the system locks energy to that object. One of the forms of time is energy. The expansion of the universe means that the energy level in the universe decreases. And if we lock energy in some object and wait too long, that means the difference in energy levels in the universe and time-traveling objects rises very high. That causes a situation where energy flows out from objects so fast that it causes destruction. 

So, what if we want to bring information from the future to the past? The idea is that the system creates a wormhole to the future. And then it must turn the wormhole’s future side into a higher energy level than the past. In wormholes energy and information travel from the higher to lower level. 

That requires that in the future the high energy point that raises the energy level at the end of the wormhole could be the white hole so high that it can send information against the information flow that travels in the wormhole when the information starts to travel back into the wormhole that causes resistance. When something changes direction in the information flow that causes a similar pressure wave as water starts to flow in the tube. And this can break the wormhole. The system must press information against the natural information flow. 

The information flow must be strong enough that it can push information that comes from the past back to where it came from. And then the energy flow must be stable enough that information can keep its form. The turbulence is the thing that denies us to see the farthest objects. Whirls and chaos are things that put information out of order. 

https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a63979764/time-reflections-real/

https://www.sustainability-times.com/research/scientists-confirm-the-impossible-time-reflections-are-real-shattering-the-boundaries-of-physics-and-human-understanding/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-symmetry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Galaxies from the dawn of the universe tell how material is formed in the universe.

"Six images of galaxies taken from nearly 800,000, from upper left to lower right: the present-day universe, and 3, 4, 8, 9, and 10 billion years ago. Credit: M. Franco / C. Casey / COSMOS-Web collaboration" (ScitechDaily, When the Universe Broke the Rules: Webb Spots “Impossible” Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn)

Before stars start to form there must be some gravity center. Then that gravity center started to pull hydrogen or hydrogen ions into that point. The reionization where cosmic radiation pushes electrons out from an atom's orbitals is an interesting thing. There must be some kind of source for that radiation. And in some models the Big Bang caused shine. That caused reflection from those atoms causing that reionization. 

There is a possibility that in the young universe’s quantum field formed some kind of turbulence or whirls that pulled hydrogen ions against each other. There must be a lot of material that the fusion starts in those hydrogen stars. When we say that those first stars burn hydrogen to helium we forget one thing. In the fusion tests. Systems deuterium and tritium. Those heavy isotopes of hydrogen consist of one proton and one neutron (deuterium), or one proton and two neutrons (tritium). In Helium 3 is one neutron and two protons. So, which formed first, deuterium, tritium or Helium 3?

The “impossible” galaxies from the young universe give a view to material advance. Those very early galaxies give data about the theorem that dark matter can form visible material or even wobble between visible material and dark matter states. Those young galaxies tell about the interaction between dark and visible material. And they can offer an answer to the question, can the weakly interacting massive particle, WIMP be some “real” particle, or can it be a whirl in some quantum field? And that means the dark matter could be some kind of turbulence in some quantum field. 

"Researchers propose that early elliptical galaxies may be responsible for a significant portion of the cosmic microwave background, potentially undermining the Big Bang’s most trusted evidence. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Rewriting Cosmology: New Calculations Shake Foundations of the Big Bang Theory)

But everything is open until astronomers and physicists find the first sign of the mysterious WIMP. Dark matter is one of the biggest mysteries in the universe. It's a gravity effect without any source. In new models, it is possible that the gravity field can form the turbulence or whirl in that field. And if the whirl in the gravity field increases its power. Theoretically, packed gravitational fields can form even a black hole. In that case, the gravity waves that impact each other form a situation where the gravity pothole turns deeper and deeper Until even light cannot escape from there. 

And that closes the past universe partially away from theory where a detonated black hole formed the universe. There is a possibility that the black hole or Kugelblitz black hole formed straight from energy fields interaction and then that detonated black hole formed the event called the Big Bang. And then again, where did those gravity waves come from?

But we know that dark matter has a role in the galaxies. If dark matter doesn’t act as glue that means galaxies must rotate slower and stars should be closer to each other so that the structure stays in its form. Some galaxies have no dark matter. And some of them have. And that means dark matter is similar to visible material because it can form structures. But the dark matter form is a mystery. There is a possibility that WIMPs are like quasiparticles. One suggestion is that WIMP is like an exciton. 

In an exciton, the electron starts to orbit its own hole. So if that electron hole turns deep enough it could pull all reflection from the particle that orbits it into that hole. It is theoretically possible that the dark matter particle or WIMP is the miniature black hole that some other particle orbits. In some models, it is possible that one of three quarks can jump out from baryons. That leaves holes in the baryon structure and that can cause an effect where that baryon starts to wave or wobble. But those models are purely theoretical. 

https://scitechdaily.com/rewriting-cosmology-new-calculations-shake-foundations-of-the-big-bang-theory/

https://scitechdaily.com/when-the-universe-broke-the-rules-webb-spots-impossible-galaxies-at-cosmic-dawn/