Could the universe expand faster-than-light during cosmic inflation?

In the cosmic inflation model is the statement that the gravity turned opposite in the Big Bang. That means the energy level in the very early universe was raised higher than its environment. The energy minimum was far higher than in the modern universe. And entropy was lower. It’s possible to eliminate the gravity wave that is the energy ditch by decreasing the energy level lower than the bottom of the gravity wave. Or lower than the energy minimum in the universe. Only time in history that this thing happened was the birth of the universe. 

When the universe turned cooler and the material formed there formed multiple gravity centers that formed the gravity turbulence. Before the first particles formed gravity waves traveled in straight lines. The growing entropy made space between those gravity waves. And turned them into curves. If straight horizontal gravity waves are possible that makes energy valley there particles can travel. That kind of gravity wave can pump energy to a particle that travels in it. 

The key element in cosmic inflation is somewhere in the history of the early universe: it expanded faster than light. And how that is possible. When material erupted from the Big Bang there was nothing that could slow that event. There is a possibility that the entire universe’s energy level including gravity waves were above the energy level around that event. So if the entire universe was at a higher energy level that means there was only a pushing effect that pushed material away. Because there was no scattering or other things and energy traveled in straight lines there were situations where nothing pulled energy out from that radiation. 

And then that thing made it possible for particles to cross the speed of light. Otr they crossed the speed of light in the modern universe. As we know, the speed of light is relative. It depends on the medium, where it travels. Without scattering there was no effect that pulled energy out from the first photons. So can the universe still expand faster than the speed of light. The fact is that if there is nothing outside the universe that means there is nothing that can limit the photon’s speed. Except only known photons come from our universe. 

And that means the gravity effect behind those photons slows them. But there is a theoretical situation where gravity can turn opposite. That situation is that the environment’s energy level turns lower than the energy level at the bottom of the gravity wave. This effect eliminates gravity. So, that means that in the very young universe gravity turned opposite. The reason for that is that the universe’s entire energy level was higher than its environment. And that is the only known theoretical situation. 

If we think possibility that the universe expansion causes gravity wave ahead the universe, that requires quantum field outside the universe. That means the energy ditch surrounds the material bubble that we call the universe. If the energy ditch is deeper at the front of the structure it pulls that structure forward. If there is an energy ditch only at the front of the structure, the force of the energy ditch at the back of the particle will not disturb its acceleration. When a particle or any other structure moves it binds energy into itself. That thing causes an energy ditch at the front of the particle. The energy ditch will fill sooner or later. And that causes that particle to slow. Differences between energy levels behind and forward of the particle determines its speed or acceleration. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_inflation

Cosmic inflation doesn’t violate energy conservation.

"History of the Universe – gravitational waves are hypothesized to arise from cosmic inflation, a phase of accelerated expansion just after the Big Bang". (Wikipedia, Cosmic inflation)

“The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be conserved over time. In the case of a closed system, the principle says that the total amount of energy within the system can only be changed through energy entering or leaving the system. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it can only be transformed or transferred from one form to another”.(Wikipedia, Conservation of energy)

“For instance, chemical energy is converted to kinetic energy when a stick of dynamite explodes. If one adds up all forms of energy that were released in the explosion, such as the kinetic energy and potential energy of the pieces, as well as heat and sound, one will get the exact decrease of chemical energy in the combustion of the dynamite.” (Wikipedia, Conservation of energy)

The fact is that energy can change in the closed system if the system changes its form. So if a closed system expands there is less energy for filling the space that turns larger or smaller. The idea is similar to putting a balloon filled with water in a vacuum chamber. That system expands the balloon when the pressure decreases. So cosmic inflation means that there is less energy compared to space when space expands. The expansion is interaction. When pressure outside the system decreases the outside pressure presses it into its form. And otherwise, internal pressure pushes the system larger.

When the system’s size grows but the gas atom’s number in the system is the same, expansion decreases the power of the internal system. Energy acts in a similar way as gas. 

That doesn’t mean that the energy of the water decreases compared to outside because the difference between pressure levels stays the same. And quantum fields or energy act like water. So if we compare energy to gas or water expanding space means that pressure in the system decreases, but in the same way, differences in pressure levels in and out of the system are always relatively the same. 

If we push that ball we can increase pressure inside it. That means it's possible to affect energy density or energy strength by changing the system’s size. But the main question about the universe is this: Is the universe itself a closed system that recycles energy? Or does the universe leak, which means that the wave movement escapes from the universe faster than the universe expands? 

The universe itself is not any vacuum chamber. The space outside the universe is enormous. Or maybe it is infinite. That means there should be no resistance against the universe and its expansion from outside. But inside the universe, gravity pulls particles and wave movement back to the center of that thing. 

"In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation, cosmological inflation, or just inflation, is a theory of exponential expansion of space in the very early universe. Following the inflationary period, the universe continued to expand, but at a slower rate. The re-acceleration of this slowing expansion due to dark energy began after the universe was already over 7.7 billion years old (5.4 billion years ago." (Wikipedia, Cosmic inflation)

Above: The model of cosmic inflation. 

When the universe started to freeze, material formed that bound energy into particles. That formed space between those particles. When energy bound into material there was less free energy and that turned energy between material objects chaotic. Material is like ice bites in water. Material is one energy form. But when energy turns into material that is away from free energy. 

When we think about closed systems we must realize that those systems involve multiple internal systems. In the universe, the system is not homogenous. There are many energy levels in the universe. Materia is one energy form or densely packed energy. We must send an energy impulse to the system so that we can release energy that is stored in the material. When energy is packed in the atom or subatomic particles or bonds between atoms that energy is away from somewhere. There is a lot of energy in the universe. 

But because the universe is not endless there are limited energy resources. The thing that destroys the system is free energy. Free energy is energy that is not bound to material. And that energy causes oscillation. When we use energy we simply bind free energy into material. Materia itself is a denser form of energy. When the universe expands quantum fields in the universe turn weaker. 

That causes a situation where energy flows faster away from material and sooner or later, the material turns into wave movement. That means that the free energy in the system increases. And that causes the entropy in the system to increase. Free space in the system means that energy flows to that empty space. Energy must flow all the time. And it always travels to a lower energy level. The universe’s expansion means that the free energy state in the universe rises and rips material into pieces. That realizes energy that is stored in the material. 

So energy doesn't vanish. It just changes its form and power. But energy and information themselves are infinite. They cannot vanish. They can just turn denser or they can turn less dense. And that means there is no death in the quantum world. Energy is information and information can change its form but it cannot vanish. It can turn so weak that it's hard to see. Or it can take the form that we cannot understand. It can be so chaotic that we cannot separate and interconnect those bites into their original form. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/cosmic-inflation-violate-energy-conservation/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_inflation

Time reflection: can we see the future?

 

"A wormhole visualized as a two-dimensional surface. Route (a) is the shortest path through normal space between points 1 and 2; route (b) is a shorter path through a wormhole." (Wikipedia, Wormhole)

When we think about the tunneling effect, that means that when particles hit things like potential walls they get more energy from that wall. That increases their speed. If those particles hit the wall in the tube or in an energy tornado that forces other particles to follow them. That effect can pull those other particles into faster movement. So sooner or later. That creates electromagnetic suction. And if that suction is strong enough, it can sustain as long as the structure like an electromagnetic tornado denies that channel filling. The time reflection requires four-dimensional spacetime. 

Time moves from the past to the future. Energy levels were higher in the past because of the universe’s expansion. And that is one of the reasons why we cannot see into the future. 

Time reflection is the thing that can change our understanding of physics. The time reflection means that the wave hits things like a mirror and that turns their course to the opposite. So time reflection means that information comes back from the future. The problem is that the past is at a higher energy level than the future. When some information travels for a long time and reflects back we can get all the information that the information beam stores. But the problem is that we cannot keep that information in the form. 

So in normal space information will turn chaotic and we cannot return its form. The thing that makes black holes an interesting phenomenon is that it transports information to the future. The black hole is like the channel or quantum tornado that drills itself through spacetime. The black hole makes the gravitational pothole through time, and the reason for why we cannot get information back from the future is that the information that comes from the past pushes that information back. If the information were water, we can think of the black hole and wormhole as the tube that goes from the bottom of the water tank to the future. 

The wormhole is a theoretical energy tornado that connects two places through spacetime. The white hole is the theoretical point where the wormhole ends. If we want to use a wormhole to transport information in any direction we should remove turbulence. If there is whirling that breaks information. In a wormhole, the object cannot release its energy and that’s why it will not turn older. The time reflection means that it's possible to send information into the past. But that information must keep its form. 

In that energy channel, all radiation and objects travel at the same speed. And that causes an interesting theorem. If a particle travels through a wormhole the difference between energy levels in a particle and its environment goes very high. And that causes fast energy flow from the particle to the environment. That energy flow rips particles apart. The problem with wormholes and white holes is that those effects are not fully confirmed. Black holes are one version of the wormholes. 

In theories, the white hole is the end of the wormhole. The white hole is the point where a wormhole or energy bridge across the universe and spacetime ends. To make information travel backward in the Einstein-Rosen bridge we should push the white hole back through the wormhole. In a wormhole, the particle travels in an energy channel that denies it to deliver energy. Theoretically, that means energy locks into that particle. So when an object comes from a hypothetical wormhole, it delivers energy so fast that it rips that particle in pieces. If we ever can travel in time that means that we cannot step out from our time machine. 

The idea of time travel is that the object cannot release its energy. Or the system locks energy to that object. One of the forms of time is energy. The expansion of the universe means that the energy level in the universe decreases. And if we lock energy in some object and wait too long, that means the difference in energy levels in the universe and time-traveling objects rises very high. That causes a situation where energy flows out from objects so fast that it causes destruction. 

So, what if we want to bring information from the future to the past? The idea is that the system creates a wormhole to the future. And then it must turn the wormhole’s future side into a higher energy level than the past. In wormholes energy and information travel from the higher to lower level. 

That requires that in the future the high energy point that raises the energy level at the end of the wormhole could be the white hole so high that it can send information against the information flow that travels in the wormhole when the information starts to travel back into the wormhole that causes resistance. When something changes direction in the information flow that causes a similar pressure wave as water starts to flow in the tube. And this can break the wormhole. The system must press information against the natural information flow. 

The information flow must be strong enough that it can push information that comes from the past back to where it came from. And then the energy flow must be stable enough that information can keep its form. The turbulence is the thing that denies us to see the farthest objects. Whirls and chaos are things that put information out of order. 

https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a63979764/time-reflections-real/

https://www.sustainability-times.com/research/scientists-confirm-the-impossible-time-reflections-are-real-shattering-the-boundaries-of-physics-and-human-understanding/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-symmetry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Galaxies from the dawn of the universe tell how material is formed in the universe.

"Six images of galaxies taken from nearly 800,000, from upper left to lower right: the present-day universe, and 3, 4, 8, 9, and 10 billion years ago. Credit: M. Franco / C. Casey / COSMOS-Web collaboration" (ScitechDaily, When the Universe Broke the Rules: Webb Spots “Impossible” Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn)

Before stars start to form there must be some gravity center. Then that gravity center started to pull hydrogen or hydrogen ions into that point. The reionization where cosmic radiation pushes electrons out from an atom's orbitals is an interesting thing. There must be some kind of source for that radiation. And in some models the Big Bang caused shine. That caused reflection from those atoms causing that reionization. 

There is a possibility that in the young universe’s quantum field formed some kind of turbulence or whirls that pulled hydrogen ions against each other. There must be a lot of material that the fusion starts in those hydrogen stars. When we say that those first stars burn hydrogen to helium we forget one thing. In the fusion tests. Systems deuterium and tritium. Those heavy isotopes of hydrogen consist of one proton and one neutron (deuterium), or one proton and two neutrons (tritium). In Helium 3 is one neutron and two protons. So, which formed first, deuterium, tritium or Helium 3?

The “impossible” galaxies from the young universe give a view to material advance. Those very early galaxies give data about the theorem that dark matter can form visible material or even wobble between visible material and dark matter states. Those young galaxies tell about the interaction between dark and visible material. And they can offer an answer to the question, can the weakly interacting massive particle, WIMP be some “real” particle, or can it be a whirl in some quantum field? And that means the dark matter could be some kind of turbulence in some quantum field. 

"Researchers propose that early elliptical galaxies may be responsible for a significant portion of the cosmic microwave background, potentially undermining the Big Bang’s most trusted evidence. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Rewriting Cosmology: New Calculations Shake Foundations of the Big Bang Theory)

But everything is open until astronomers and physicists find the first sign of the mysterious WIMP. Dark matter is one of the biggest mysteries in the universe. It's a gravity effect without any source. In new models, it is possible that the gravity field can form the turbulence or whirl in that field. And if the whirl in the gravity field increases its power. Theoretically, packed gravitational fields can form even a black hole. In that case, the gravity waves that impact each other form a situation where the gravity pothole turns deeper and deeper Until even light cannot escape from there. 

And that closes the past universe partially away from theory where a detonated black hole formed the universe. There is a possibility that the black hole or Kugelblitz black hole formed straight from energy fields interaction and then that detonated black hole formed the event called the Big Bang. And then again, where did those gravity waves come from?

But we know that dark matter has a role in the galaxies. If dark matter doesn’t act as glue that means galaxies must rotate slower and stars should be closer to each other so that the structure stays in its form. Some galaxies have no dark matter. And some of them have. And that means dark matter is similar to visible material because it can form structures. But the dark matter form is a mystery. There is a possibility that WIMPs are like quasiparticles. One suggestion is that WIMP is like an exciton. 

In an exciton, the electron starts to orbit its own hole. So if that electron hole turns deep enough it could pull all reflection from the particle that orbits it into that hole. It is theoretically possible that the dark matter particle or WIMP is the miniature black hole that some other particle orbits. In some models, it is possible that one of three quarks can jump out from baryons. That leaves holes in the baryon structure and that can cause an effect where that baryon starts to wave or wobble. But those models are purely theoretical. 

https://scitechdaily.com/rewriting-cosmology-new-calculations-shake-foundations-of-the-big-bang-theory/

https://scitechdaily.com/when-the-universe-broke-the-rules-webb-spots-impossible-galaxies-at-cosmic-dawn/

 

Why is turbulence so important?

"The sky depicted in Vincent van Gogh's 1889 painting, The Starry Night has been studied for its turbulent flow"(Wikipedia, Turbulence)

“In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to laminar flow, which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers with no disruption between those layers”. (Wikipedia, Turbulence)

When aircraft or laser beams travel through the gas it pushes particles away from it. Turbulence forms in the border between energy or two materials that have different densities. Turbulence forms on the aircraft wings when some air molecules touch the wing. That forms the whirl and when the aircraft moves ahead it pumps kinetic energy to those whirls. There are vertical and horizontal whirls and when they cross that causes oscillation. When crossing whirls pump energy into each other they start to oscillate the aircraft’s material. 

The whirl can form only in cases where there is a higher energy wall between low-energy or low-pressure fields. The idea is that the outcoming gas cannot break the whirl. The whirl can start to grow until the outcoming gas or energy breaks it. If things like laser beams travel through the gas that forms two whirls around that beam. The whirl also delivers energy inside it. And it can remain until incoming energy breaks it. Or outcoming energy destroys that structure. We call that thing turbulence. If some algorithms that can calculate turbulence are possible that thing can make a big advance for hypersonic aviation and plasma research. 

Turbulence is one of the most important things that we must control and predict. Turbulence, or chaotic whirling is the thing that makes it hard to create hypersonic jet engines. Turbulence is the thing that breaks plasma entirely in fusion systems. When We think about things like ramjet and scramjet engines the whirl that comes behind the dam makes the pressure wave that makes the pressure and heat barrier that ignites fuel breaks the fuel-air mixture shape. The dam is the cone-shaped structure in the ramjet engine. 

And that limits the use of the ramjet engine between Mach 1 and Mach 6. It is not possible to create the structure that connects the ramjet and scramjet engines using conventional methods. (Maybe) There is a test of thin wires at the front of the scramjet. The problem is that those things make the low-pressure area behind them. They look a little bit like fish. And when those pressure waves impact that causes whirls in the engine. 

Ramjet

Scramjet

The thing that limits ramjet speed is the turbulence behind the ramjet’s compression cone. The scramjet engine uses a different shape in the cone. Researchers tried to connect those shapes. But that is very hard to make. So in some ideas, the aircraft uses different turbojets, ramjets, and scramjets. The aircraft will accelerate to Mach 1 using regular turbojets. Then the ramjet system ignites. When the aircraft’s speed is high enough the scramjet engine starts. That allows the plane to operate from regular runways. And it gives it an extremely high speed. 

There is a possibility to create a cone that pulls itself away from the front of the engine. The system can share that cone structure into four bites that the system pulls away from the ramjet, and then the scramjet acts as the afterburner for that system. If the system can remove ramjet's cone it makes it possible to connect the scramjet behind the ramjet. That system can make it possible to create aircraft that can travel with speed Mach 12 and higher. The rocket ramjet means the rocket engine that uses atmospheric air while the aircraft travels in the air, and when it jumps out from the atmosphere that system can close the iris at the front of the ramjet. Then the oxygen-fuel mixture will burn in the engine. That turns to using the internal oxygen source. 

However, we can also consider turbulence and nuclear fusion. The problem in the plasma is that there is forming empty space or a difference between energy levels. The problem is that the lasers cannot push plasma using the same force at all points. If somebody creates a laser that inputs energy to the plasma by using a beam that covers the entire plasma ring that would be a big advance. It is also possible to create anion plasma in the fusion system. And then the ions will inject that plasma ring homogeneously from the entire length of the plasma. 

If the ignition happens homogeneously in the entire plasma that could make the system more stable. The problem with that system is with magnets. The same system that presses anions to the ring pulls ions away. If the system uses laser points, it creates energy hills within the system, which form a situation where the laser beams make whirls inside the plasma. The problem is in the one or mono-polar plasma. 

Particles in ion plasma repel each other. And there are small points where the magnetic system cannot press that plasma with the same power. That point is the connection point of magnets. Those points cause waves in the plasma where those particles will jump away from each other because of electromagnetic repel. That makes space in the plasma ring. And that space allows the form of the whirls. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/new-superdiffusion-proof-probes-the-mysterious-math-of-turbulence-20250516/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

String theory is one of the hardest theories to prove.

String theory is a theoretical framework. That connects quantum mechanics to general relativity. 

Can we ever prove string theory? And if we can, what can we do with that thing? String theory is one of the most important cosmological theories. The idea in this theory is simple. All material, space, and time are formed of superstrings. Superstrings are energy lines that can travel in space and time. The other model is that superstrings are actually small energy tornadoes or wormholes. This is a very interesting way to close the reality and spacetime complexity. 

There is also the smallest possible superstring, the so-called quantum superstring is the thinnest possible unit in the complicated structure called spacetime. In string theory, there are at least 10 dimensions. Every string is an independent dimension. And energy flows or crossing energy flows in and between those strings create particles. 

Energy can flow in those strings and in superstring theory, the thing that causes the universe's expansion and material evaporation is negative gravity. The idea is that energy. That causes the universe's expansion to come from the superstrings. The superstring can have weaknesses or leaks in its structure. And that makes wave movement leak out from the energy channel. Also, energy travels in those energy channels. Makes them oscillate. That causes resonance in the entire universe. 

Superstrings make us see the future. (If they exist)

The idea is that those superstrings are like optical wires that bring information from a long distance. The thing is that those spinning quantum tornadoes act like Tipler cylinders. The fast-spinning energy tornadoes cause very strong time dilation in them. They input energy into information that stops time in those superstrings. The superstring can transmit information across time. And if the end of the superstring can rise to a higher energy level than the past, that makes it possible that information can travel from the future to the past. 

The past is always at a higher energy level than the future. So, if we want to bring information from the far future we must raise the energy level at the end of the superstring higher. The energy level determines how far to the past the information can travel. And of course, the main problem would be turning the energy flow direction. Then the energy level at the end of the string must be so high that the energy flow can keep it open. 

Superstrings also offer an unlimited energy source to us. 

If the superstrings can transmit information from the past to the present and future they offer an unlimited energy source. There is the possibility that by using extremely fast spinning plates it is possible to pull the superstring open. The spinning plate pulls energy out from the environment and that opens the superstring. If the superstring is long enough. It can bring energy to the shortcut from the past. This kind of system requires very strong materials and it's not possible can we ever make this kind of material that can withstand the spin that is almost the speed of light? This all can be true. 

Another name for a superstring is a wormhole. 

But the problem is that it requires that superstring theory is true. The superstring allows us to travel between long distances and through time. If we think about the nature of those hypothetical superstrings, the length of the superstring determines if we can use them for any purpose. The superstring is another name for the wormhole. The long wormhole remains open more likely than the short wormhole. 

If the length of those energy channels is billions of light years, energy flow in them can create a stronger quantum of high pressure than energy flow in a short wormhole. The energy flow's power in the system depends on the difference between energy levels at the higher and lower energy states. If that difference is high energy flow will be stronger. And it denies that outside energy cannot squeeze that channel. 

In a very long wormhole, the energy flow from the past to the future is so strong that it can keep those wormholes open. In short wormholes, the energy flow is not so strong that it can keep them open. But if there is some other wormhole in the larger wormhole, or superstring that can leak into the larger superstring that energy can push those superstrings open. Even if they are not very long. If string theory is true that gives us unlimited resources. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/will-we-ever-prove-string-theory-20250529/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

The Muon g-2 saved a Standard model.

The Muon g-2 anomaly is solved, and researchers have saved the Standard Model. That is one thing that we should be glad about. Except the fifth force is not found. But before we try to hunt the fifth force, we must describe it. It's very hard to make the description about the ghost, a force that might not be anything that we have seen before. Or maybe, the fifth force is only a mirage, or a virtual effect some kind of reflection of some other forces. 

We know that all four fundamental interactions or fundamental forces, strong nuclear interaction, weak nuclear interaction, electromagnetism, and gravitation or gravity are wave movements that the particle called boson sends. Every fundamental interaction has its boson, that carries that force or interaction. And the transmitter, or carrier boson’s size determines the wavelength of each individual force. 

Strong nuclear interaction has the shortest of those wavelengths. That wavelength depends on the size of the boson that carries that force. Gravity is the only fundamental force that can interact over long distances. Gravity is also the only fundamental interaction that has no repelling effect. The quantum gravity model explains things like this: all particles that have mass are the gravity centers, which we can call a gravitational quantum dot. 

And all gravitational centers from atoms to planets and black holes involve a certain number of those gravity quantum dots in a certain volume. So the density, or distance between those gravitational quantum dots determines the power of gravity. But then we can say that all fundamental forces or every boson can send radiation at a long distance, but we cannot see that radiation. 

When gluon, the boson that transports the strong nuclear interaction sends radiation in wavelengths that we call a strong nuclear interaction that radiation or wave movement doesn't disappear when it travels out from the atom's nucleus. Other fundamental forces just cover that radiation into them. The reason why we cannot detect that strong interaction over long distances is simple. The strong interaction oscillates so small a point in the atom, that we cannot separate it from the whole. 

Other interactions like weak nuclear force and electromagnetism, or their transmitter particles send radiation that affects larger parts of the atoms. And that's why we cannot see strong interaction. The model with gluons is that it's quite similar maybe, quite flat, to a photon. That flat particle creates the quantum channel or quantum tornado between quarks. Gluon transports energy out from the quantum channel to the point where it is. So the gluon acts like a thermal pump that pulls quarks close to each other. 

When gluon transports or conducts energy out from the bond that keeps quarks and hadrons it must get that energy from somewhere. That somewhere is the hadron's quantum field. This is the thing called evaporation or vaporization. When gluon sends energy out from the quantum channel it turns particles into radiation, or wave movement. 

When a particle evaporates it loses its mass. And when its quantum field turns weaker the outside quantum field tries to fill that point. The effect is similar to the case in which we bring ice to the room. When ice melts it conducts energy in it. In the same way, all evaporation requires energy. If we think that material is ice, we can ask why things like nuclear fission, fusion, or some annihilation release so much energy. 

Maybe we should rather ask: what puts energy travel in that case moving so fast that it causes a strong effect? When we think about things like annihilation that happens between the particles. And their antiparticle pairs. Antiparticles are similar to particles,  except their polarity or spin is opposite to their particle pair. When those particle-antiparticle pairs come too close to each other. Electromagnetic force pulls them together. 

In that process, those particles will go in the same quantum field. Then those particles hit each other. In that case, they turn flat. The impact pushes their internal quantum fields away. And then the quantum fields impact that point. The impacting quantum field forms the slam. That destroys those particle's structure. The reason for that is the resonance between superstrings, the smallest structures in the particles. That rips those particles into pieces. When those strings that form elementary particles rip quantum fields travel to that point. 

Same way when heavy elements like uranium or plutonium divide the quantum field falls between half of those particles. When heavy elements divide. Quantum field travels inside that thing. That field rotates protons and neutrons. And those things release energy from the nucleus. 

In fusion, impacting energy causes an energy wave. 

The reaction goes like this: Deuterium (2H) + Tritium (3H) → Helium-4 (4He) + Neutron (n). That thing means that the released neutron is the thing. That makes the energy released in fusion. The thing that makes the lightweight atoms make more effective fusion is this. In heavy atoms there is too much free space that their fusion can release more energy than the reaction uses. 

The idea is similar to the case where we throw softballs against each other. There is so much free space in those balls, that they cannot form noise. When small, or light atoms hit together. There is less free space. Protons and neutrons cannot slip in that free space. 

When we think about particles like mesons that have more than three quarks. Or they can involve two quarks. The meson is also a baryon, but it's the bosonic hadron. Simple structure mesons are more common than complicated mesons. 

Baryonic hadrons like protons and neutrons involve three quarks. If there are only two quarks in the particle's quantum field it pushes those particles away from each other. If the energy level between quarks rises too high that energy pushes quarks away from each other.  

 https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/anomaly-muon-g-2-puzzle/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model