Fusion energy: are we any closer than before?

"This image shows a cutaway rendering of SPARC, a compact, high-field, DT burning tokamak, currently under design by a team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Commonwealth Fusion Systems. Its mission is to create and confine a plasma that produces net fusion energy." (Credits:Image: CFS/MIT-PSFC — CAD Rendering by T. Henderson) (MIT, Validating the physics behind the new MIT-designed fusion experiment)

There are many reports of breakthroughs in fusion systems and fusion technology. And many people wait for new energy to form like the moon from the sky. The fusion energy would solve entire energy problems on Earth. But the problem is how to make a commercial fusion reactor. 

The temperature in those reactors is very high. If that plasma, that orbits the reactor in the wheel, or donut-shaped system touches the wall that thing would destroy the reactor immediately. In stars fusion happens in extremely high pressure and on Earth, the system must compensate for that pressure by increasing temperature. That means the fusion system must create a temperature. That is higher than the Sun's core. 

When fusion starts, light elements will melt together. Hydrogen's heavy isotopes, deuterium and tritium form helium when they melt together. The problem is that the system presses plasma using a magnetic field. Deuterium and tritium ions are both positive. And that means electromagnetic forces repel those particles away from each other. 

Some systems may make (as an example) deuterium ions, and tritium anions, that are negative tritium ions. That makes those ions pull each other together. And that makes it easier to impact those particles. However, the problem is that ions or monopolar ions are easier to control. Using magnetic fields. 

So the anion injection must made at the right point. The problem is how to deny anion injection touch with the wall of the torus. In tokamak reactors, positive magnetic fields push positive particles together and keep them off the wall. 

Tokamak reactor diagram.

One solution could be double tokamak where those toruses cross each other. In those cases, the system drives anions and ions into toruses, and then those particles impact in cross-points. 

In tokamak reactors, the anions are hard to control because the fusion system presses ion flow using the magnetic repel effect. So the system must use a linear structure. Linear fusion reactors are particle accelerators where the system drives plus and minus particles together. 

The problem is in ignition. When a laser beam ignites fusion. That thing causes an energy impulse. That destroys the particle flow. Electromagnetic repelling pushes those particles away from each other. And the outside magnetic field presses that plasma into its entirety. The problem is standing waves in the plasma ring. When fusion ignites it sends an energy pulse to that plasma wave. And that energy destroys the plasma structure and stops fusion. 

So how stars like the sun can create and maintain fusion? What keeps them together? The sun is a massive object. One thing that keeps plasma in its entirety in sun-scale objects is gravity. But the main thing that holds the sun together is the high energy fusion. That fusion turns 400 million tons of material into energy. That thing forms an interaction where the sun's core is forming low pressure. And gravity pulls particles in the sun's nucleus. 

Another thing that keeps fusion going is the electromagnetic repel. There is lots of plasma in the sun. And the electromagnetic interaction or repel effect happens around particles. The electromagnetic repel force from inside presses the particles together, and the thing that keeps fusion going on in the sun are gravity and electromagnetic forces together. 

So the electromagnetic repel pushes particles to the inside. It also affects particles. on the sun's shell. The magnetic fields and gravity keep holding the sun together. The problem with tokamak reactors is that they cannot benefit gravity. 

https://bigthink.com/the-future/nuclear-fusion-power-update/

https://news.mit.edu/2020/physics-fusion-studies-0929

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_power

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak

https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/02/06/fusion-energy-are-we-any-closer-than-before/

Hydrogen is carbon-free fuel only if its producer uses carbon-free energy sources.

Hydrogen is an emission-free fuel. When pure hydrogen burns. It produces water. And that makes it the most interesting fuel that replaces natural gas like methane. Nothing limits hydrogen use as fuel in large-scale power plants that use natural gas. But hydrogen is also a promising fuel for small-size systems like local fuel cells and fuel cells that give energy to cars and other vehicles. 

One way to make pure hydrogen is to remove carbon from methane gas. But the other version is the electrolysis process. The problem with hydrogen production is where engineers can get green energy for the electrolysis process  In electrolysis, electricity breaks water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. Renewable energy like wind and solar cells are good tools for producing electricity for electrolysis systems. That produces hydrogen. 

Hydrogen fuel cells are systems that allow to make carbon-free vehicles, and larger systems can use hydrogen. In some visions of the hydrogen economy, every single house has its fuel cells. And the AI-based system produces as much energy as the area needs. The bigger central power facilities are used only if the systems can't create enough energy. The system itself is one version of a traditional oil-heating system. 

Hydro plants are one version of green energy. There are plans to use overpressure of the water pipes for power use. The fact is that there are two ways to use that pressure. In some systems, there are some kind of bypass channels. 

But there is also a simpler way to use water pipes as an energy source. That system benefits the terrair shape. If those generators are at the hillside and the generators (water mills) are in the drinking water line that system would act like a normal tunnel hydro plant. 

There are two versions of tunnel hydro plants. 

1) The open system. In that traditional system, water flows through a turbine-like in all other hydro plants. The difference is that,  in those plants, water travels in tunnels. That thing can use natural water sources like lakes. 

The angle of those tunnels determines the power of the system. If the tunnel is at 45-90 degrees angle water drops through it very fast. In those systems, the capillary power can pull water to the hill. And then that water falls through the water line to the turbine. 

2) Closed or pump systems Or pumped storage power plants. In those systems when the system needs water, or the customer needs its energy, the water will flow through the turbine. Water itself is in two pools that are at different altitudes. When the system produces energy water flows from the upper pool to the lower pool. 

Then the pumps will raise water back to the higher pool. There is a possibility that part of the water will travel back to the upper pool using a capillary phenomenon. In that case, the system is not a perpetual motion machine, because the system pulls water up using pressure. 

In some visions, the pumped storage power plant is a tall tower. That tower pulls water up. And then it falls back through the generator wheel.  

https://scitechdaily.com/electrolysis-reimagined-turning-renewable-energy-into-green-hydrogen/

https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/02/05/hydrogen-is-carbon-free-fuel-only-if-its-producer-uses-carbon-free-energy-sources/

The confirmation of quark material existence is on the door.

"Artist’s impression of the different layers inside a massive neutron star, with the red circle representing a sizable quark-matter core. (Image: Jyrki Hokkanen, CSC)" (University of  Helsinki, Further evidence for quark matter cores in massive neutron stars)

The models created for neutron stars can be used to model still hypothetical quark stars. 

Researchers at the University of Helsinki are close to proving the existence of an exotic material called quark material. That material existence in extremely heavy neutron stars is almost confirmed. Now we can say that this material opens the path to finding a new star type called quark stars.  The quark stars would be objects between black holes and neutron stars. 

The quark star forms during a supernova explosion and melts protons and neutrons together. And that reaction forms material where only quarks exist. The quark stars' rotation would be very fast. That rotation where centripetal force resists gravity is the requirement that a quark star will not fall into a black hole. 

And if that rotation ends, the quark star will fall into a black hole. The quark material is the strongest known material in the universe if it exists. When neutrons and protons make so-called quantum fusion, where proton and neutron melt into one entirety. That reaction delivers more energy than people think. It's possible that around the quark star forms a small cosmic void, that can rip the quark star in pieces. 

The biggest difference between a neutron star and a quark star is in the reaction that forms the star. In neutron stars electrons impact with protons. This reaction turns protons and electrons into neutrons. In still hypothetical quark stars neutrons impact with protons. The other model is that the neutrons impact with other neutrons. In that model, the shockwave falls in the supernova explosion. With gravity pulls or pushes neutrons together. 

Quark stars may have a homogenous structure. That means the quark star's shell and core rotate at the same speed. This thing makes its magnetic field quite weak. 

In that model, the quark star's shell and its core have the same rotation speed. That thing probably denies the form of the magnetic field. Or quark star's interaction with plasma around it forms a magnetic field. The quark stars are hypothetical forms. And for that structure, we can use the same models with neutron stars. 

The high-speed rotation of that structure turns quantum fields in the direction of the rotation axle. And that thing turns quantum fields to the sideways from the orbiter. That could explain material disks and the relativistic jets. The plasma that orbits the black hole forms its magnetic field. 

But if we think that the hypothetical quark stars are even heavier or something slows their rotation too much. That thing causes an effect where quarks press together into one entirety. When quarks that form quark stars melt together, the fall of the structure pulls quantum fields against that object. This thing forms a black hole. In black holes. The magnetic field forms when plasma whirls around the relativistic jet at different speeds. 

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Are quark stars the thing that is behind the FRBs (the fast radio bursts)? 

But then back to the quark stars. Quark stars may not have a very strong magnetic field. The reason for that is that there is a possibility that quark stars are homogenous structures. The free quarks in the quark star's nucleus can be called quark gas. 

Otherwise, there could be free quarks, the quark gas in the structure. Those free quarks can form a stronger magnetic field than any magnetar can form. The reason why I believe in homogenous structure is that. There is no evidence of the quark star pulsar. It's still possible that a fast-rotating quark star's centripetal force pulls those quarks away from each other. And that could be from that quark gas. So could the quark stars be behind the FRB:s. That fast rotation theory, where extremely fast rotation forms free quarks in quarks stars explains why those FRBs:s happen suddenly. 

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In neutron stars, the lightest neutron stars have the strongest magnetic fields. 

The neutron star's shell's rotation speed compared to its core's rotation speed is the thing that determines the power of the magnetic field. The neutron star's shell acts the same way as a generator. 

The difference between its shell and core speed is lower in heavy neutron stars. That means their magnetic field is weaker than light neutron stars called magnetars. 

There is a possibility that in some cases the reason for the FRB is that the magnetar's shell will start to rotate in an opposite direction than its shell. In that case, the magnetar's magnetic field turns extremely strong. Things like black holes and neutron stars that are part of binary stars can open this mystery. And maybe someday, we can find the most exotic star in the universe, the object that forms pure quarks. This is one thing that can help solve the mysteries in the universe. 

https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/human-centric-technology/further-evidence-quark-matter-cores-massive-neutron-stars

https://www.universetoday.com/130031/what-are-quark-stars/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_star

https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/02/04/the-confirmation-of-quark-material-existence-is-on-the-door/

Black holes that eat their nearby stars give information about the formation of those mysterious objects.

"Illustration of a tidal disruption event (TDE). A new study by MIT researchers using infrared data has uncovered 18 tidal disruption events in diverse galaxies, expanding our understanding of these phenomena and resolving longstanding puzzles in the field. Credit: Carl Knox – OzGrav, ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, Swinburne University of Technology" (ScitechDaily, Galactic Predators Unveiled: MIT Astronomers Spot 18 Black Holes Devouring Nearby Stars)

Researchers observed 18 black holes that pull material from nearby stars. That research gave information about black hole's nature and their interaction with 3D spacetime. We know that the most powerful object in the universe is not stable. All black holes vaporize, and whenever they send gravitational waves. 

And sooner or later all black holes turn into gravitational waves. The vaporization speed is not stable. When a black hole pulls lots of material in it vaporization is slow. But when there is no material that a black hole can pull in that increases the vaporization speed. Sometimes black holes pull too much material into them. 

That thing forms a short-term cosmic void around the black hole. And in that moment black holes lose extraordinary lots of mass. If a black hole also pulls quantum fields inside it with speed. That creates a quantum vacuum around the black hole. And other fields cannot replace that field immediately. A black hole sends extraordinarily strong gravitational waves. 

A black hole is an extremely heavy object. And even small mass percent that leaves from black holes causes massive effects. The effect where those black hole's mass turns into gravitational waves causes a situation, that black holes are not stable. If we think that 6 sun mass black hole loses Earth mass material that affects the trajectories around the black hole, in that case, lots of photons and electrons will slip out from the black hole's massive gravity. 

When black holes pull material from nearby stars it should expand. When a black hole's mass rises its gravity field should turn stronger. But if material vanishes somewhere. That thing can cause black holes to not expand. In some models, the researchers will get evidence of the wormholes existing by observing black holes that will not expand even if they pull very much material in them. 

But as I wrote many times before black holes are extreme objects. They pull radiation in them. When the event horizon oscillates it sends wave movement also into the black hole. That wave movement reflects from its core. Or from somewhere from inside the event horizon. 

The gravitational waves are an interesting thing. They are wave movements just like all other wave movements. It's possible that most gravitational waves are forming in the standing gravitational waves or gravitational fields should form the event horizon. 

A black hole is an interaction. Upcoming quantum fields press the black hole from outside. And incoming gravitational radiation tries to push that event horizon away. If outcoming quantum fields do not exist the black hole will detonate. 

In some models, the giant Boöetes void and some other cosmic voids are formed when some black holes are vaporized or detonated with extremely fast speed. There is a theoretical situation that a very large and bright star detonates as a supernova. That shockwave can form a cosmic void that surrounds the black hole. Then that cosmic void rips the black hole into pieces. In those models, there is no counterpressure for the radiation that comes out from the black hole. 

https://scitechdaily.com/galactic-predators-unveiled-mit-astronomers-spot-18-black-holes-devouring-nearby-stars/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%B6tes_Void

https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/02/02/black-holes-that-eat-their-nearby-stars-give-information-about-the-formation-of-those-mysterious-objects/

What if hypothetical tachyons are behind the gravitons?

"Candidate Higgs boson events from collisions between protons in the LHC" (Wikipedia, Higgs boson)

Graviton should exist. It is a hypothetical transmitter particle that transmits gravitation. That is the theory of the gravitation. But graviton may be a fermion. In that case, a graviton could be the small, quantum-size black hole that forms quarks or gluons around it. 

Or maybe a graviton is a quantum-size black hole between a gluon and a quark. The graviton form is a mystery because nobody saw it. In some theories, free gravitons are the WIMPs, also hypothetical dark matter particles. 

Could the so-called hypothetical superstring the tunnel, that also a hypothetical faster-than-light, tachyon particle leave behind it?

There is the possibility that graviton just sends gravitational waves. In some models, gravitational waves are extremely small skyrmions. That travels around superstrings. Those hypothetical superstrings could be the tunnels that also hypothetical tachyon particles leave behind them. 

But graviton could also be a so-called quasiparticle. That quasiparticle would form when another hypothetical particle, tachyon travels across the universe. 

The problem with hypothetical tachyon is this. It is too fast. And high-energy objects that it can scatter. The tachyon would tunnel itself through even elementary particles. And that causes the theory that maybe tachyon and graviton are the same thing. When a tachyon hits a particle from forward it forms a small hole in that particle. That thing could be the quantum low pressure or quantum shadow. That pulls particles forward. 

Then tachyon acts like a bullet and takes a small part of the particle's internal quantum field with it. When tachyon travels out from another side of the particle it transfers energy to the backward of a larger particle. When that energy travels to the particle's front side, it pushes the particle forward. The tachyon could be extremely small. And high-energy particles that are far smaller than gluon. Maybe those hypothetical tachyons exist between quarks and gluons. 

Theoretically, tachyons could exist. However, the problem is that their energy level is too high that they can interact with other particles. That means Tachyon would be in the 4th. dimension.

If the tachyon hits the photon. Its energy level can decrease so much that it can interact with 3D particles. But that means the tachyon turns into the photon immediately. 

But in some models, hypothetical faster-than-light particles called tachyon could be the thing that forms graviton. If that particle is real it could form a hole in the quantum field. That hole could be similar to an electron-hole or a positive electric field that makes an electron orbit it in exciton.

If that faster-than-light particle exists it's impossible to see that particle itself. But it can leave a track in the quantum field. That track would be the small vacuum where those quantum fields fall. And then those quantum fields impact in the middle of that track or tunnel. If that tunnel turns into a spiral form it could create a small wormhole. When that small tunnel collapses it sends a small energy impulse, that could explain dark energy. 

 If a tachyon hits photons it releases its energy to them. And that thing can form the energy wave that is dark energy. To prove the existence of tachyon researchers must find photon that comes from nothing. 

So that means tachyon would be a photon with an extremely high energy level. The tachyon theory goes like this. Tachyon's energy level is so high that it cannot interact with other particles. In that model, tachyons would be in the 4. th dimension. And they would be the lowest energy particles in that dimension. 

If a tachyon's energy level is too high, and it hits a photon it can also raise the photon's energy level so high, that it turns into a tachyon. So photon loses its ability to interact with other particles. And in that case, there would form the hole in the universe or quantum field where that photon was. Confirmation of tachyonic interaction can also be done by observing photons and seeing if some of them vanish. 

Theoretically is possible to turn photons into tachyons by pumping energy into the stopped photons. 

The reason why we cannot see a hypothetical tachyon is when that particle starts interacting with the universe or quantum fields it turns into a photon. So, we cannot see the tachyon when it's tachyon. When that hypothetical particle turns into a photon, it sends an energy impulse, that is similar to Cherenkov radiation. In that model tachyon is the thing that sends so-called dark energy. 

Could vaporizing black holes form a tachyon? 

But the question about tachyon is what it is. In some models, the photon that turns into the super-high energy state could turn into a tachyon. Or when a photon stretches into the wave movement, it starts to spin around its center point like a helicopter's rotor. And that thing makes the photons most out point travel faster than light. 

But in some models, the particle can cross the cosmic speed limit in another way. When a particle drops into a black hole its speed is as high as the escaping velocity. So if a large part of the black hole suddenly vaporizes and the size of the event horizon turns smaller. It's possible that when a black hole is lost from around the particle, it continues to travel with speed. That is higher than the speed of light. 

The thing, that makes this model interesting, and difficult to prove is that it also means that a photon can transform into some other particle, and maybe that particle is between a photon and a Higgs boson. That process requires the photon will turn into a "ball" and lose its ability to transform between particle and wave movement. But nobody saw that transformation. 

It's possible that the particle. That we call Higgs boson is not the same that Higgs originally predicted. Some researchers say that the energy level that the large Hadron collider at CERN cannot reach is the energy level that can "shoot" the original Higgs boson out from particles. Another question is could there be some particles between photons and Higgs bosons?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exciton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstring_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/02/02/what-if-hypothetical-tachyons-are-behind-the-gravitons/

Photons and superconductors are key elements in future computing.

"At the University of Rostock, researchers have combined PT(Parity-Time) symmetry with topology in photonic chips, challenging previous beliefs about open systems and topological insulators, and paving the way for innovative technological applications. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Photonic Chips Blaze New Trails in Light Dynamics)

Superconductors are important tools for next-generation quantum computers. But also binary computers can use superconductors for making two identical data lines. The idea is that the superconducting systems make it possible to make quantum entanglement in superconducting materials. 

In superconducting materials, the quantum entanglement can form over excitons or polaritons that are so-called quasiparticles. In excitons, the electron orbits an electron-hole. And it's possible. That a laser or some other radiation can freeze two electrons that orbit a deep electron hole in a certain position. Then the system can put those electrons in superposition and entanglement. 

In binary systems, quantum entanglement on both sides of the radiation source makes it possible for identical data to travel in two lines. And also the same system can drive information in two identical quantum computers. 

"Graphic representation of a microstructured sample (red) for electrical measurements on unconventional superconductors. Gold and platinum are used for contacting. Electrons (green spheres) couple in pairs via vibrational or magnetic fluctuations. Credit: B. Schröder/ HZDR" (ScitechDaily, UTe2 Unleashes New Superconductivity Secrets)

One version of how to transmit information in computing systems is infrared radiation. Infrared is the temperature. In those systems, the system can measure energy levels using thermometers.  It's important to know energy levels. On both sides of the quantum entanglement.  One way to measure the difference of energy levels it measure temperatures. 

The temperature is a relative thing. The object is warm or cold when the system compares the base object to some other object. When we think about the temperature on gas planets like Neptune's Triton moon we can say that Neptune's dayside is very hot to nightside. 

The temperature difference between night and dayside is over 300 C. And even if the average temperature on that moon is 35 K, the temperature difference between day and night is very high. And that means Triton's dayside is very hot in comparison with nightside. 

"Above is a graphic displaying optical thermometry based on LIR of Yb,Ho:GYTO single crystal. Credit: Chuancheng Zhang, Shoujun Ding, Miaomiao Wang, Hao Ren, Xubing Tang, Yong Zou, Renqin Dou & Wenpeng Liu" (ScitechDaily, Revolutionizing Temperature Measurement: The Magic of Upconversion Luminescence)

In some systems, there is the base element, and then the system compares the temperatures of one or two objects. And that information is important when the system calculates how long the quantum entanglement remains. When the energy level in quantum entanglement is the same, that destroys the entanglement. 

"Frenkel exciton, bound electron-hole pair where the hole is localized at a position in the crystal represented by black dots" (Wikipedia, Exciton).Excitons are quasiparticles there electron orbits the electron hole that is a positive energy field. When researchers talk about the electrons that can be put in superposition and entanglement over exciton. When researchers talk about the electrons that can be put in superposition and entanglement over exciton. They must use two excitons that are in line. 

This is the reason why another side of the quantum entanglement must be at a higher energy level. There is a possibility to make the quantum entanglement series that makes those entanglements operate without breaks. When quantum entanglement both sides close to the same level the system will transport information from receiving particle to particle there that data can wait for the next run. Then that particle starts to transport information to the lower energy-level particle. 

"This illustration shows that a pair of intense THz laser pulses drives spin waves in an antiferromagnetic material, which radiate nonlinear emissions at the sum- and difference-frequencies. Credit: Illustration courtesy of University of Texas at Austin & MIT researchers.) (ScitechDaily, How Invisible Light Is Shaping the Future of High-Speed Computing)

The photonic microchips are the next-generation tools for computing. Photonic microchips are tools that can make computers faster than ever before. The border layer between photonic- and electric computers is important things. On that layer. Electric impulses from keyboards and mice will turn into the photonic model. The ultra-fast photonic computers are required to run the AI that controls quantum systems. 

But the photonic systems can also operate independently. In a photonic computer might be two or three photonic lines. In that kind of system line 1 could tell that power is on. Then lines 2 and 3 are the bits 0 and 1. In those systems, photons travel into the photon sensor or photoelectric cell. When the photon travels in line 1 and reaches the sensor, the AI-based operating system translates the impulse from line 1 sensor to zero.

The system translates impulse from line 2 into one. This kind of system can operate longer time with maximum speed. Advanced quantum computers require extremely fast-reacting AI and supercomputers. Temperatures are problems when the electric computers operate. 

https://scitechdaily.com/how-invisible-light-is-shaping-the-future-of-high-speed-computing/

https://scitechdaily.com/photonic-chips-blaze-new-trails-in-light-dynamics/

https://scitechdaily.com/revolutionizing-temperature-measurement-the-magic-of-upconversion-luminescence/

https://scitechdaily.com/ute2-unleashes-new-superconductivity-secrets/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exciton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hermitian_quantum_mechanics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polariton

https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/02/01/photons-and-superconductors-are-key-elements-in-future-computing/

Gravitation and space.

The main question about gravity is how or where the quantum overpressure that pushes particles forms. In some models, the whisk-looking structure that forms particles would connect the gravitational radiation between them.

That forms the gravitational electric arcs or very small virtual particles in the main particle. And in that case, the energy that reflects from those virtual particles that could be gravitons push particles forward. 

Gravitation and superstrings: superstrings act like rockets that move energy to another side of a particle from the direction of the gravitational center, 

Gravitation will affect space. And pull quantum fields in the gravitational center. But can gravitation also affect individual particles? We can think that gravity is a complicated interaction. Gravity is the force that affects the wrong way. 

When gravitational radiation hits particles they form an electromagnetic shadow or lower energy area at the front of the object, if we think that "front" is the direction of the gravitational center or travel direction. There is a possibility gravitational waves also consist of superstrings. Those are extremely thin waves. 

Those superstrings would be small and thin wormholes. When a gravitational wave superstring hits a particle its front side would be at a higher energy level than the side behind the particle. And that means energy travels to the lower energy side. That lower energy side would be the electromagnetic shadow behind the particle. 

When a superstring travels through a particle energy flows on it. And that superstring acts like a rocket engine that pushes particles forward to the gravitational center. The electromagnetic shadow pulls particles back. And the superstring drives them forward. 

But then there is another model. In that model reflection forms a standing wave that denies the wave movement that comes from gravitational center impact with a particle. That causes a quantum freeze or electromagnetic shadow at the front of the particle. And backward-coming radiation or wave movement pushes particles forward. 

The quantum vacuum that forms between a standing gravitational wave and a particle causes an effect that quantum fields that travel into it push the particle forward. 

In that model gravitation is reflection. When gravitational radiation or gravitational waves impact particles they reflect. That causes an impact between wave movements with the same wavelength. Those waves form a standing wave until another wave movement pack must give up. Because wave movement cannot reach the front side of the particle it causes energy flow from backward to the front of the particle. In that model, the back-coming wave movement pushes the particle forward. 

If an observer wants to measure an object's speed in the quantum system the observer must be outside that system.

The gravitational interaction with space explains why the speed of light can cross inside black holes. But if we want to see that thing, we must stand out of the black hole. 

When we are in falling quantum fields that pull objects with them like rivers, we will see that the speed is zero. Same way as when a river takes a person with it, we can say that our speed, compared to the flowing water's speed is zero. Observers must stand at the river bank to measure our speed. 

Gravity pulls quantum fields inside the black holes. And the speed of light is relative to those quantum fields. So the speed of light is always the same. If we sit in a craft that travels in falling quantum fields we would not see any changes, because we are inside the system. 

When those quantum fields' speed increases the speed of light compared to the speed of those fields is the same. If we want to measure the changes in the speed of light, we must stay outside the system. In that case, we can measure the speed of light, and the speed of the quantum field. 

Space is the quantum fields that form "space" in the universe. 

Can we see the wormholes? The question is are the mysterious wormholes in the relativistic jets that are leaving from black holes? The model of the wormhole is the gravitational tornado. There is a possibility that a relativistic jet can transfer so much energy in it that gravitational waves can form a spiral structure. And if that is right the relativistic jets are the place where gravitational wormholes exist. 

Relativistic jets are the highest energy places in the universe. The energy level inside them is so high that particles will not age in that high-energy plasma beam. That means the relativistic jets are electromagnetic wormholes, but is their energy level so high, that it can close gravitational spiral, or gravitational tornado in it? 

A gravitational tornado explains why black holes are not expanding. The idea is that the black hole expands until the gravitational tornado that forms its rotational axle breaks itself through the event horizon. The idea in this model is that spiral gravitational field turns so dense, that gravitational waves cannot affect inside it. 

Space or quantum fields around the gravitational center acts like air around the tornado. The gravitational tornado just moves quantum fields sideways. And that is its effect on space. When quantum fields move sideways other quantum fields must fall to that area. Called gravitational center. 

And those quantum fields feed that quantum tornado. The gravitational radiation is like reflection radiation from that tornado, that forms swirling superstrings. The time dilation means denser energy or quantum fields around that quantum tornado. 

The model goes like this: there is a gravitational tornado in the black holes and all gravitational centers. That tornado or gravitational whirl transfers quantum fields or space sideways and when a gravitational tornado moves quantum fields sideways, another quantum field must fall to that tornado.

The thing. That makes gravity interesting, and special it just pulls objects. Sometimes I wrote that gravity could be the force that affects space. The space means the quantum fields around the object. And those quantum fields will travel to the gravitational center. 

If there is some kind of gravitational tornado that guides that radiation or quantum fields sideways to quantum fields that travel into the gravitational center, we can say that the gravitational center like a black hole just moves the quantum field into another direction. And that causes an effect where the quantum fields pull objects with them. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole