There was no dark energy. Or dark matter in the young universe. A new theory suggests.

“Schematic representation of rotating disc galaxies in the distant Universe and the present day. Observations with ESO’s Very Large Telescope suggest that such massive star-forming disc galaxies in the early Universe were less influenced by dark matter. As a result the outer parts of distant galaxies rotate more slowly than comparable regions of galaxies in the local Universe. Their rotations curves, rather than being flat, drop with increasing radius.” (SciTechDaily, ESO Observations Show Dark Matter Less Influential in Galaxies in Early Universe) 

That means that. Dark and visible matter were once the same. But then their energy levels turned different. And they lost their ability to interact in any way other than through gravity.  

In the beginning of time. Just after the Big Bang. There was no dark matter. And no dark energy. All matter and energy were the same. In some models, it was the distance from the Big Bang. Or. Differences in energy levels in the young universe caused. That visible and dark matter started to separate. 

Visible matter. And. Dark matter separated. And visible energy separated from dark energy. When the universe started to expand. And. Matter started to form. There formed pockets. When. Matter started to form galaxies. There formed cosmic low-energy areas. Today, those areas are called great voids. Those voids separate galactic superclusters. From. Each other. When matter went into those voids. It. Lost its energy. That formed matter; that energy was different from normal matter. This means that. Dark matter could be matter. That energy level is different than visible matter. In this case, we must think oppositely. 

We should think that dark matter is normal matter. And visible matter is very rare. Because. Only 4,9% of the universe is visible. 26.8% of matter is dark. And 68,3% of energy is dark. In. Some models. Dark energy is a remnant of particles. Existed in the young universe. Those particles vanished. Or they bound into other particles. 

Observations suggest dark matter was less influential in the early universe. This suggests. A difference between dark matter and visible matter was lower. Than. In the modern universe. This causes a thought. That maybe the energy level makes visible matter visible. And dark matter is dark. Maybe the energy levels of dark and visible matter are different. 

And that causes an interesting idea. It’s possible. That matter can turn into dark matter when it travels into a cosmic void. Or maybe matter turns dark. When. It travels out from a galaxy. When. A photon hits visible matter. That particle takes its energy into its quantum field. 

Then it starts to deliver that extra energy. As. Electromagnetic radiation. When a particle travels into a lower-energy area. It. Starts to deliver energy out of it. In this model, dark energy. That. Hypothetical WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) deliver. The idea is that. When. A particle travels out of a galaxy. It delivers energy. And its size expands. Because. Its environment’s quantum pressure cannot push against it. When. Particle travels. Out. Of the galactic cluster. It delivers energy again. 

This means: Energy that those very low-energy particles send. It might not be very strong. But there are lots of objects. In that model, dark matter is matter. That energy level is lower than it is in galaxies. And in that model, dark matter is originally visible matter. Particles send low-energy photons when they travel out of the galaxy. And. Then those particles send photons again when they travel out of galactic clusters’ halos. Their energy level is lower. 

Than. The energy level in galaxies is. In this model, visible matter can turn into dark matter. In. This model. The dark matter. Is like an elementary version. Of. A Bose-Einstein condensate. In that model, elementary particles can expand to a very large size. 

Dark matter doesn’t resonate. That is. The thing. That makes dark matter invisible. This means that two things can make hypothetical WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) invisible. There is a possibility.  WIMPs are elementary versions of the Bose-Einstein condensate. This means. Those particles are heavily expanded versions of particles that we know. 

Another version of that model is this. The WIMP spins very fast. And it stores and focuses energy in a new way. This means that the hypothetical WIMP particle transforms the wavelength of the wave that hits it. And. If the dark matter particle's size differs from regular matter. That means they cannot resonate. In this theory, the dark matter particles are so-called fuzzy. They can receive energy. But they deliver it very slowly. 

That means they emit radiation. But that radiation is too weak. We cannot see it through the galactic halo. The densest point of dark matter is near the galactic center. But most of the dark matter is in the galaxy’s outer edge. And. The dark matter halo surrounds the entire galaxy. Most of the dark matter is in the dark matter halo. That raises an interesting question. That question is. Could dark matter form when regular matter, like electrons, protons, and neutrons, escapes from the galaxy? 

The idea is this. When. Those particles leave the galaxy. They will enter an area where the energy level is very low. That means quantum fields don’t press those particles. Those particles will start to expand. So could that expansion turn particles into “ghosts”? Positions. Where the dark matter is located. Supports that model. This means that when particles escape from galaxy clusters, they lose energy once more. And that expands their size. So, in this model, dark matter has a lower energy level than galaxies. And galaxy clusters. If we continue this chain. 

We can think that. Outside galactic clusters is a very large mass of matter. Whose energy level is so low that we cannot see it. If. That is the dark matter. We cannot create instruments that see that matter. That matter cannot emit radiation that we can see. The reason for that is this. That matter has a lower temperature than the minimum in a galaxy. So we cannot create a sensor. That temperature is low enough. That. We can see that dark matter. 

So, what makes dark matter special? Why can't we see dark matter in a galaxy? It could be that. When. Galactic gravity pulls that matter. In. The galaxy. Dark matter behaves like a plastic bag or a half-empty balloon. Gravity stretches those particles. And that causes an effect: it doesn’t interact with the environment. Or other interactions happen so weakly. That other radiation covers it. And that’s why we cannot detect that matter. 

https://interestingengineering.com/space/26-7-billion-years-old-universe

https://science.nasa.gov/universe/overview/building-blocks/

https://scitechdaily.com/eso-observations-show-dark-matter-less-influential-in-galaxies-in-early-universe/

https://www.uottawa.ca/faculty-science/news-all/theory-predicting-older-universe-without-dark-matter-dark-energy-passes-key-cosmological

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Fermium-255's rugby-shaped core. It can explain. Why. Heavy elements have short half-lives.

“Tiny artificial samples exposed a rugby-ball-shaped nucleus whose properties closely match modern nuclear theory. (CREDIT: The Brighter Side of News)”(The Brighter Side News, Lasers reveal a rugby-ball-shaped nucleus inside fermium-255)

The shape of nuclei in the rarest elements, Fermium-255. And Neptunium. May explain why heavy elements are so short-lived. Reseachers used ultra-sharp laser pulses to scan Fermium-255 and Neptunium nuclei. Surprisingly, they found that those atoms had rugby-ball-shaped cores. That shape. It can explain why super-heavy elements have such short half-lives. 

When. The weak nuclear force sends energy impulses to electrons. The rugby-ball-shaped nucleus doesn’t send those impulses symmetrically. The rugby-ball-shaped structure. It forms energy spikes from the top and bottom of the atom. Those energy spikes are high-energy gamma photons. When those gamma photons travel through the atom’s electron shells. They create holes in those shells. Those gamma photons transport energy. Out. Of atoms. 

Or. Their cores. That gamma interaction pulls energy out from the core. This means that the atom’s core starts pulling photons from electrons into it. Those photons increase the energy level in the particles, protons and neutrons. In the same way. 

Energy travels out from the top and bottom of the core. They push electrons into the equatorial orbit. This means photonic interaction at the core’s equator turns stronger. That increases energy polarization and energy asymmetry in the core. When. That interaction stretches the atom.  At the bottom and top of the “rugby ball,” the energy level decreases compared with its equatorial energy level. 

That causes. Energy. Asymmetry in the atom’s core turns energy flow from the equator to the top and bottom. When difference. Between energy levels rises. That energy flow turns stronger. That energy rips the core into pieces. So. Asymmetry in the core's energy level starts radioactive decay. Alpha decay is the thing. That turns an atom into another. 

That energy. Pushes protons and neutrons away from each other. That means they release photons between them. Those photons form free, entropic energy between those particles. And. That rips those atoms’ cores into pieces. We see that energy as gamma rays. Those gamma rays push electrons away. We see that part as beta decay. There, those atoms push electrons farther from the core. And. Finally. The Coulomb decay sends a helium ion (or ions). We call that sequence alpha decay. 

Those energy spikes push electron layers away. 

And then. That causes a situation. The energy levels in electrons and electron shells are not symmetrical. The situation is the same. As. We will push the balloon with a needle. We can drop the balloon to a quite deep depth. It can resist that symmetrical pressure. 

But when we push the balloon using a needle. That breaks it immediately. The energy spike. That. Leaves from the rugby-ball-shaped core. Creates a channel through the electron shells that transfers energy to those spikes. 

That energy channel causes an effect. The energy starts to travel out. From the nucleus, faster. And. Sooner or later, that energy starts to pull protons and neutrons away. From. Each other. That starts the gamma-ray transmission. Then those gamma rays push electrons away. That is called beta decay. Finally. That. The atom sends alpha radiation, or helium ions. That asymmetry in the atom’s core can explain. Why large. And. Heavy atoms have so short half-lives. 

https://interestingengineering.com/science/rugby-ball-shaped-nuclei

https://scitechdaily.com/a-rare-radioactive-element-reveals-a-hidden-secret-about-the-heaviest-atoms/

https://www.thebrighterside.news/post/lasers-reveal-a-rugby-ball-shaped-nucleus-inside-fermium-255/

Can neutrinos be behind “silent supernovas”?

 

"A supernova is the explosive death of a star, releasing an enormous burst of energy and scattering newly forged elements into space. These stellar explosions help seed future stars, planets, and potentially the ingredients needed for life. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, 

Neutrinos are leptons with almost no mass. Those particles can travel through planets without interacting. And that makes them interesting. When. Neutrinos travel through particles or matter. Those particles take energy with them. Just. Before a supernova explosion. A star sends A strong energy burst. When. A large number of neutrinos travel through the star. The star loses a lot of energy in that process. This means that neutrinos take energy with them. That can cause a situation. There, the star loses its heat energy. And. The star falls because of gravity. If that neutrino burst is strong enough. 

That causes a situation. Where. That star collapses. Into a “silent supernova”. The silent supernova means that the star collapses without drama. When. A heavy and bright star collapses. 

An observer sees the star vanish. When. A neutrino burst is strong enough. There. It cannot form a shockwave. If. Neutrinos take too much energy out of the star. The shockwave formation takes too long. And when the star starts to collapse. The core collapses. And when that core turns into a black hole. It starts to pull material into it. This raises its mass. And the Schwarzschild radius increases. That can prevent the supernova explosion. The Schwarzschild radius. It is. The event horizon’s distance from the black hole's core. When. The black hole’s mass increases. The Schwarzschild radius increases. And if that radius is at the front of the shockwave. We see that star vanish. 

 

"Magnetic Neutrino Laser Cannon A bold proposal to make a “neutrino laser” has run into a fundamental quantum obstacle. The reason lies in how neutrinos interact with the atoms that produce them. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, MIT Study Reveals Why a Neutrino Laser May Be Impossible

The problem is that. Neutrinos don’t interact with magnetic fields. A laser accelerator. It can be. The only thing that can accelerate neutrinos. The magnetic side will transport protons to the atom core. That system can use beta-plus decay to produce neutrinos. 

"Physicists proposed a way to focus ghostly neutrinos into a laser-like beam, but new MIT calculations show that violent atomic recoil and the particles’ own quantum nature prevent the effect from taking hold." (ScitechDaily, MIT Study Reveals Why a Neutrino Laser May Be Impossible)

The neutrino laser would be an interesting and fundamental tool. But there are two main problems with that thing. The first problem is producing neutrinos. And one thing is how to moderate them. Beta decay can form neutrinos. But then. Those neutrinos must be collected. Beta decay is not easy to moderate. And without that ability. The neutrino laser is impossible to create. 

Neutrinos are an interesting thing. MIT researchers think. That. A neutrino laser will ever work. Theoretically, it is possible to create photon-accelerated neutrinos. The bigger problem is how to form neutrinos. That is the key problem in neutrino beam production. There is a possibility. To use nuclear reactors. For that purpose. But that makes those neutrino beams impractical. A neutrino beam travels through an atom’s core. It can. Make it. Possible to create quantum-sized black holes. The system could remove energy from atoms. 

If. A neutrino beam is possible. It could moderate plasma in a fusion reactor. But neutrinos are hard to produce. They are hard to control. But a neutrino laser can be the most fundamental tool in history. Making that tool is very hard. And maybe it will never be possible. 



https://scitechdaily.com/ghost-particles-may-decide-whether-a-dying-star-explodes-or-becomes-a-black-hole/

https://scitechdaily.com/mit-study-reveals-why-a-neutrino-laser-may-be-impossible/

https://scitechdaily.com/silent-giants-how-a-star-became-a-black-hole-without-exploding/

CERN didn’t find evidence of quantum-sized black holes.

“The LHC has ruled out another hiding place for microscopic black holes while unveiling a new way to hunt for physics beyond the Standard Model. Credit: AI/ScienceDaily.com” (ScienceDaily, The LHC just ruled out another hiding place for quantum black holes)

“Physicists at UC Santa Barbara have pushed the search for microscopic black holes at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) into new territory.”(ScienceDaily, The LHC just ruled out another hiding place for quantum black holes)

“These hypothetical black holes would be extraordinarily small and short-lived. If they could be produced at the LHC, their existence might help physicists address some of the deepest unanswered questions about spacetime and gravity. The search also gave researchers a chance to test a new technique for finding rare and previously unknown particles.”(ScienceDaily, The LHC just ruled out another hiding place for quantum black holes)

Could those quantum-sized black holes be the gravitons? And the induction question is: could those mythical WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) be the same quantum black holes? 

Reseachers probably saw one WIMP in deep underground sensors. If. A WIMP is a quantum-sized black hole. That explains why that particle can tunnel itself through everything. The extremely high-energy halo can push those particles through quantum fields away from the route. 

In some models, those quantum-sized black holes can be inside every single particle. That has mass. In those models, quantum-sized black holes form quarks around them. So, if that is right. The quantum pressure keeps those black holes in their form. When. Those quantum fields that we call elementary particles vanish. That. Causes immediate destruction. Without. Quantum pressure. That black hole evaporates immediately. 

“Physicists searching through Large Hadron Collider data found no evidence that the machine has been producing microscopic quantum black holes, but the result sharply narrows where such exotic physics could still be hiding. These hypothetical black holes could form if extra spatial dimensions make gravity much stronger at extremely tiny scales, potentially offering clues toward the long-sought theory of quantum gravity.” (ScienceDaily, The LHC just ruled out another hiding place for quantum black holes)

This means that CERN and the LHC couldn’t create those quantum-sized black holes. One reason could be. Those collisions. And the energy. That formed in them. it. Wasn't symmetrical enough. This means. The impacting particles, like protons, couldn’t compress quarks into quantum-sized black holes. This could explain why. The LHC could form those interesting miniature black holes. 

Another possibility was that the proton-proton collisions formed quantum-sized black holes. But those black holes evaporated so fast. The measurements were impossible. The thing that could make those hypothetical quantum-sized black holes visible is the situation. 

That. The black hole could pull a little bit of energy into itself. That thing makes it possible to measure energy.  That. The black hole releases energy when it evaporates. If. That evaporation happens very soon after the black hole's formation. This thing causes a situation. That evaporating black hole releases as much energy as it bound. That means. That. The black hole could be very hard to detect. 

That evaporation seems like a regular quark collision. The black hole turns Visible. If. It stores enough energy. That. It releases during that process. If that quantum black hole forms in quark-gluon plasma. That black hole must be in an extremely dense environment. The black hole’s energy must be higher than the energy level in its environment. This makes the sensor detect the evaporation. So the black hole needs a little bit of time. To pull more energy into it. Than it had when it was born. 

When a black hole evaporates, it could send X-rays or gamma rays. That kind of radiation could uncover those black holes. But it’s hard to separate it from radiation that comes from those high-energy experiments. 

That makes. It reaches a higher energy level than it had in quark-gluon plasma. The problem is that. If. Those quantum-sized black holes exist. They send gravitational waves. Those waves are very weak. And they remain only when those quantum black holes evaporate. There is a theory. That. Maybe gravitons are those hypothetical quantum black holes. This is one of the most interesting theories in physics. Small black holes can explain dark energy. There is a possibility. That. Near galaxies, energy and matter. 

Along with quantum pressure. Can keep those quantum black holes in their form. When. Those hypothetical black holes escape from the galactic halo. They evaporate. That explanation could seem very strange. But it could explain why we cannot see dark matter. Quantum-sized black holes can explain. Why can't we see dark matter? If dark matter is made of quantum-sized black holes. They could be invisible. 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/09/260922005649.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

White holes: do they exist?

“Although there are no observed white holes within our Universe, the theoretical description of one has many facets in common with what we identify as the hot Big Bang. There could be a connection between white holes and what happens on the other side of black holes, with implications for the origins of our own Universe.” (BigThink, Ask Ethan: Do white holes, the opposite of black holes, physically exist?)

The existence of white holes is uncertain. No confirmed observations of white holes exist. That phenomenon should be the opposite of black holes.  It should be. End of the wormhole. Mathematically, that event exists. But the problem is that nobody has seen it yet. Theoretical gravitational wormholes are channels through space and time. 

But why can’t we see white holes? The easy answer should be. That. They don’t exist. But then we can start to think about other possibilities. There is a possibility. That even if white holes exist. They are not similar objects to stars or black holes. This means that if the wormhole is like a spring. And if that structure acts like a spring. 

That means. When the end of the wormhole closes, the structure starts to open like a serpent. This means that the structure loses its density. And. Let’s energy travel out from it more slowly. Than we even imagine. That means the wormhole is a leaking tube. 

And it leaves energy over a longer distance. This means that the white hole might not have a sharp-edged shape like black holes. There is a possibility. The white hole sends out high-energy gamma photons, so we cannot see those photons or the white hole. And that causes an interesting thought. What if a white hole is invisible?

Another possibility is even more interesting. That possibility is that. If. A white hole is the opposite version of a black hole. That causes an effect. Where. Matter and energy come out from the wormhole to form a bubble. So. Could the wormhole be responsible for the cosmic voids? 

Another version of this model is even more interesting. In this model, the thing is. Maybe energy. That travels in the wormhole. Just pushes the bubble ahead of it. This means that a wormhole and a white hole could exist. But we cannot see them. Because. All of them are outside the universe. This means that a wormhole pushes that bubble ahead of it. Until. It comes out of the universe. 

“A twin of the cosmic filament observed in the MUDF, as seen in a supercomputer simulation describing the large-scale distribution of gas in the Universe. The gas flowing within the cosmic web, feeding galaxy formation at filament intersections, is shown in purple. Credit: Davide Tornotti/University of Milano-Bicocca/MPA” (ScitechDaily, First Direct Image of the Cosmic Web Reveals the Universe’s Hidden Highways)

Outside the universe, quantum resistance cannot keep that structure. Its form. The wormhole’s diameter can be less than a quark. This means that those hypothetical wormholes can be. The same. As hypothetical superstrings. 

There is a model. In which dark energy forms in those hypothetical wormholes. The wormhole is structured so that the entropy is minimal. That allows information to travel faster than outside it. The best evidence of the wormhole's existence is the cosmic web. The galaxy filament. A giant megastructure that connects galaxy clusters. Those filaments can form only if there is a gravitational center. 

The third and most fascinating idea is: maybe the white hole is anchored in time. This means that. The white hole is not bound in time like regular stars. So the white hole exists only at one point in time. When. We travel through time. The white hole’s location in time remains static. And we would see that event as a flash. But then we must realize. Maybe the white hole is an event. That. Connected with the black hole formation. 

When we think about a black hole’s gravitation. Its. Escape velocity is higher than the speed of light. This means. Time dilation causes a situation where time travels backwards in the black hole’s event horizon. This means that a black hole transports information into the past. Or into a point in spacetime. Where the black hole formed. This. Is logical. 

Einstein’s theory of relativity describes time dilation like this. Time moves slower. When. Speed rises. When speed reaches the speed of light. Time stops. And when speed crosses the speed of light. Time should start moving backwards. Gravity is directly compatible with speed. So, when escape velocity crosses the speed of light. 

That means time moves backward. And that forms the model that a black hole itself is a white hole. In this model, the black hole itself transports information. Into. The point where it was born. We see a white hole as the flash of the supernova explosion. Those models are interesting. But they are only models. Direct observations are needed to confirm those events. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/white-holes-exist/

https://scitechdaily.com/first-direct-image-of-the-cosmic-web-reveals-the-universes-hidden-highways/

Dark photons can be the most promising candidates for dark matter.

"These include WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), primordial black holes (PBHs), axions, and "dark photons." In theory, this particle was responsible for heating the early Universe and acts as a bridge between the "visible" and dark sectors of the cosmos. According to a new paper, dark photons would not have heated the early Universe as previously thought. Their findings could alter the hunt for Dark Matter by suggesting that dark photons could be hiding in more places than previously thought." (UniverseToday, New Study Expands Search for "Dark Photons," a Leading Dark Matter Candidate)

The thing. What makes a dark photon dark is simple. Dark photon. It must. Have a temperature. Lower than the environment's temperature.  Absolute zero, or zero kelvin (0K), is -273,15 C. The universe’s temperature is three degrees higher. Than. This temperature. So, the photon must have an energy level lower than 3K. 

That. It turns into dark. Energy travels into a lower-energy area. So. The thing. That makes a particle dark is energy that travels into it. 

Absolute zero is the energy minimum. In. The universe. Or the final temperature that we can measure. At that temperature, Helium-3 freezes. But it's possible. That. The electron and proton clouds can have a lower energy level. 

Absolute zero. The object will not transfer its energy. Into. Other particles. There are no other particles. Whose energy level is lower. But when we talk about the energy minimum. We must understand. 

That the local energy minimum is not the same as the energy minimum in space between galactic clusters. 

The energy minimum in our solar system is higher than in interstellar space. When. An object comes from outside space into our solar system. 

It must warm up a little bit. So. It cannot reflect energy until it reaches the energy level. That is higher than its environment. This means. photons that. Come into our galaxy can be invisible because their energy level is lower than the energy minimum in our galaxy. 

A dark photon is a hypothetical particle proposed as the force carrier of a hidden "dark sector," much as the ordinary photon carries electromagnetism. It would interact with normal matter only feebly, through a quantum effect called kinetic mixing. The interaction happens only if the photon’s superstring hits a particle. 

Dark photons are candidates for dark matter. But nobody has found them yet. A hypothetical dark photon is a photon whose energy level is lower than the known energy minimum in the universe. Dark photons can form in some cases.  A superstring that forms a photon starts to spin like a plate. The superstring can have a twisted structure. Similar to a spring.

 When the photon spins like a wheel. That. Structure pulls energy from around it. While. That structure spins. It. Releases energy between those twists. Or if some superstring travels through the center of the photon. That straight superstring acts like a thermal pump. And then that pulls the energy level of photons. Lower than the known energy minimum in the universe.

The low-energy photon starts to bind quantum fields. That makes it behave as if it has mass. The third possible model for the dark photon is. The dark photon is a structure that spins very fast. This means it binds energy. When the universe expands, those photons deliver energy. 

"Diagram of the Meissner effect. Magnetic field lines, represented as arrows, are excluded from a superconductor when it is below its critical temperature." (Wikipedia, Meissner effect)

Could the WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle) be the quasiparticle that forms when extremely fast-spinning photons come to the regular universe?

Maybe. Those ultra-fast-spinning particles can form in cosmic voids. When. Those particles travel into the “regular” universe. They must deliver their energy. So that means the energy that those particles send. It can form part of dark energy.

When those. Ultra-fast-spinning photons arrive from cosmic voids to the regular universe. They deliver their energy. That forms the quantum bubble. Energy escapes very fast from those photons. And that can decrease their energy level. To a lower level. Than in the regular universe. This bubble is the quasiparticle that could explain why dark matter is not found. The expansion of the universe decreases the energy level in the universe. 

But. It decreases that photon’s mass. And the dark photon’s energy level is always, let’s say, two degrees below absolute zero. That temperature is just an example. The idea is that the temperature difference between those hypothetical dark photons and the space is always the same. 

The temperature of the dark photon. It must not be. The same as zero kelvin. It must only be lower than its environment. This means. That. The particle’s temperature must be below three Kelvin. Cosmic background. Or three Kelvin radiation. Means that. The particle. That is, colder than three K will be invisible. 

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

A dark photon. It can turn. The gravitational field opposite. The idea is that. Gravitational waves are like ditches. That move on the layer. The layer is the background. There is a possibility. Gravitational waves’ bottoms turn into a higher energy level than their environment. This turns gravity opposite. So can gravity turn opposite outside the universe? 

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Dark photons are also interesting. Because. They could make anti-gravitation possible. A gravitational wave is like a ditch that travels through the universe. The expansion of the universe makes a geometrical form of that ditch that causes objects to fall backward. Or it falls objects into the gravitational centers. The gravitational wave is a ditch that travels on the quantum layer.

The thing. That could. Turn those energy ditches into energy hills that push objects away is to decrease the energy level. In the environment to such a low level. That it decreases the level. Below the bottom of those energy ditches. So this hypothetical thing.

Happens decreasing. The energy level of the background. So low. That the bottom of gravitational waves is higher than their background. And if dark photons exist. Or reseachers can create them. That makes it possible. To create conditions. That turn gravitational waves opposite. Another interesting detail is this. 

If. Those low-energy photons can be created on a very large scale. This can cause energy flow to the surface. And if that happens from below. That effect pushes the object upward. This effect is known as the Meissner effect. The thing. That makes superconducting objects levitate. Meissner effect means the magnetic effect. And. Airflow combination. 

That keeps the object levitating. But if low-energy photons cause that effect. The reflection from the object is minimal. Those photons can bind energy and wave movement. And if we can make the photon's energy level lower than the local energy minimum. That means those photons can bind wave movement. This makes the surface invisible. 

https://www.universetoday.com/articles/new-study-expands-search-for-dark-photons-a-leading-dark-matter-candidate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_photon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiparticle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Quantum gravity.

M-theory explains the universe as multiple layers. Our universe is on an M-brane. And each main brane involves multiple sub-branes. Those sub-branes behave like the main brane. Gravity is very short-wavelength radiation. Maybe its origin is in gluon evaporation. Or in a hypothetical graviton particle.  This means that gravity can travel between sub-branes. 

The brane theory can explain why gravitation is so different than other forces. The brane theory explains the universe as a stack of branes. Those branes. They are like papers on top of each other. Gravitational waves, or gravitational radiation, can travel between those branes. When. Gravitational waves travel between branes. That radiation, or wave movement, interacts with branes, forming whirls. Those quantum whirls are like wheels that rotate in the opposite direction. 

Than. Gravitational radiation travels. Those whirls act like quantum rolls that transport wave movement. And energy to the gravitational center. This means that. Gravitational waves are formed around energy that travels in a certain direction. That direction is away from the gravitational center. That radiation forms those whirls that transport brane layers. Into. The gravitational center. This kind of gravitational effect looks like a layer. There are rolls around it. That layer is a very large energy wave.

In this text. Brane means: Energy field. “In string theory and related theories (such as supergravity), a brane is a physical object that generalizes the notion of a zero-dimensional point particle, a one-dimensional string, or a two-dimensional membrane to higher-dimensional objects. Branes are dynamical objects that can propagate through spacetime according to the rules of quantum mechanics. They have mass and can have other attributes such as charge.” (Wikipedia, Brane)

In that theory, the universe is a stack of branes. That looks like butter dough. Branes are energy layers. And if we want to use the Planck exclusion principle in this model. There is a possibility that if branes have the same energy levels. They cannot be in each other. This is the Planck exclusion principle. Extension into wave movement. That principle determines that there cannot be two identical fermions in the same quantum system. 

Then we can ask how quantum gravity could destroy matter. This model tells us that there is a single baryon, proton, or neutron in the middle of the atom’s core. Quantum gravitation. It is the effect between quarks. Quarks around the central baryon pull its quarks away from each other. Each baryon has three quarks. And that means the central baryon. It is. Slightly asymmetrical position in the middle of the atom. And that means the gravitational effect from the outer baryons can destroy the central hadron. 

When gravitational forces interact symmetrically with the center of gravity. 

They form the gravitational bubble. The point there is no gravitation. That bubble can be the source of the gravitational waves. When. Particles send those waves. They interact with that bubble.  There is a possibility. That source of those gravitational waves. It is in the gluon evaporation. That zero-G bubble can be the thing. That causes material destruction. 

This is an oversimplified model of quantum-scale gravity. Gravity interacts in atoms. Or any other gravitational centers in both directions. And a little asymmetry in that structure. Turns gravity asymmetric. Each particle is a gravitational center. That thing turns gravitational waves into chaos. The gravitational entropy destroys matter. The orchestration of the gravitational centers determines the strength of that field. When. An object turns denser. That brings those gravitational centers closer. 

To each other. This means that if one of those centers becomes dominant. That effect turns those gravitational centers into harmonic oscillation. The most harmonic gravitational oscillation is in black holes.

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/quantum-gravity/

https://www.space.com/quantum-gravity.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstring_theory

Fifth force and gravitational recoil.

There are suggestions that the Standard Model is wrong. That doesn’t mean that we must rewrite the entire model. We should search for the missing part of that model. Because. Something is missing in the model that we know. We cannot make all parts of it work as they should. There is a possibility. That some interaction, like a direct, wave-based interaction between a gluon and an electron, is just missing. Maybe that interaction really exists. 

And maybe those things can explain the hypothetical fifth force. Anyway, that fifth force is an extremely weak interaction. There are many other explanations for that still-hypothetical effect. That effect can be a recoil effect between electrons. Or a recoil effect between quarks and bosons. These are things that can explain the fifth force.  Or non-calculated anomalies. In particle accelerators.  Something is missing. Because the function doesn’t match the calculations

“In physics, a fifth force is a hypothetical fundamental interaction (also known as a fundamental force) beyond the four known interactions in nature: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces “. (Wikipedia, Fifth force) 

“Some speculative theories have proposed a fifth force to explain various anomalous observations that do not fit existing theories. The specific characteristics of a putative fifth force depend on which hypothesis is being advanced. No evidence to support these models has been found.” (Wikipedia, Fifth force) 

Maybe the fifth force is the recoil effect of bosons. The boson. It is the transporter particle of the interaction. When. Bosons travel in atoms. Those particles form a recoil effect. That means that. Maybe the fifth force is the missing part of interactions that we already know. Could that fifth force be a thing? Like gluon and electron interaction. When gluons send wave movement. That wave movement could travel through an atom’s nucleus. And maybe that wave movement.  That forms when a gluon evaporates. Could also impact electrons. 

Could the missing fifth force be the wave movement that travels between quarks? And if that thing is real, could we call that effect a fifth force? Is it an independent force? Or. Is it? Some? Kind of shadow? Of other forces? This means that before we yell that we found the fifth force. We should understand. Those forces. That we know might have sides. That. We didn’t know. The fact is that. If that missing part of the four known interactions is the fifth force. Maybe those four known interactions: strong interaction. Weak interaction. Electromagnetism, and gravity. Cover a hypothetical fifth interaction below them.

This means that the hypothetical fifth force could be a non-bosonic interaction between elementary particles. We know bosonic interactions. These bosons transmit fundamental interactions. But all wave movement is what the elementary particle sends. It doesn’t touch a boson. Part of the wave movement that the elementary particle transmits travels past the boson. This means the fifth force. It could be a wave interaction between elementary particles. 

The model for that is taken from the electroweak interaction. When. An atom’s core sends a wave motion. 

That wave movement impacts electrons. And transmits energy to them. This means that, in the same way, elementary particles like quarks can send wave motion. That impacts. And affect another quark without a boson transmitter. This straight wave interaction explains it. Why. There are no direct observations of the fifth force. The reason for that is simple. That direct wave movement is so weak. Other interactions cover it below them. 

Bosons are condensed energy, like fermions. They transport fundamental interactions. Fermions are bricks of matter. Fermions form protons and neutrons. Both. Of those particle types. They can be transformed into energy. That means all particles. They are actually condensed energy. 

Four known fundamental interactions are: 

1)Strong interaction

2)Weak interaction

3)Electromagnetism 

4)Gravity

The bosonic interactions cover the non-bosonic interactions below them. The situation is similar to what we try to see. A burning match and halogen light at the same time. The halogen light. It covers that match below its brightness. 

In the same way. The bosonic interaction. covers the pure wave interaction below it. This means that the pure wave interaction could be the fifth force. The fifth force is a myth. But the wave-based interaction explains why we cannot see that force. And the next question. It is: Does that mean a new natural law? 

In this model, gravitation forms two-part radiation. First, an energy wall travels through the universe. Then the gravitational center. Or. Spinning particles bind energy into them. That energy wall doesn’t let energy travel behind it. That forms a so-called gravitational pool. 

And then those spinning particles bind the energy into them. That makes the gravitational pool deeper. This makes objects like particles fill that pool. But if a graviton exists. That thing can be the whirl in the gravitational pool. Maybe those whirls that turn into gravitons can form outside the gravitational pool. When. the energy wall travels ahead. It sends recoil waves to the gravitational pool. Those waves could form energy ditches that travel to the gravitational center. 

If. That whirl turns smaller and denser. That whirl starts to condense that field. This makes a phenomenon that can act as a gravitational wave. This means those whirls in the field bind energy into them. The question is. Could a graviton be a quasiparticle or a particle? 

The thing that we see as (an example) the strong interaction. We can describe that interaction as an interaction between gluons and quarks. This interaction has a pushing side. And the pulling side. The last one pushes quarks away. When a boson, in this case a gluon, evaporates, that effect acts like ice. That evaporation pulls quarks together. When. The boson receives energy. The wave movement between quarks pushes those quarks away. So, the fundamental interaction is the wave movement. That. Bosons. The interaction transporter particles send. 

We know four interactions. Three of them have a boson transporter. But then we see that gravity has no known bosonic transporter. There is suspicion that a mythical graviton exists. But the fact is that. Gravitation doesn’t necessarily need a graviton. Spinning particles. That bind quantum fields into their structures. That can cause a situation. Their energy travels into that particle. And carries other particles with it. 

In this model. The gravitational wave has two parts. The energy wave that travels away from the gravitational center. Then the gravitational center. The structure of spinning particles that bind energy into itself. That pulls more energy into the gravitational center. Than. It travels out from it. The thing that creates the gravitational wave. And gravitation’s unique behavior. It’s the energy wall. Behind that energy wall. The gravitational center. It creates the energy ditch that travels across the universe. 

Same way the fifth force doesn’t need any boson as its transporter. Wave movement itself can act as a natural interaction. And that is one of the things that we must realize. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_force

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction

Gluons' behavior and GUT (Grand Unified Theory).

New models challenge long-standing models. Of. How gluons behave in atomic nuclei. There is a point at which gluons start to behave collectively. That effect is known as gluon saturation. 

“Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the fundamental theory describing the strong interaction, a cornerstone of the Standard Model in particle physics. One of the intriguing phenomena in high-energy QCD is gluon saturation. A state where the density of gluons (elementary particles that mediate the strong force between quarks) inside a hadron becomes so high that their interaction probability reaches a plateau. This concept has profound implications for understanding high-energy collisions, like those in particle accelerators.” (Modern physics, Gluon saturation)

Another name for that effect could be harmonic behavior. This effect is the thing. That can cause heavy atoms’ decay. When. Gluons' behavior turns harmonic. They send much more energy in one direction. Than. The gluons that don’t behave collectively. 

The gluonic collective behavior means that when gluons send wave movement. That wave movement impacts other gluons. This means that gluons' oscillations become orchestrated. The high-energy gluon synchronizes other gluons. To transmit. Wave movement at the same time. When a gluon moves. 

It forms. A small. Quantum low-pressure area. Another thing. That a gluon makes is the recoil effect on a quark. When. A quark forms a gluon, and the gluon leaves the quark. The gluon must kick much energy into the quark. That it can cut the bond energy. 

Then the gluon travels. Into. A lower-energy quark. So a higher-energy down quark sends a gluon to a lower-energy up quark. This is the reason why neutrons decay. There is one up and two down quarks in a neutron. When down quarks send an energy impulse to an up quark. That focuses too much energy in the up quark. And that pushes more energy to the neutron shell, causing quantum field expansion. That breaks the bond energy of those quarks. 

But when gluons spin. That spin sends wave movement. That is similar to bremsstrahlung radiation. And sooner or later, all gluons start to synchronize into the same frequency. When. The gluons reach the same energy level. 

They form standing waves between them. And sooner or later, those waves destroy the atom's core. 

And that can be key to the GUT (Grand Unified Theory). That theory should combine four fundamental interactions. Strong. And weak interactions, electromagnetism, and gravity into a unified theory. researchers can combine the weak nuclear interaction with electromagnetism. And that forms the so-called electroweak interaction. 

In that interaction. The atom’s core sends an energy impulse to the electron. Then the electron receives that energy. And transforms it into a photon. That means the interaction between the atom’s core and electron can be a wave movement. The strong interaction. Its. Interaction between gluons and quarks. Same way. The weak interaction is the interaction between W/Z bosons and neutrons and protons. Then the electroweak interaction is the interaction between an atom’s core and its electron shell. 

Maybe the atom’s core sends waves as a whole. Or the origin of those waves is in W/Z bosons. But the important thing is this. There is no need for a transmitting particle. The straight wave-movement interaction is enough to make that part of GUT real. 

Basically, this theory is simple. 

1) The oscillation of gluons. Send an energy wave to the shell of protons and neutrons. 

2) That causes energy impulses between protons and neutrons. In. The atom’s nucleus. 

3) That oscillation will send energy impulses to the electron shell. 

4) Maybe gravitation is a very short-wavelength wave movement. Radiation that comes through the electron shells. In this model, the graviton is like a gamma photon. 

If. The wavelength of radiation is short enough. It seems straight. And that virtual straight wave can have larger curves. So. Can gravitation be? Some double-wave radiation? 

4B) Or maybe there are two types of radiation that we see as gravitation. The short-wave radiation. Has the source in gluons. And. Long-wave radiation. The source is in large material clusters. We may see the short-wave radiation as uniform even if it comes from multiple sources. 

Stages 1 and 2 form the strong-weak (Or color-weak) interaction. This point. Wave movement. That origin in a gluon turns into the W/Z boson interaction. The proton and neutron. Quantum fields. Act as tensors. 

Stages 2 and 3 are connected into the electroweak interaction. In the electroweak interaction, the quantum field that surrounds the entire nucleus sends wave movement to the electron shells. That wave movement pushes electrons away. When gluons send energy waves. That decreases the mass of the nucleus. 

Gluons will not send that wave movement all the time. Those waves or wave impulses push electrons away. But when there are no pulses. Electrons start to fall closer to the atom’s nucleus. And then the atom sends an energy impulse. Again. The closest electron gets most of the energy. 

The biggest problem with GUT. It is to make gravitation fit into that model. The problem with gravitation? Is how to determine it? Its wavelength. It is unknown. If. gravitation is shortwave radiation. That acts like a thermal pump when it travels through matter. There. Is a possibility. That the hypothetical long-wave gravitational radiation forms a string of that very short-wave radiation. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity

https://modern-physics.org/gluon-saturation

https://news.ku.edu/news/article/new-cern-measurement-challenges-long-standing-theory-of-how-gluons-behave-inside-atomic-nuclei

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsstrahlung

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction

Can the recoil effect explain dark energy?

When a photon travels in the universe. in an extremely strong gravitational field. It can divide. There is a possibility that when another photon's energy level is lower. But those photons are entangled. That lower-energy photon pulls the higher-energy photon backward. Those photons form a so-called tandem photon. When. Energy travels into a lower-energy photon. That slows the photon pair. And that allows the photon to stop. 

When the front energy is at a high energy level. And. The entangled photon is at a minimum energy level. 

Its energy level rises. That photon forms another recoil photon. Between. Those two photons. That photon is entangled. With. The first divided photon. This is the reason why a photon can be stopped. When an electron travels forward, it forms a photon behind it. That photon forms another photon. And those photons pull more and more energy out from the electron. 

A series of those entangled photons. It pulls energy out from the particle. Those photons are transportation particles of electromagnetic interaction. Division of photons. They explain. Why. The particle requires More and more energy. When. It reaches the speed of light. When. Some structure spins. That structure sends the Bremsstrahlung radiation. The same way, when a photon spins. It sends “baby photons” to space. This means that. The photon decays asymmetrically. 

When we think about recoil. We. Must realize. That all structures with mass have recoil. When a particle spins, its structure. Forms internal recoil. That recoil forms when superstrings. That form particle moves backward. That force it rises. Entropy in the particle. And if the particle cannot remove that free energy. That causes destruction. 

“Recoil (often called knockback, kickback or simply kick) is the rearward thrust generated when a gun is being discharged. In technical terms, the recoil is a result of conservation of momentum, for according to Newton's third law, the force required to accelerate something will evoke an equal but opposite reactional force, which means the forward momentum gained by the projectile and exhaust gases (ejecta) will be mathematically balanced out by an equal and opposite impulse exerted back upon the gun.” (Wikipedia, Recoil)

Recoil is often connected with guns. But things like photons have a recoil effect. That effect makes a photon rocket move. 

There are two conservation laws at work when a gun is fired: conservation of momentum and conservation of energy. Recoil.  It is explained. By. The law of conservation of momentum. And so it is easier to discuss it separately from energy. The same effect. That pushes the gun back pushes the rocket to move. 

When exhaust gas travels back. The recoil. Pushes the rocket to move.  Here we must remember that thrust has nothing to do with recoil. The photon rocket has the weakest known thrust. But the exhaust speed is fastest. The maximum speed of the rocket. It is the same as its exhaust gas. 

We know that all particles that move. Have a recoil effect. When electrons travel around atoms, they form recoil. That is one of the things that causes one interesting question. 

Could dark energy be a recoil effect?

Could dark energy be a recoil effect? This is an interesting question. When. Every single particle moves. The particle moves. It pushes energy in the opposite direction. So. When we jump up from the ground. We. Must push more energy. To the ground. Than what is needed. To move our weight up. This means that when a particle moves forward. It must send energy backward. This is the thing. 

That we call recoil. When particles fall into black holes. Those particles. They send energy backward. That energy forms. Because. Of the recoil effect. Same way galaxies, galaxy clusters. And wave movement. They send energy impulses into opposite directions. When. A galaxy travels in some direction. Every single particle sends energy in a certain direction. But the reason why this energy doesn’t push the galaxy into such a high speed as it should. It is this. Galaxies are not involved in any homogeneous movement. They are full of internal structures. 

When electrons travel around atoms. Recoil. It is forming behind those electrons. That effect transports energy out from the electron. If. That energy flows away faster. Then the electron harvests energy. From. Its environment. That slows the electron. 

When. Particles travel into black holes. They send an energy impulse backward. That impulse vanishes when the particle crosses the event horizon. This means the recoil wave. It's the only thing. That is left behind. Particles that travel into a black hole's event horizon. This causes an energy impulse that seems to come from nowhere. This means that when a particle crosses the event horizon. That particle leaves an energy wave. That means. That the recoil effect. It could explain at least part of Hawking radiation. 

Most of those structures are moving in orbiting trajectories. When. Galaxies spin. It sends energy in all directions. But when planets orbit their stars. Or. They spin around their axis. They send wave movement. That means because of the complex structures. The wave movement. Or energy that those structures send is chaotic. That energy is like whirls. That are moving around the universe. Because. The main mass of the galaxy or galactic clusters. Is moving in a certain direction. That means the recoil causes the main energy force to move in the opposite direction of the mass. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsstrahlung

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation

Gravitation and strong interaction.

Above is the model of gravitational waves. In the same way. All objects. In the universe. Send those kinds of waves. In. The case of elementary particles. The structure of those particles forms a similar effect. This means that there could be many sources for those waves. Theoretically, spinning bosons like gluons. They can send that very short-wave radiation.  The idea is that a gluon travels around the string that binds quarks together. If. Those gluons spin while they travel between those quarks. That spinning gluon also forms a so-called bremsstrahlung effect. When. That spinning boson sends radiation. Its energy level decreases. And that thing acts like ice in a room. 

When those gluons travel between quarks. They. Form a quantum low-pressure behind them. That effect pulls quarks together. And that effect is the thing. That. We call strong interaction. But could the strong interaction be the same as gravitation?

That means. Those bosons act like W and Z bosons. W and Z bosons are transporters of the weak interaction. When nuclei start to decay. Baryons, protons and neutrons form the W boson. That travels between baryons. And that forms free energy in the atom’s core. Sooner or later, the free energy causes the atom to decay. Forming nuclear fission. In nuclear fission, the reaction releases bonds. That keep the atom in one piece. Nuclear fission releases energy that was stored in those bonds. The W boson has positive electric charge. And it pushes protons away from each other. The Z boson has neutral electric charge. So, we can think of the W boson as releasing energy. And the Z boson binds energy. 

In the same way, annihilation releases a similar bond energy. The reason why annihilation releases more energy than fission is simple. In annihilation, more bonds are released. And in all of those reactions. Fission, fusion, and annihilation. Atoms release bond energy. That is stored in them. When deuterium and tritium fusion (D-T fusion)happens. One neutron is left in the reaction. This causes energy realease. After a short time, the bond between quarks in that released neutron cuts. That releases more energy. When the energy level of that neutron is very high. The quantum field jumps away from it. And rips the neutron into pieces. That is one of the reasons. Why. Fusion is such a powerful reaction. 

The D–T (Deuterium-Tritium) fusion reaction. (Wikipedia)

Gravitational waves could be a form of Bremsstrahlung radiation.  When. A particle changes its direction. It sends radiation called Bremsstrahlung. Synchrotron radiation is the magnetic version of Bremsstrahlung. Gravitational waves act a little bit like gamma rays. That radiation could travel through the particles. And then take their energy with them. That means that radiation acts like a thermal pump. When. A particle loses its energy. It. Turns colder or lower energy. This means that energy or quantum fields start to travel into that particle. And that explains gravitational waves' special form. So if dark matter particles. 

Mythical WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles). Exists. That radiation can come from those particles. And near black holes, those particles send that Bremsstrahlung radiation. There is a small possibility that WIMPs and gravitons are the same thing. In some models, the graviton is the small particle, or quantum-sized black hole. Existing. In all elementary particles. That particle spins very fast. And what we see as an elementary particle is the halo of that hypothetical WIMP or graviton. Particle. This fast-spinning particle binds energy from around it. 

This is one version of the answer to the question of why gravitational waves are so different than other radiation. When those particles orbit a black hole, they send this radiation. This means that those WIMPs are very small particles. Maybe their spin is extremely strong. And fast-spinning particles can turn invisible. Because. Of that spin. Quantum fields transfer to travel past the particle. The super-fast spin guides those quantum fields past the particle. And there is a possibility. 

That a quantum string is forming. At the particle's spin axis. That string will transport energy out from that particle, which acts like a thermal pump. This means that the gluons are like donuts that travel on those strings. And that forms the model. The strong interaction transporter, the gluon, is quite similar to the photon. 

This effect focuses energy into one point. And it prevents non-targeted radiation from the particle. In this model, that effect makes the particle invisible. The energy streaming that leaves the particle is so thin. It cannot affect an area. 

That is large enough to oscillate atom-sized objects. So. If that is the gravitational model. The counter-gravitation.. O.r antigravitation must be possible. Antigravitation could be the recoil effect of gravitation. But why is that force so weak? The answer could be simpler than we even dare to think. The recoil of the graviton. It happens only in the wavelength of the gravitational interaction.  But gravitation itself is the interaction with all other fundamental interactions. 

This means that. When. Those particles spin. They. Bind energy. And the universe’s is the thing that prevents them from reaching energy stability. Particles’ evaporation is the thing. That makes them bind energy. This evaporation is the effect. That makes them bind other quantum fields. And those quantum fields transport energy and particles into the gravitational center. This is the thing. That makes gravitational coulter-waves so weak. Gravity has a larger scale of forces. 

Than antigravitation. That we can call gravitational recoil. Gravitational recoil. It is possible if the graviton particle exists. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsstrahlung

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium%E2%80%93tritium_fusion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons

Outside the universe.

"A visualization of a 3-torus model of space, where our observable Universe could be just a small portion of the overall structure. Similar to imagining our Universe (or any three-dimensional space) being enclosed by a two-dimensional boundary, our three-dimensional space may in fact be the boundary around a higher-dimensional space that better represents our "true" underlying reality. Although there are constraints on the properties and number of such extra dimensions, the possibility cannot be ruled out. However, the lack of repeating structures and the spatial flatness of the Universe tells us important information about how much larger than the visible part of the Universe, at least, the unobservable Universe must be." (Big Think, Is the Universe truly infinite in size?)

Is the universe infinite? This is an interesting question. And if we want to get an answer, we should define the universe. Or should we define what the universe means? Should that term mean the matter inside the structure where we live? Or should we include space outside this structure in this definition? When we define the universe as the structure in which we live. We should define the limit of the universe as the border of matter as we know it. There is something behind the universe. And that something is at least great nothing. Or there could be other universes. The great nothing should involve some very weak quantum fields. 

But the thing that makes great nothing, or great emptiness, the area that we cannot observe, is its energy level. The energy level outside the universe is lower than inside it. And that’s why all energy from the universe travels to that great nothing. Because energy flow is one way. And there is no reflection. Or, there is no reflection. That energy level rises so high. It can reach the universe’s energy minimum. 

We cannot get any signals from that area. Actually, the reflected energy level should rise above the energy minimum. That energy, or wave movement, can penetrate the universe. Otherwise, energy from the universe turns it back. When. A particle goes into that great nothing. It. Expands and loses its form as matter. First, atoms lose their electrons because there is no resistance or quantum back pressure. That keeps them around the atom. The situation is similar. To the situation, we take a balloon into a vacuum. That balloon expands and detonates.  The particle’s shell is like a whisk. 

“The Bubble Nebula (NGC 7635), imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope, is seven light years across” (Wikipedia, Stellar-wind bubble). Maybe galaxies are surrounded by that kind of bubble. And if a similar bubble surrounds the universe. That partially proves the multiverse theory. 

Because that bubble requires the impact wave from radiation. And particles that come from other universes outside our universe. Or what comes from sources outside the universe. The problem is this. There could not be any other objects. Than. Other universes. Things like stars and planets will be erased immediately. Gravity keeps our universe in its form. But the great nothing pulls it larger and larger. This causes a situation. Their energy level decreases, and entropy (disorder) rises. 

“An annotated illustration of the interstellar medium on a logarithmic scale. The solar gravity lens marks the point where a conceptual spacecraft in interstellar space could use our sun as a gigantic lens, allowing zoomed-in close-ups of planets orbiting other stars.” (Wikipedia, Heliosphere)

“This image shows the wind from the star LL Orionis generating a bow shock (the bright arc) as it collides with material in the surrounding Orion Nebula.” (Wikipedia, Stellar Wind)

When that shell expands, those strings form this structure. They cannot keep their form. Or, otherwise, in the case of hadrons and baryons. Those particles. They cannot keep quarks inside them. 

In that expansion. Hadrons like protons and neutrons expand. The quarks will go too far apart. And strong nuclear interaction cannot bind them together. The strong nuclear interaction forms in the strings; there, gluons. Bosons. That transport the strong nuclear force. Travel between quarks. And the quantum field that holds those quarks inside the structure that we call protons and neutrons. If. That field or shell turns large enough. That thing cannot bind quarks. 

Outside those particles, the existence of quarks as particles. Is very short.  This means that the great nothing. It erases matter immediately. So, that is the great quantum eraser. It doesn’t cause matter to vanish. It just turns it into a wave movement. And that is the idea of quantum erasing. It only turns matter into energy. 

The great nothing. It pulls the universe larger and larger. That causes material evaporation. This expansion raises entropy. And that free energy- entropy- destroys the universe. That is one model of the universe. The limit of the universe is the limit of matter as we know it. But there is one “but”. This means that there is no impact wave between the universe and the great nothing. If. There is a structure at the edge of the universe.

Their energy level goes low. And then rises again. That means. There is some impact wave. An impact wave requires resistance. This is the reason. Why. A stellar wind bubble surrounds every star. The heliopause is the point. There, the solar wind that comes from the star Impacts. The interstellar plasma flow. Called: stellar wind. The Voyager spacecraft observations support this model. And observatories detected those impact waves around other stars. If. We continue to expand this model. The galaxies should have similar structures around them. So, we could call those structures the “Galactopause”

 That should form the standing wave that surrounds every single star. There are also similar impact areas around galaxies and galactic clusters. If. There is a similar impact area around the universe. That means. There is something that resists the plasma flow. And if that impact area is found. That supports the multiverse theory. The cosmic flow also supports this model. 

Because. The gravitational effect of that cold plasma wave causes a situation. Where. Galaxy clusters seem to travel in one direction around the same mass center. And if we can prove dark flow. “In astrophysics, dark flow is a controversial hypothesis to explain certain non-random measurements of the peculiar velocity of galaxy clusters. The actual measured velocity is the sum of the velocity predicted by Hubble's law.”(Wikipedia, Dark Flow)

“Plus a possible small velocity move. Into a common direction. Very large-scale correlated flow, called bulk flow, is proposed in this model to be related to certain models of inflationary cosmology.” (Wikipedia, Dark Flow)

That could help. To prove the existence of that plasma shockwave that surrounds the entire universe. That shockwave can form only in certain cases. There is something that resists the plasma flow. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/universe-infinite/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_flow

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosphere

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_wind

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar-wind_bubble

Black holes might not be as bottomless as researchers thought.

“Artist impression of SwiftJ1727 with donor jet clouds. Credit: John A. Paice & Noel Castro Segura et al, (2026)” (ScitechDaily, Black Holes May Not Be the Bottomless Pits We Imagined”

New observations about black holes suggest that their appetites might not be as endless as once thought. The material disk and the black hole’s halo transport a large part of material into the black hole’s poles. Material in that high-energy environment is in plasma form. And magnetic fields can transport plasma. This forms a relativistic jet of the black hole. Even black holes. They do not have magnetic fields. But. Plasma around them acts like a generator. This effect accelerates plasma around that object toward its poles. 

When we think about the black hole’s internal structure. The field that travels into the event horizon. It continues its movement. Following. A spiral trajectory. The structure is very tight. But there is a space, or so-called microvacuums, in that structure. Those microvacuums allow those waves to form, well, waves. Entropy in that structure is very low. But that entropy still exists. And that entropy forms the quakes in that field. 

There is a possibility that between those waves or strings. There is a quantum-level tunnel. And those tunnels. They can allow that extremely small, high-energy particle. It could send almost a straight wave string away from the black hole. The idea is that if the fields have a small space between them. That space can offer a route for a tiny quantum string to escape from that monster. If. Gravitation is a phenomenon there.

Quantum fields transport objects into the gravitational center. If. There is space between those fields. They cannot transport particles that are at that point. There is a possibility. That there are so-called quantum vacuums in the black hole’s gravitational field. Or even in its singularity. Those quantum bubbles. They can cause quakes in those structures. This quake destroys the black hole sooner or later. When a star collapses, there are always small microvacuums or quantum bubbles in the field. Those quantum vacuums or quantum bubbles exist. Even if material is extremely degenerate, those bubbles are smaller than quarks. 

So, could those quantum bubbles be the same, or have a similar effect? As a mythical graviton? If those quantum bubbles exist. They form lower-energy points in the black hole’s structure. And if a graviton is the miniature black hole. It could have a similar relativistic jet. With. Larger black holes. 

That. Quantum-size relativistic jet. It could have. A diameter smaller than the bonds between quarks. That could explain why Hawking radiation is so hard to prove. This jet seems stringy when researchers see it from outside. If. That string travels along a straight line. It’s very hard to see. There is no bremsstrahlung radiation. This string could have a spring-shaped form. That means. It sends bremsstrahlung radiation. So small-scale that it's impossible to see.  

When that spring travels out from the black hole. A recoil forms in space. In that structure. Even if the scale of those phenomena is not very large. 

The energy level and density in that area are very high. Every phenomenon turns very strong. When. It happens in a high-energy environment. 

There is a model. There, the graviton is a particle inside each particle. This means that bonds between elementary particles. They are actually relativistic jets from those quantum-size black holes. 

The black hole doesn’t destroy material. It is like a stomach. It transforms material into another form. All black holes send some radiation. That radiation comes from the material disk and its halo. But there is a possibility that some radiation can escape from inside the black hole. If. Some particle or the so-called quantum vacuum starts to spin. It could form a situation where it turns quantum fields. 

Into a form that looks like a screw. This means that the quantum vacuum forms a structure. That looks like a relativistic jet. That structure could have such a small diameter. That even bonds between quarks seem giant. That thing could explain so-called Hawking’s radiation. That effect can also explain some very interesting details in the form of gravitation. If. That structure exists. It acts like a Doppler cooler. 

When it travels through atoms or particles. It. Transports energy out from it. This makes the particle cooler. And when energy escapes from the particle. It binds energy or quantum fields from around it. And that can explain how quantum gravitation works. 

https://scitechdaily.com/black-holes-may-not-be-the-bottomless-pits-we-imagined/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsstrahlung

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_cooling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

Light can travel faster than light.

The universe can expand. Faster than light. Without violating any laws of nature. This is possible. Because light travels faster outside the universe. There is no scattering effect. And that makes photons travel faster than they travel in the universe. But then we can say that all photons travel at the same speed. 

So, can light travel faster outside the universe? The fact is that they travel along a straight line. This means that a photon travels a shorter distance outside the universe. The straight-moving photon travels directly from point A to point B. 

In the universe. The scattering effect makes photons follow a curved trajectory. This means that the photon follows a curved path to the goal. The photon travels a longer path than it would travel outside the universe. 

A black hole can pull things inside it. Faster than light. Because it binds fields into it. 

The reason for “crossing the speed of light” is that. A photon travels into a black hole. By following a straight path. Because photons travel straight inside the black hole without reflection. We. Cannot see that thing. But when particles follow a circular trajectory when they fall into the black hole. Those particles emit so-called Bremsstrahlung radiation. That radiation forms. When a particle changes its trajectory, it sends a photon. 

Magnetic bremsstrahlung is called synchrotron radiation. This means that gravitational waves. Their source. It can be similar to bremsstrahlung and synchrotron radiation. This means that the fast-spinning event horizon. Or some particle. That orbits the singularity sends gravitational waves. The structure that sends gravitational waves. It is somewhere in matter. Sometimes people thought. That could be bonds between elementary particles. Or maybe it's in the gluons or W/Z bosons. That could exist longer in that high-energy environment. 

But gravitational waves are only evidence. That there could be a particle called the graviton. In that case, those gravitons they can be things that orbit the singularity. There is a possibility. That. The ultra-high-energy environment near black holes could transform atoms into miniature black holes. Energy level in the material disk. It rises all the time. When. The object closes in on a black hole. 

That massive energy presses it into a smaller and smaller size. And because energy has no place there, it can escape. That thing can press electrons and quarks into homogeneous entirety. That entirety is called a singularity. So could a graviton be the miniature black hole? This explains why researchers cannot see that particle. 

Then we can think about dark energy. Dark energy is energy. That seems to have no source. There is a possibility that. Dark energy is wave movement. That has an extremely long wavelength. That explains why dark energy affects only the largest structures in the universe. So could something stretch the wavelength so long? So that its wavelength is longer than the diameter of the galaxy clusters. This effect can form when a photon travels through the extremely large cosmic void. 

Could so-called antigravity be some recoil effect in gravitational waves? 

Because wave movement and all particles have recoil. That means, in antigravity, it could be recoil in hypothetical graviton particles. Or it could be the recoil that gravitational waves send. 

But even if the graviton does not exist. The gravitational waves should have a recoil effect. So in that model, gravity is like Doppler cooling. The object loses its energy. And outside energy tries to fill that energy space. This means that gravitation is radiation that takes energy out from a particle or object. 

There is a model that dark energy is so-called antigravity. The antigravity could be a recoil phenomenon. This means that if the graviton is a particle that sends a gravitational wave. That means that gravitation is the interaction between gravitons. That means when a graviton travels between objects. That forms the recoil effect. This means that gravitons should form a similar recoil effect. 

As other particles. When a graviton travels in one direction. This. Effect makes the graviton split. In. That model. The graviton. It has.

Similar properties to the photon.  And one of that hypothetical particle’s properties is that it could split. The graviton pushes another graviton in the opposite direction. This means that a tunnel could form between those particles. And when that gravitational tunnel collapses. 

That forms a situation where this energy falls into that tunnel and pushes those objects away. This means that if graviton is the particle. That particle should have a similar recoil effect. As. Other particles. So if graviton is real, it should have recoil. That recoil could be the thing. That we call “antigravity”. But that requires the graviton to be a real particle.

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-can-expand-faster-than-light-without-breaking-physics/

https://www.universetoday.com/articles/yes-the-universe-can-expand-faster-than-light

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsstrahlung

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_cooling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation