Why is the sky blue? From a Newton's apple to a large Hadron collider.

"For the first ~3 billion years of cosmic history, the star-formation rate rose and rose until reaching a peak, but has fallen off significantly in the ~10-11 billion years since. Although an enormous number of photons have been cumulatively produced by stars, an even greater number were produced in the Big Bang" (Big Think, What created more light: the Big Bang or stars?) The photons that the Big Bang sent have already left the universe.  The thing is that the photons that we see cannot match the Big Bang light. The photon is the only thing that can reach the speed of light. That means those photons that the Big Bang sends are traveling ahead of the material. The second thing is that the Big Bang is not one single case. It was a series of events that formed material into the form that we know it. The thing that we can see is the last stage of the event, that formed the universe.  The universe's expansion causes the form of energy levels in the environment to change. Thos

"Thousands of light particles can merge into a type of “super photon” under certain conditions. Researchers at the University of Bonn have now been able to use “tiny nano molds” to influence the design of this so-called Bose-Einstein condensate. This enables them to shape the speck of light into a simple lattice structure consisting of four points of light arranged in quadratic form. Such structures could potentially be used in the future to make the exchange of information between multiple participants tap-proof. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Super Photons Unveiled: Sculpting Light Into Unbreakable Communication Networks) "When numerous light particles are cooled to a very low temperature and simultaneously confined in a compact space, they suddenly become indistinguishable from one another and behave like a single super photon. Physicists call this a Bose-Einstein condensate and it normally resembles a blurry speck of light. “However, we have now managed to

"Researchers use supercomputer simulations to study remnants formed by neutron star collisions. These remnants cool through neutrino emissions, and their structure offers insights into the behavior of nuclear matter and the possibility of preventing black hole formation. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Neutron Star Collisions: Unmasking the Ghosts of Gravity) Prologue: neutrons can be the key to the ultimate strong quantum materials.  Graphene is one of the most fundamental materials in the world. That material is a 2D carbon lattice. And that makes graphene one of the most fundamental materials in the world. Graphene has a problem. It is monoatomic strucutre. And when something hits it, the energy can form standing waves inside the graphene ring.  If we could put nanocrystals made of silicone or iron into the graphene rings those things can transport energy away from the layer. And that metamaterial can also make it possible for developers can create new types of lo

Dark matter is a wonderful thing. Its only known interaction is through gravity. And that thing makes it a remarkable thing. Then, we can start to think about the shape of dark matter.  Researchers think that dark matter has a particle form. The name of that particle is a weakly interacting massive particle, WIMP. But are WIMPs real or virtual particles? We could say, that WIMP is the quantum gravitational center for an unknown gravitational effect called dark matter. And that means black holes are groups of WIMPs.  We cannot observe the system in its entirety if we are in the system. This makes it hard to detect the Higgs field. We are in the Higgs field. And that's why we cannot detect it. In this model, gravity is the movement in the Higgs field.  We can say that gravity is the hole or low-energy area, or some void in Higgs field, that can tell about the shape of dark matter. The reason why the Higgs field or base energy field is so hard to detect is that we are in that field. W