The entropy and entanglement.

"Researchers from Singapore and China have experimentally observed negative entanglement entropy using classical electrical circuits, providing new insights into quantum phenomena without the complexities of true quantum systems. Their work suggests that electrical circuits could serve as a low-cost platform for exploring exotic quantum behaviors, with implications for future quantum technologies. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily.com, Redefining Quantum Limits: Physicists Unlock the Secret of Elusive Negative Entanglement Entropy)

Negative elusive entanglement entropy is one of the most beautiful ideas in quantum systems. When we entangle two different systems, we connect those systems, and that makes the entangled systems interesting. In the perfect quantum entanglement, the fate of two different systems is the same. And when one system is destroyed, the other will also destroyed. In the universe. All known systems are entangled. The universe connects all known systems. 

And the fate of all systems in the universe is the same. That fate doesn't depend on the type of the fate of the universe. The universe causes the same fate to all the systems that are in it. Those kinds of things are interesting ideas. 

The entropy or disorder in all systems grows all the time. When the universe expands that thing makes the space in the system. That space allows particles to oscillate more freely than before. And that thing grows entropy in the system. 

Only in the system where there is space, can form entropy. If all things have more space to move, that thing grows entropy. Entropy is like whirls in the system. That disorder cuts the quantum entanglements and other ways, it denies information travel to the past. The ultimate high-energy objects can send information to the past. But that information is hard to see. And that entropy disturbs it.

There are two types of entanglement. 

"High Entanglement: If the colors of the two socks are almost perfectly correlated, then knowing the color of one sock gives you almost perfect information about the other. In particular, if one sock suddenly becomes inaccessible, one would also lose knowledge of the color of the other sock."(ScitechDaily.com, Redefining Quantum Limits: Physicists Unlock the Secret of Elusive Negative Entanglement Entropy)

"Low Entanglement: If the socks’ colors are essentially uncorrelated, then knowing the color of one sock does not make one more certain about the color of the other. In particular, if one sock suddenly becomes inaccessible, there will not be any more uncertainty i.e. entropy regarding the color of the other sock." (ScitechDaily.com, Redefining Quantum Limits: Physicists Unlock the Secret of Elusive Negative Entanglement Entropy)

"While usual gapless points that are not geometrically defective i.e. Dirac points (Left column) possess only eigenvalues within [0, 1] (Bottom Left), defective exceptional points (Right column) also exhibit special isolated EB eigenvalues far outside of [0, 1] (Bottom Right). It can be realized by an electric circuit (Right). Credit: Science China Press" (ScitechDaily.com, Redefining Quantum Limits: Physicists Unlock the Secret of Elusive Negative Entanglement Entropy)

Conventional quantum mechanics have only been concerned with conservative systems where particles and energy do not get destroyed or made. However, intriguing new physics arises when this restriction is lifted – in the sock analogy, where socks can be removed or added to the system. Such systems as known as “Non-Hermitian” systems. (ScitechDaily.com, Redefining Quantum Limits: Physicists Unlock the Secret of Elusive Negative Entanglement Entropy)

In non-Hermitian systems, the concept of entanglement needs to be modified, because information can also be lost when the number of particles changes. In particular, gaining new socks and their information can be construed as giving out a negative amount of sock information to others. This leads to the new concept of negative entanglement entropy. (ScitechDaily.com, Redefining Quantum Limits: Physicists Unlock the Secret of Elusive Negative Entanglement Entropy)

While the theoretical recipe for achieving negative entanglement entropy in a non-Hermitian quantum system has been thought of since a few years ago, actually observing negative entanglement in quantum experiments cannot be easily done. This is due to significant challenges in manipulating intricate quantum states in a way that they gain or lose energy, while at the same time also measuring how entangled they are. (ScitechDaily.com, Redefining Quantum Limits: Physicists Unlock the Secret of Elusive Negative Entanglement Entropy)

But two entropic systems can put themselves into entanglement. In that model, all things like whirls and energy hills in the system can be identical and the systems can entangle with each other. In some models, the entanglement between two systems can happen certainly between mirror systems. In those systems energy hill in other systems has the energy pothole pair in the other systems. In that model, the other system has energy potholes and energy hills at opposite points.

The simpler models of those systems are the gearwheels. The upper points of the other gearwheels have a position in the lower point of the other gearwheel. The thing is that the other gearwheel rotates in the opposite direction. If those gearwheels try to rotate in the same direction. That thing destroys the system. 

So antimatter universe would be that "mirror system" for the universe. But then we can think that the universe is multiple internet systems. And if we look at that gearwheel model, we can say that we could see the anti-universe. But if the other universe is a similar matter as our universe, that thing causes entropy that makes it impossible to see that universe. 

The universe is a more complex system than we imagine.  In simple systems the number of particles and energy levels are static. In complex systems, the particles form, and destroy all the time. 

The other system doesn't necessarily mean that the entanglement is complete and that means the only entangled parts can be some electromagnetic fields. But those things are only hypotheses. But if there is some ghost- or mirror structure for the universe, and information travels between them that means their ultimate fate could be entangled. 

https://scitechdaily.com/redefining-quantum-limits-physicists-unlock-the-secret-of-elusive-negative-entanglement-entropy/

Acoustic waves can be the next-generation tool for making quantum internet.

"Beams of light, shown in orange and blue, are shined on a surface acoustic wave resonator, where their interactions are controlled by a precisely designed cavity. Inside this echo chamber, the light becomes strongly coupled with the surface acoustic waves. Credit: University of Rochester illustration / Iyer et al." (ScitechDaily, Quantum Breakthrough: Scientists Use Sound Waves To Enable the Future of the Internet)

In the regular internet, data travels in the form of electric impulses. That makes it quite easy to steal information from the system. The eavesdropper must capture the electric flow and find the zeros and ones from the electric flow. The system can see the eavesdropper if it can notice the energy loss the eavesdropping tool causes. However, the data that the attacker captured before the defender noticed the eavesdropper is in the wrong hands. 

To see the loss of electricity requires excellent knowledge of the system. The electricity loss, or low voltage, cannot measured if data travels a long way in a non-controlled environment. The low voltage conditions require a well-known environment. This is why sealing data from radio waves is quite an easy process.  

Lasers or coherent radiowaves or microwave (or radio wave) amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (MASER) can make communication more secure than regular radio waves. But those precisely targeted systems require. That the transmitter system knows exactly the receiver's position. 

The regular laser rays cannot travel through the walls. So transmitter system must use X- or Gamma-rays to send messages. The gamma- or X-rays can transmit data the same way as regular lasers. Some people introduce the hypothetical aliens using high-power gamma- or X-rays for communication.  

But let's come back to Earth. The X- or gamma-laser system can aim the laser system at the target if it knows the position where the receiver is. The receiving system can use a radio signal that the transmitter can use to aim the data signal to the right point. Or the regular laser-based systems can ask for the position of the receiver. Then if the receiver is in some certain house, the transmitter can send data to the optical receiver on the house's floor. 

Then the system shares that data to the intranet of the house. Another way is to make the EMP-protected house, and then data will be transmitted there using the data cable. The EMP protection denies the ability to hear electronic voices from the house. Another way is to use IR-LED and windows that filter the wavelength of the radiation that travels through the window. That denies the outsiders to see the radiation and information that travels in the radiation. 

In the quantum internet, information is stored in physical form. Or the network itself is part of the encryption. The electron and its superpositions make it possible to transmit data through long distances. That means a quantum computer sends data in the form of a qubit. When the receiving system receives that electron, it can make superposition and entanglement into it using that particle. In modern quantum systems, data is stored in photons and that makes it a little bit hard to control. 

In other models, data stored in the qubit must be sent through the air the system can send each state of the qubit using independent radio frequency. Then receiving system can transfer data from each frequency back to qubit and that helps to determine the qubit states. In that case, the system can share information from each qubit's state with individual wires in the flat cable. 

The acoustic waves that are connected with the laser systems can used to make the qubits in the surface acoustic systems. The standing surface acoustic waves can act as qubits.  The data or qubits can also travel between those acoustic waves. And that makes it possible to transport data in the form of qubits over short distances. 

The soundwaves can used to push the particles in the material closer to each other. If that thing happens in the tube-looking nanostructures, it makes it possible to push particles in denser form. That can protect particle, that travels in the quantum material. 

And that can make it possible to create materials that have variable attributes. The lightweight materials are light because the distance between particles is long. And that makes lightweight materials flexible. 

But they are not very hard. Dense homogenous materials are the hardest and heaviest materials in the universe. So what if the soundwaves can used to push lightweight material like aerogels into denser form? Or what if the sound system can make denser layers in the aerogel? That opens new visions for armor and space technology. Material that is dense and non-dense in the same shell is interesting. 

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-breakthrough-scientists-use-sound-waves-to-enable-the-future-of-the-internet/

Dying stars send gravitational waves.

"After the death of a massive, spinning star, a disk of material forms around the central black hole. As the material cools and falls into the black hole, new research suggests that detectable gravitational waves are created. Credit: Ore Gottlieb" (ScitechDaily, Dying Stars Send Out Gravitational Waves Across the Universe)

Gravitational waves that originate in dying stars are interesting. 

Previously, astronomers believed that only black holes could send gravity waves that are so high, that the sensors can detect them.  But the thing that dying stars send gravitational waves, that we can observe is also incredible. The precise moment when those waves leave from the dying stars is also interesting. That tells about the structure that pushes those waves to space. 

If gravitational waves form when the supernova explosion is going on that means that the explosion's shockwave creates those waves. In some other models, the gravity waves form when the star collapses. At that moment the collapsing star and withdrawing material form the whirls in the gravitational field. 

When the material collapses its density grows. That thing makes the gravity field around it stronger. Also, the gravity field's density grows. One thing that denies the possibility of vaporizing or dismantling the material or singularity of the form of material, is where all quantum fields and particles are packed in one point. 

This reaction is interesting. There is an energy wall that takes quantum fields with it. That energy or wave movement wall pushes gravitational waves away. At the same time that energy packs all material in the star into one homogenous object called singularity. 

In the singularity, the entire star collapsed into one point. The star is packed in a homogenous structure that is smaller than a proton or neutron. We can compile that situation with the situation where people compile cast iron balls with the same size steel balls. Cast iron is a homogenous structure and that's why it's heavier than steel. In some models, the researchers use a cast iron ball to make the first artificial black hole. 

The size of that black hole is less than pinpoint. And it requires energy pumping to keep its form. When the system shuts down the energy pump the black hole vaporizes immediately. 

Synthetic black holes could revolutionize energy production, science, computing, and communication because quantum computers can put their plasma rings into the superposition and entanglement. Or the spacecraft can use those things as a power source. When the energy pump to those miniature black holes ends, the black hole vaporizes and releases energy, that is stored in it. 

The outcoming quantum fields press against the gravity field or gravity pothole very strongly. If we think that the gravity center is an object at the bottom of the pothole, the outside gravity fields press the pothole at a longer distance. And that thing denies the pothole filling. Things like maser effects are also possible in the gravity pothole. And there can be the energy, or gravity string in the middle of the pothole. 

Theoretically, any object can turn to a stable black hole, if the energy level at material disk around it is high enough. That energy from the material disk keeps the black hole in its form. And without it, even the largest black holes can lose their material. The reason why large black holes vaporize slower than small or low-mass black holes is that they have more mass than small black holes. And the smallest black holes vaporize immediately when they lose their energy pump. 

https://scitechdaily.com/dying-stars-send-out-gravitational-waves-across-the-universe/

Mathematicians prove that Hawking was wrong about extreme black holes.

 

Mathematicians prove that Hawking was wrong about extreme black holes. That means it's theoretically possible that so-called naked singularity can form. The naked singularity means the black hole without an event horizon. A theoretical naked singularity is one of the most interesting. And enigmatic phenomena in the universe. The idea is that slowly rotating extreme black holes can form a so-called naked singularity. "In theoretical physics, an extremal black hole is a black hole with the minimum possible mass that is compatible with its charge and angular momentum." (Wikipedia, Extremal black hole) 

When we talk about the surface of the black hole, we must describe it, do we mean the surface of the material that formed the black hole? Or do we mean the event horizon, the point where escaping velocity reaches the speed of light?  In theories, the material that formed a black hole is in the form called singularity. The space, material, energy, and time. Along with four fundamental interactions, gravity, electromagnetism, and weak- and strong nuclear interactions form the entirety. 

The regular black holes spin when they pull material inside them. The black hole also pulls spacetime inside it. The spacetime is a wave movement that forms the base energy level in the universe. In some models, the gravity can be zero at the point of the black hole's event horizon. And when somebody pushes a particle a little bit to the center of a black hole, that particle falls through the event horizon and never returns. 

But then we can think of this thing another way. The gravity at the point of the event horizon can be virtually zero. That means the event horizon is the whirl around the black hole center. The thing is that the event horizon is like an onion-looking structure. There are the layers where ions and atoms, subatomic particles, and finally, photons orbit the black hole's center. 

When the escaping velocity is the same as the speed of light, even photons start to orbit the gravity center. The speed of that whirl is the same as the speed of light. And that makes the event horizon look solid. That whirl denies to see into a black hole. But if that whirl does not exist, the naked singularity is possible.  

The black hole's size and mass are important things. Two main forces that affect black holes. Gravity and electromagnetism. When the size of a black hole turns smaller role, or relation, between electromagnetism and gravity is. That means that. If the black hole is small enough the electromagnetic field turns dominant over gravity. Another name for that kind of black hole is an electromagnetic black hole. Or electromagnetically boosted black hole. 

Around small back holes, the material can impact. And that black hole orbiting material's energy level rises so high that it feeds the black hole. In that case, the intense heat around the small back hole pumps energy into it. That kind of black hole will start to vaporize immediately if that gas bubble vanishes. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/mathematicians-prove-hawking-wrong-about-extremal-black-holes-20240821/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremal_black_hole

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_singularity