A small particle with big possibilities.

“A new global study uncovers surprising behavior in the universe’s most elusive particles, hinting at answers to why anything exists at all. Credit: Stock” (ScitechDaily, This Strange Particle May Hold Clues to the Universe’s Biggest Secrets)

A neutrino is a small, weakly interacting particle. Neutrino is one of the Fermions. Or, sharper saying, leptons, like electrons, muons, and tau particles, are. That particle can carry information from the Big Bang or black holes. Neutrinos can also scan or tunnel through ultra-dense materials. And that means they can uncover secrets of planets' cores and neutron stars. 

That particle that is hoped to uncover secrets of the universe. Neutrinos can transmit information from the beginning of the universe. But that requires. The neutrino will not hit any target. If a neutrino hits something. That causes a situation where the impact with other particles destroys information. The neutrino is a very similar particle to muons and other Fermions. That means Neutrino can be a very small particle that has a very large quantum field. And that quantum field allows the neutrino to tunnel through the matter. The neutrino interaction is possible. And those impacts happen sometimes. 

But the neutrino interaction is possible only in the cases where the neutrino interacts with another particle precisely when the neutrino’s core or the most dense point of that particle impacts the other particle. Otherways. Researchers can observe neutrinos in cases. When a neutrino impacts water in absolute darkness. In that case. The neutrino slows its speed. And. It sends a blue light flash. Called Cherenkov radiation. When a neutrino impacts water, it faces the situation where the speed of light slows in water. And in that moment. The neutrino slows its speed. When a neutrino impacts water. In a short moment, it travels faster than the speed of light in water. 

“Figure 1: Top: At high temperature, rubidium atoms decay radioactively through electron capture, releasing neutrinos incoherently. Bottom: At sufficiently low temperatures, the atoms form a Bose-Einstein condensate that could act as a “neutrino laser,” emitting a bright, coherent, directional beam of neutrinos.” (https://physics.aps.org/articles/v18/157)

And in that moment. A neutrino must release its energy, and we see that thing as the blue light shockwave. This is the reason why we see blue sky. Particles that hit the atmosphere slow their speed and send Cherenkov radiation. Neutrino is a particle that can have many possible uses. In quantum technology. But it's hard to control. Researchers at MIT published a paper. That handles neutrino lasers. The neutrino laser is a tool that uses neutrinos as a beam. Those systems can make it possible. To scan an atom’s internal structures or transport information through the walls. The neutrino-antineutrino annihilation can form radiation, which can tell about the internal structures of the material. 

There is some kind of suspicion that neutrinos. That impact in the underground. Sensors are forming in some kind of interaction in the atmosphere or underground. When a particle. Maybe another neutrino impacts a particle. In the atmosphere. or underground, it can send neutrinos on a journey to that sensor. We know that neutrino bursts are in those sensors. Have a connection with things like supernova explosions. The fact is that normal nuclear reactors also form neutrinos. It is also possible to create neutrinos in laboratories. 

But there are suspicions that some of the neutrinos. That we can detect form in so-called billiard ball impacts. There are some particles that interact with particles in the atmosphere. If those particles are real, there is something strange in the universe. 

https://scitechdaily.com/mit-physicists-propose-first-ever-neutrino-laser/

https://scitechdaily.com/this-strange-particle-may-hold-clues-to-the-universes-biggest-secrets/

https://physics.aps.org/articles/v18/157

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

Can the mythical fifth force explain why dark matter is invisible?

"Researchers are testing whether dark matter obeys the same rules as visible matter or if a hidden force influences the unseen structure of the Universe. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, Is Dark Matter Controlled by a Secret “Fifth Force”?)

There is a possibility. That's the dark matter strange form. That makes it invisible to our sensors is from the mythic fifth force. Today. The fifth force is a hypothetical interaction. The Muon g-2 anomaly in Fermilab and Brookhaven gave hope that this force could be true. Those anomalies were real. The thing. What caused those anomalies? It is a mystery. The anomaly is so weak. That it fits between the predicted values. So those results are contradictory. But it's possible that those results are a hint about the fifth force. 

It's also possible that dark matter is a source of dark energy. So, are dark energy and the fifth force the same thing? Nobody knows. 

The new measurements tell. There can be some other interactions between visible and dark matter. But those interactions are so weak. That they disappear under the glow of visible material. Mystic gamma-ray glow in the center of the Milky Way can form in cases when the supermassive black hole Sgr A* packs dark matter, or hypothetical dark matter particles, weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs, in a small area. 

There, those particles can form. High-energy interaction. We can see that thing as the gamma-ray glow. That means dark matter can have similar interactions. As visible matter. But those particles are somehow different. That visible matter covers those dark matter interactions under it. It’s possible that WIMP is a very small high-energy particle. That we cannot detect. It’s possible that WIMP. And the graviton, the hypothetical gravitational transportation particle, is the same thing. But that is only one hypothesis. 

If dark matter doesn’t defy gravity, we must ask what makes that matter existent? That’s the gravity effect of that strange, unseen thing. There is a possibility. The dark matter is particles. Like some kind of quarks. Sometimes. It is theorized about. The possibility that dark matter particles, hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs, are somehow similar to quarks.

But they have no ability. To form more complicated particle groups. Like hadrons. That means. There must be some kind of force that keeps those, still hypothetical particles, separated. The fact is that. If two similar particles have the same energy level. That forms a standing wave between them. And that pushes particles away from each other. 

There is a possibility that those particles send some kind of energy. which forms quantum-size electric arcs between them. That means WIMPs can explain the dark energy. So maybe dark energy form. When those hypothetical WIMP particles send energy when they impact each other. Or maybe the cases where WIMP turns into wave movement are the thing. That releases the energy that it stored. And maybe, we see that energy as dark energy. 

If the WIMP is a particle that is surrounded by a so-called standing wave that makes it is unable to reflect radiation. In some theories. That WIMP is a quantum-sized black hole. And energy slides into its spin axle. The WIMP condenses the energy fields and forms a thing that we can call dark energy. 

Above: The Fermilab results of the Muon g-2 anomaly in 2025. We can see that the results of the Muon magnetic field observations are minimally out of the range. That means Muon g-2 test results can be explained by the conditions of the test and measurement tools. But those anomalies still exist. 

But then we can ask what the fifth force is. Sometimes people say that the fifth force is the antigravity. There must be some kind of particle that transmits gravity waves. That hypothetical particle. Called graviton waits for its finder. Some theories claim that the graviton and WIMP are the same thing. And the thing that forms that particle is the quantum-sized black hole. The idea is that this particle can have a transition disk and a relativistic beam. like full-size black holes. 

Those things are so small that we cannot see them. There is the possibility that. Because those small black holes have a transition disk. That thing pushes them. Away from each other. There is a possibility that quantum gravity is not the same as full-size gravity. And in some models, dark energy is the antigravity, the energy that fills the gravity waves, or energy valleys between those waves. The fifth force could have its origin in the WIMPs that stored too much energy. 

"A mysterious gamma-ray light from the center of our galaxy may be the long-sought sign of dark matter. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, A Strange Glow in the Milky Way May Be Our First Glimpse of Dark Matter)

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The expansion of the universe means that if dark energy formed during the Big Bang, the expansion should make dark energy weaker. When the universe expands. And there is the same amount of dark energy. That means the dark energy should turn weaker, because it must fill a larger space. 

Another possibility is that the universe leaks. Dark energy is a wave movement that should travel at the speed of light. That means dark energy can travel out of the universe before particles. So if dark energy travels out from the universe, and there is no dark energy that comes from outside the universe. That means there is less dark energy left in the universe. 

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Maybe. One of the reasons for that is the expansion of the universe. But if we think that the universe’s expansion causes the dark energy to turn stronger. We face an interesting research. That research tells us that the universe’s expansion is slowing. That challenges the established theories that dark energy is stable. If dark energy formed in the Big Bang. That means it should advance. When the universe expands. 

The domination of the four known fundamental interactions changes. First, the strong nuclear force was dominating. Then the weak nuclear force. Electromagnetism. And then gravitation. Now dominating is a strange dark energy. When particle distances grow. There is more free energy between them. Dark energy is free energy that rips the universe. That’s the simple model. 

The complicated model is. Dark energy turns weaker. As well as. The other four interactions. In this mode. The universe leaks energy away from it. So, if dark energy travels out from the universe faster than it expands. Dark energy travels at the speed of light. And matter behind it travels slower. That means dark energy can exit the universe before any particle. That means dark energy should also turn weaker. 

The universe's expansion turns it larger. And if all dark energy is released from the Big Bang, that means the expansion of the universe should turn dark energy weaker, because there is a static amount of dark energy to fill a larger universe. So, even if dark energy does not escape from the universe before matter, that means dark energy turns weaker anyway. 

https://news.fnal.gov/2025/06/muon-g-2-most-precise-measurement-of-muon-magnetic-anomaly/

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-dark-defy-gravity.html

https://scitechdaily.com/a-strange-glow-in-the-milky-way-may-be-our-first-glimpse-of-dark-matter/

https://scitechdaily.com/is-dark-matter-controlled-by-a-secret-fifth-force/

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-einstein-was-only-half-right-nasas-new-test-for-dark-energy/

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-will-end-in-a-big-crunch-physicists-warns/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_force

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_g-2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

The JWST detects building blocks of life from the Large Magellanic Cloud.

“Using JWST, researchers detected several complex carbon-based molecules in the ice around ST6, a developing star in the Large Magellanic Cloud.© NASA/ESA/CSA/JPL-Caltech/M. Sewiło et al. (2025)”

The JWST telescope found building blocks of life from another galaxy. That is one of the least surprising findings in the history of astronomy. This finding proved that chemical reactions are the same. In other galaxies. As they are in the Milky Way. The JWST telescope proved that our galaxy is one of billions of galaxies. Can we find life in other galaxies? This requires far more powerful systems than the JWST has. 

Life in other galaxies is possible, but it's hard to see. And even if we send a signal to another galaxy, and then that intelligent lifeform in the Andromeda Galaxy receives that signal. The signal spent about 2,5 million years in space. And that requires. That this hypothetical civilization is on a side of the Milky Way. If that civilization answers their signal.

Spends about 2,5 million years before it reaches the Milky Way. If we want to compare that time with Earth, the humans had not even existed when the light that we see left the Andromeda Galaxy. When the photon that we see from telescopes left. Homo Habilis was the most advanced pre-human. If we want to be realists. That hypothetical civilization requires the black hole energy level to create the signal that we could see. If we see that kind of signal, that means that civilization created radio 2,5 million years ago. 

But then. Black to those building blocks of life. And to hypothetical intergalactic travelers. 

The building blocks of life don’t mean that there is life. The civilizations in the other galaxies are interesting things. They might not have any effect on us. The distances in the universe are enormous. Theoretically. Is possible. That some lifeform can create a spacecraft. That stops time in them. Those spacecraft can travel extremely long distances. 

But their ability to stop time inside them. Bases in the spinning structure. The Tipler’s time machine. Or Tipler’s cylinder can transport an astronaut between galaxies. The problem is that this cylinder doesn’t remove cosmic speed limits. The time stops in a rapidly spinning cylinder. An outsider observer sees that the travel between two galaxies takes 2,5 million years. That means that. Only a civilization that wants to make that kind of trip could be a civilization. 

Whose home star detonated as a nova or supernova. If civilization. Sends the Tipler Cylinder on a journey. That would be a one-way trip. The crew will not meet their senders again. And if they return, evolution transformed their species. 

That locks energy into those particles that are inside them. If the space travelers make that kind of spacecraft, it’s possible. That they cannot ever come out of that craft. When the universe expands. The energy level in it decreases. That raises the difference between energy states inside and outside the spacecraft. And when a space traveller jumps out from that spacecraft, energy travels from that space traveller's body. 

When energy travels to the environment. That increases the level of free energy. And that means the space traveler who traveled across the universe in 2,5 million years could simply detonate if that astronaut jumps out from the spacecraft. 

https://www.msn.com/en-gb/entertainment/news/for-the-first-time-james-webb-telescope-detects-5-building-blocks-of-life-in-ice-outside-the-milky-way/ar-AA1PnR4W?ocid=BingNewsSerp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipler_cylinder

Dark matter may act like a superfluid.

Concept image of dark matter superfluid. (Interesting Engineering, Dark matter may flow like cosmic superfluid, forming vortex lines inside galaxies: Study)

Dark matter can flow like a superfluid. And this is one of the new ideas, about that matter and its existence. Dark matter refers to a mysterious gravitational effect that is present in many, but not all, galaxies. Dark matter is some kind of matter, but the problem is what its real shape is. Researchers think that dark matter particles, called weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs, form dark matter. Because dark matter seems to be missing in some galaxies, that means dark matter should form structures like nebulae, just like visible matter. So, dark matter spread in the universe is not homogeneous. The gravitational interactions between dark and visible matter mean that the dark matter could form black holes. 

That means dark matter should have some kind of particle form. But nobody knows what that particle really is. It’s possible that dark matter is some kind of quasiparticle nebula, like the so-called stable exciton. Another version is that dark matter particles can spin in a way. Which makes quantum fields. To slide past it. That means the particle itself cannot give reflection. There are multiple models that this matter could be. In some theories, the fast-spinning superstrings. Extremely thin energy fields can roll quantum fields in that structure. If the ends of those energy fields are in a lower energy state, that causes a situation where the superstring transports energy from its ends. 

A render of the Cherenkov Telescope Array. (Interesting Engineering, Mysterious glow from Milky Way’s center could prove dark matter exists)

Could WIMP be some very small, high-energy particle that can tunnel through other particles? The idea is this: WIMP could be a very small particle. That collects energy in the middle of it. Then that energy travels out from the WIMP. From its spin axis. If the WIMP turns its spin axis to another particle, that energy flow acts like a drill. That thing could make the WIMP tunnel through other particles. 

That means we cannot see that superstring from the middle of it, if it can transport all energy into its ends. The only known interaction between dark matter and visible matter is gravity. There is a possibility that dark matter has some other interactions. But those interactions are so weak. Things like electromagnetism cover them below it. In those models, WIMPs are so small particles. That they cause interaction. In the smallest subatomic particles. Those interactions vanish. Under the electromagnetic radiation. There is also a possibility that the WIMP is some kind of boson. 

The WIMP could be a high-energy particle. Or it can act like some neutrino. In that model is possible that the WIMP can tunnel through other particles. In some models, the WIMP is a particle. That's hovering in some kind of quantum field. The quantum field can be. A standing wave around the particle. In that case. It is possible. The particle can turn its spin axis to the object, which can be another particle. If WIMP is a very small, fast-spinning particle. It can conduct energy into the middle of it. And then transmit that energy out from its spin axis. That energy that travels out from the particle acts like a drill. 

That causes a situation where the particle transmits extra energy. The mystery gamma-ray glow can mean that the dark matter density is higher near the supermassive  black holes like Sgr* A. Black hole packs dark matter around it and that makes WIMPs interacting more often than usually. That can cause the mysterious gamma-ray glow near the center of the galaxy. 

And this thing can cause an effect. The dark matter particle just tunnels itself. Through the much larger particle. This means that the dark matter particle, still a hypothetical WIMP, can act. Like some kind of “mini neutrino”. If the dark matter is some kind of static quasiparticle, that opens new visions to things like quantum technology. In some models, the superposition and quantum entanglement are formed in the exciton. An exciton is the case where an electron jumps out from its position. And orbits its holes. Or it allows researchers to accomplish the quantum models. 

https://interestingengineering.com/space/dark-matter-behaves-like-superfluid

https://interestingengineering.com/space/milky-ways-glow-linked-to-dark-matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exciton

When black holes merge. Can black holes explain dark energy?

 

 

When black holes merge. Can black holes explain dark energy? 

When we think about gravity. And black holes' movement when they merge. We can ask: can this effect explain dark energy? Or dark matter, or both of them. When black holes merge, they orbit each other before they collide. Gravity is the thing that causes curvature in space and time. That curvature means that the gravity field compresses other energy fields when it pulls them into a black hole. All black holes are surrounded by a transition, or material disk. Those material disks are the most high-energy objects in the universe. When black holes close. With each other. Those material disks start to repel each other. That energy pushes black holes a little bit out from their courses. 

So, gravitation wins, but before the merger, those black holes orbit each other, sending gravitational waves. But when we think about the material disks, particles that orbit the black hole and their event horizon, they transport energy out from that system. The black hole’s event horizon, the point where the escaping velocity reaches the speed of light, is the point where there is no turning back. But before the event horizon, particles can escape from that monster's gravitational field. Maybe. Dark energy forms when some very small black holes interact. 

A photon is a ring-shaped particle that forms around some center. There is a possibility that photons form around the small, quantum-sized black hole. This means dark energy can be some kind of interaction between photons. So. Can dark energy form when photons change their form from particle to wave movement? It’s possible that the photon releases some kind of energy impulse. 

The model goes like that. If there is an energy ring around all gravity centers that sends some radiation or wave movement. That means that energy, or some material rings, form an effect around gravitational and magnetic centers that pushes them away from each other. 

In some theories. Some kind of wormhole. It can bring high-energy particles from the past. If something can bring particles from the past through the shortcut from the past to the present or future. Or maybe. Those wormholes bring high-energy radiation from the past. The fact is that we have no visual observation of dark energy. There is something that forms wave movement that dominates the universe. There is a possibility that the dark energy is some kind of virtual effect. When a black hole’s relativistic jet hits particles, it can turn them to spin. The gamma-rays can turn some part of an atom’s nucleus, like quarks, to spin very fast. 

Theoretically is possible that the fast-spinning quarks can bind energy into it, and then conduct it out from its spin axle. And that could turn material dark. Or invisible if the observer is not looking at it straight from the quark’s spin axis. If that thing is really possible, that means the matter can turn into dark. Because those quarks bind all energy into them. And if matter can wobble between dark and visible states, transformation between those states requires energy. So if matter puts quarks to spin. That requires energy. And if particles slow their spin, that means those particles release energy. If that is really possible. That is the ultimate step in stealth technology. 

And in the most exotic models. Dark energy forms in particles of energy. Or quantum fields are spinning extremely fast. This extremely fast-spinning quantum field locks energy into a particle. Then, for some reason, the spin of that field slows, and that particle releases its extra energy to the environment. That means. Those fast-spinning quantum fields act like natural Tipler cylinders. The idea of the Tipler time machine. Or the Tipler cylinder is simple. Fast-spinning cylinders. Cause time dilation in objects and particles inside them. That means that those cylinders pump energy into those particles, and that slows their aging. So, time moves more slowly in those cylinders. 

The energy whirls and material disks can form the Tipler Cylinder around neutron stars and black holes. So, why doesn’t the fast-spinning quantum field make the same thing into particles? When that fast-spinning quantum field locks energy into a particle. That means time travels more slowly in that field. But if that spinning quantum field is gone, that means that the energy level in particles is higher than it should be. That particle releases more energy than it should. And that can be seen as dark energy. This is one theory that could explain the mystery. Called dark energy. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipler_cylinder

Does the universe end in a big crunch or big silence?

Scale of dark energy effecting surrounding stars. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab / Michael Lentz (ScitechDaily, What If Einstein Was Only Half Right? NASA’s New Test for Dark Energy)

The fact is that the only thing we know is that the universe has a beginning and an end. This means. The lifetime of the universe and material as we know it has a limited time. A flat universe means. That the expansion continues forever. The spherical universe means. The universe will collapse into the Big Crunch. The hyperbolic universe means. The universe's expansion continues forever. The fate of the universe. Depends on the density parameter marked as Omega (Ω). This is why. This parameter is sometimes called the “Omega parameter”, but that means the density parameter. The problem with making predictions about the universe’s ultimate fate is that we don’t know the universe’s local geometry. When the universe expands. That means interactions between particles turn weaker. There are four fundamental interactions. Strong, weak nuclear interactions, electromagnetism, and gravitation. 

And we don’t know. Does the dark energy really evolve? The thing is that dark energy will evolve. If it's released in the Big Bang. Another big question is where that energy begins. There are models that dark energy forms in space between subatomic particles. There is something that collects and summarizes energy fields. If there is a fast-spinning structure that binds energy into it, and when its rotation speed decreases. That means. The structure releases its energy. 

“The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1. From top to bottom: a spherical universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space.” (Wikipedia, Shape of the universe)

If Ω = 1, the universe is flat.

If Ω > 1, there is positive curvature.

If Ω < 1, there is negative curvature.

The ultimate fate of the universe depends on whether the universe is closed or open. If the universe is open. The ultimate fate of the universe is the big silence. If the universe is closed. The ultimate fate of the universe is the Big Crunch. The only thing that fills the condition that the universe is closed is the spherical universe. 

Closed universe

If Ω>1, the geometry of space is closed, like the surface of a sphere. The sum of the angles of a triangle exceeds 180 degrees, and there are no parallel lines; all lines eventually meet. The geometry of the universe is, at least on a very large scale, elliptic. (Wikipedia, Ultimate fate of the universe)

Open universe

If Ω<1, the geometry of space is open, i.e., negatively curved like the surface of a saddle. The angles of a triangle sum to less than 180 degrees, and lines that do not meet are never equidistant; they have a point of least distance and otherwise grow apart. The geometry of such a universe is hyperbolic. (Wikipedia, Ultimate fate of the universe)

There is also a possibility that the universe is virtually open. That means the edge of the pancake universe could be at a higher level than the center of the universe. That makes the universe curve. Above itself like some kind of rosebud.  And that effect. Closes the universe into it. The lower energy center in the universe pulls the edge into it. But that is only speculation. 

In some models, the Big Bang was a series of events. That can form shells. Or layers, or states,  in the universe. Those layers or shells form the structure; their energy jumps back and forth. That model tries to explain dark energy as the oscillation or waves in those layers. 

Another explanation is that the dark energy is the glow of the Big Bang. And in the newest models. Dark energy is the glow that forms when dark matter particles interact. The problem is that we haven’t seen dark matter particles. The only thing. That tells us. A possible dark matter interaction is a strange gamma-ray glow in the center of galaxies. The another explanation can be that the supermassive black holes like Sgr*A. can pull dark energy intside them. If that is true. The supermassive black hole turns dark energy. So dense. It causes some subatomic particles to glow. Another explanation could be that the black hole’s gravitational field stretches protons, and that causes the subatomic particle-antiparticle pairs to annihilate. 

There are theories that some kind of wormholes teleport, or tunnel particles through them. Those wormholes act like masers. They transmit energy into particles that travel in those energy tornadoes or energy tunnels. This is the effect. That denies particles from turning old. When a particle comes out of that wormhole, it releases its energy faster than usual. There is also a possibility that some kind of energy wave travels through those energy bridges, and they can inject more energy into that string. The energy tornado acts like a laser. The wormhole locks energy in the particle. And that denies its aging. 

“A wormhole visualized as a two-dimensional surface. Route (a) is the shortest path through normal space between points 1 and 2; route (b) is a shorter path through a wormhole.” (Wikipedia, Wormhole)

If a particle travels through a wormhole and comes out, its energy level is higher than it should be. And that means it releases energy faster and stronger than normal particles that traveled the same distance.  

And it pumps energy into the field that travels in the electromagnetic or gravitational tornado. If there is a gravitational field that travels in a gravitational tornado, that structure binds gravitational energy into it. But at the same time. The wave that travels in the gravitational tornado sends a stronger gravitational wave than it should when it comes out from that structure. We know that those energy tornadoes are possible. There is evidence. About electromagnetic wormholes, but the wormholes that travel through a gravitational field are not yet proven. 

When we think about the models. Where the dark energy evolves.  Because. All dark energy was released in the Big Bang. We can look at the cosmic microwave background (CMB). There are holes in that image. The expansion can form holes in the dark energy just like it forms holes in the CMB. That forms a vacuum in the energy field. And this causes a situation. Where energy falls into those bubbles. This effect focuses the energy field in those bubbles. 

Above: Cosmic microwave background. 

If dark energy forms fields. The Schwinger effect is also possible between dark energy waves. And the dark energy should also have wave-particle duality. This means that things like Kugelblitz black holes can also form from dark energy. In physics. Kugelblitz means a black hole. That formed straight from radiation or wave movement. 

The thing is that dark energy interacts with all particles, but that interaction is so weak. That we can see it. Only in the large-scale structures. But then back to the universe’s ultimate fate. That thing is one of the biggest mysteries in many ways. For effecting material energy must move. And if dark energy was released in the Big Bang event. The expansion of the universe causes the conclusion that. Dark energy should turn weaker. When the area of the energy expands, but there is no new energy in that area. That turns energy weaker. But if that energy forms somewhere. That means the energy effect turns static. Or it turns even stronger. Dark energy is similar to energy. As all other energy types. 

We don’t know its origin. If dark energy forms somewhere, that could prove the hypothetical particle’s tachyons' existence. Tachyons are hypothetical faster-than-light particles. There is a possibility that the black holes can release those particles. But. When a tachyon comes into three-dimensional space and time. It releases its energy immediately. That means tachyons cannot exist in our universe. It’s possible that tachyons release photons. Those are on the ultra-high energy levels. That can explain dark energy. Dark energy should have interaction with all particles, but that interaction is so weak that we cannot see it. 

There is one very exciting model of dark energy. That model is that dark energy forms outside the universe. Maybe that strange wave movement that dominates the universe existed before the Big Bang. That could explain matter and energy. Same way. As the theory. Where the universe and matter formed from gravitational waves. In the most exciting model, the dark energy formed matter in wave-particle duality. If dark energy is a wave movement. Wave-particle duality (WPD). And the Schwinger effect. It should also be possible in dark energy. That means dark energy can also form particles. But then, what is the ultimate fate of the universe? The fact is this: we don’t know. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/ask-ethan-will-the-cosmic-microwave-background-ever-disappear/

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/evolving-dark-energy-big-crunch/

https://hub.jhu.edu/2025/10/16/mysterious-glow-in-milky-way-dark-matter/

https://www.livescience.com/physics-mathematics/dark-matter/mysterious-glow-at-the-milky-ways-center-could-reshape-a-major-cosmic-theory

https://sciencenotes.org/cosmic-microwave-background-radiation-cmb-or-cmbr/

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-einstein-was-only-half-right-nasas-new-test-for-dark-energy/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-will-end-in-a-big-crunch-physicists-warns/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Finally, researchers made the complete model for electron emission.

"A curious twist in quantum physics reveals that freedom isn’t just about having enough energy. Even when electrons seem poised to break free from a solid, invisible barriers can hold them back unless they find precise “paths” that lead outward. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Solve Decades-Old Puzzle of Electron Emission)

We can think. That electron emission is one of the simplest things in the world. Energy must only rise in the structure, and that kicks electrons high enough. That they can fly away. This model can work. In 2D structures. There, only the shell electrons must jump away. This model works fine if the outer orbit electron must jump away . The problem is that. The electron emission is harder. To model the 3D structure. Even in 2D structures, electrons must be in the right position. If the electron is on the side of another atom, that thing can jump the electron to another atom. 

So we can use the frog as the model. For how electron emission can happen. The frog wants to jump out of the room. It can jump out of the room if there is no roof. The frog can also try to find the window in the wall that it can use to jump out.  The potential roof is the limit where the electron can remain in the structure. The normal energy state means that the electron, which the frog symbolizes, can simply have enough energy. Doorway state means that the particle must find the right point, the “door” from the potential wall. In the image, that point is the window on the wall. 

The image is taken from ScitTechDaily. The frog is the electron, and the room is the matter, where it tries to escape. The frog, or electron, knows that there is a window that it can use to escape. The room’s walls are potential walls, and the window is the potential window that allows the electron to jump out through it. 

The frog can try to jump through that window to the outside of the room. If the jump is too high or the point where the frog jumps is wrong, the frog cannot travel through the window. The jump can be too low, which means the frog cannot reach the window.

"Artist’s visualization of the doorway states: the “trapped” electrons are like a frog, which has enough energy to escape but does not find the door. Credit: TU Wien" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Solve Decades-Old Puzzle of Electron Emission)

The frog is not a very good example if we want to model an electron. When an electron jumps out from the potential wall through the window, there is a possibility that it starts to transmit or emit photons. Before an electron can send a photon, or photons, its quantum field size increases. If those bulged quantum fields touch the window frames, the electron cannot travel through the window. 

So, if we want to send electrons out from the material, we must have precisely the right energy level. Also, the oscillation of the electron must be precisely right. When an electron releases its extra energy, it sends a photon. That photon emission is not a direct process. The electron sends a series of photons that it reaches the same energy level as its environment. And that is impossible, because the energy level in the universe decreases.  It can travel through the potential window. The reason why an electron sends a series of photons instead of one is this: when a photon travels out from the electron, it leaves the lower energy point behind it. 

That lower energy point near the electron causes a situation. Where energy travels out from the electron. Same way. Energy from outside, in small amounts of low-pressure, falls into that small bubble. That forms a standing wave that denies the photon from traveling to the observer. This means that for reaching the observer. The photon must travel through that potential wall. The photon must have a high enough energy level. 

That it can break the standing wave. Which is one of the potential walls. If the difference between the electron. And its environmental energy state is low. That can cause a situation where the electron sends only one photon. Anyway, electron sends photons all the time, because quantum fields that press against it are turning weaker, because of the universe’s expansion. 

For that process, the photon must collect enough energy. It can travel across that wall. In that process, the potential wall acts like a dam. It stores energy behind it. And when there is enough energy, that wall falls. When that wall falls, it releases energy in the form of a photon. And that forms a new potential wall that stores energy behind it. During the energy load, the particle doesn’t send photons. The energy in a photon must be on a high enough level. It can break through the potential wall. 

This means that: “ Like the frog, an electron needs more than energy to escape; it also needs to find the right 'exit,' a so-called 'doorway state.” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Solve Decades-Old Puzzle of Electron Emission)

The doorway state means that the electrons reach the right energy state to jump straight through the doorways, that is, the potential window in this case. If an electron sends a photon. At the wrong moment, those photons deny it to travel through that window. 

If electrons can be used. As data storage. That transports data. In the form of a qubit. It allows researchers to create. The system that stores data as a qubit can send it over the quantum network. The data must be written to electrons using the ultra-thin energy beam that turns it into qubits. But the problem has been. “How to deny the qubit from touching anything, before it jumps out.  That touch destroys data. The problem is that electrons are very small. Another thing is: how to protect them against outside effects. 

This thing makes it possible. To create memory storage, where data is stored in single electrons. The system requires that nothing can affect or touch the electron. When it travels to the sensor. The ability to store data in electrons. That is stored in the material. Allows for storing data in the form of qubits. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-solve-decades-old-puzzle-of-electron-emission/