It’s possible that a wormhole opened in the universe for ten milliseconds.

"The most massive binary black hole merger. This graphic shows a still from a numerical relativity simulation consistent with GW190521. The ripples illustrate the spacetime curvature and gravitational waves produced by the pair of merging black holes. The bottom shows the gravitational wave signal as a function of time. The left shows representations of the black hole event horizons for GW190521 and other massive black hole binaries detected by LIGO/Virgo. (Credit: D. Ferguson, K. Jani, D. Shoemaker, P. Laguna, Georgia Tech, MAYA Collaboration). (Phys.org, Study shows that the GW190521 event could be explained by primordial black holes)

Do you know what gravitational wave  GW190521 is? Researchers think. This gravitational wave formed. In a primordial black hole merger. That means those primordial black holes can bring information from the time before the universe existed or formed. Maybe it’s evidence of the wormholes, energy bridges across the universe. In models, the wormhole. The Einstein-Rosen bridge forms between two black holes that oscillate at the same frequency. That means the wormhole is the superposition and entangled black holes, or the superposition’s “Einstein’s spooky action at a distance” between black holes. And that means the wormhole is the black hole. Or the extreme version of quantum entanglement. 

If the gravitational wave GW190521 was formed when a wormhole opened in the universe, the gravitational wave GW190521 uncovers the most interesting phenomena in the universe. That thing proves that Einstein was right, and the Einstein-Rosen bridge is true. 

There is also other, so-called non-straight evidence of the wormhole. When black holes merge, they produce a larger event horizon than both of them had. There is a possibility that when black holes collide, they pull the wormhole open. And that wormhole, if it exists, pushes energy into black holes. In that model, all black holes are connected to the wormhole. When black holes merge, those wormholes are separated from the singularity and bring more energy into the event horizon. That bulges like a balloon. In some models, the singularity is actually like a ring. When black holes spin, the extremely strong force pulls the hole into that extremely dense structure. 

“The cosmic web is part of the universe's large-scale structure. It is composed of dark matter, gas, and galaxies. A frame from the Illustris Simulation shows a massive galaxy cluster at the center. Red, orange, and white colors show hot gas, while the blue and purple filaments depict a cosmic framework of dark matter. Credit: Illustris Collaboration” (Astronomy, What is the cosmic web made of?)

"A wormhole visualized as a two-dimensional surface. Route (a) is the shortest path through normal space between points 1 and 2; route (b) is a shorter path through a wormhole." (Wikipedia, Wormhole)

The wormhole also explains dark energy. When a particle travels in the wormhole, it cannot turn older. Otherwise, we can say that the particle cannot release its energy. When a particle comes out of the wormhole, it suddenly releases the energy that is stored in it. Because the future is lower energy than the past, the particle is at a higher energy level than it should be. In the same way, the radiation that travels in the wormhole has a higher energy than the radiation outside the wormhole. 

There is a possibility that  ion whirls can form a wormhole if the speed of that whirl is high enough. In that case, the ion whirl pumps energy to the object inside it. The idea is transformed from the Tipler Cylinder. There, the fast-spinning cylinder stops or dilates time inside it. The idea is that the wormhole locks energy in the object, and that stops time inside it. 

There is also evidence that not all black holes are spinning. The thing is that the black hole's spin is relative to other black holes. And if two black holes spin with the same speed, and they are just in line, they might look frozen. Or their spin is impossible to see if we observe that black hole pair. So if black holes are in a chain and all of them spin in the same direction with the same speed, those black holes look static if we compare them with other black holes in the chain. 

The thing. That supports the wormholes. Or their existence, at least in some form, is the intergalactic material flows. In those cases, in those extremely large megastructures, there must be some kind of channel or structure that pulls material around them. The structure is a combination of dark matter, galaxies, and ions, but the main question is what pulls these structures together. Into the form. That looks like a slime mold. There is something that pulls dark- and visible matter into the network-shaped structure. 

This means that the so-called cosmic web can be the wormhole network. This is one way. To see things. We are made of acoustic and electromagnetic wormholes. But. Confirming the gravitational wormholes would be the most fundamental event in physics. This thing can also bring evidence of the multiverse. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/what-is-the-cosmic-web-made-of/

https://phys.org/news/2021-03-gw190521-event-primordial-black-holes.html

https://www.rudebaguette.com/en/2025/09/scientists-detected-a-signal-from-another-universe-wormhole-opened-for-10-milliseconds-while-physics-community-panics-about-parallel-worlds/

https://www.sciencealert.com/unusual-gravitational-wave-may-be-sign-of-wormhole-linking-universes

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-discover-colossal-cosmic-bridge-linking-galaxies-across-space/

https://scitechdaily.com/einstein-was-right-again-ripples-in-space-time-confirm-century-old-theory/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW190521

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipler_cylinder

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

 

Maybe mysterious little red dots at the edge of the universe are black hole stars.

  Maybe mysterious little red dots at the edge of the universe are black hole stars. 

"Artist’s impression of a black hole star (not to scale). Mysterious tiny pinpoints of light discovered at the dawn of the universe may be giant spheres of hot gas that are so dense they look like the atmospheres of typical nuclear fusion-powered stars; however, instead of fusion, they are powered by supermassive black holes in their center that rapidly pull in matter, converting it into energy and giving off light. Credit: T. Müller/A. de Graaff/Max Planck Institute for Astronomy" (ScitechDaily, Mysterious “Universe Breaker” Red Dots Could Be Black Holes in Disguise)

The little red dots at the edge of the universe could be so-called black hole stars. If that thing is true, those red dots would be the most fundamental things in the world. The black hole stars, or so-called quasi stars, would be the most interesting things in the universe. The quasi-star could form around the small back hole. In the early universe, those black holes could form when the so-called Schwinger effect formed a material point. 

That formed a singularity. And then those black holes started to pull material into them. There is a possibility that black holes pull particles they forming a stellar-shaped structure around the event horizon. Those hydrogen atoms are locked around the black hole. Those hydrogen atoms can form a spinning layer in the distance where the escaping velocity is the same as that atom’s speed.

The quasi-star, or black hole star, is like other stars if we see them outside. But they could be far larger than regular stars. If those famous red dots are quasi-stars that help to calculate other black holes and black hole-based structures. Things like extremely small black holes that can hide in ball-shaped asteroids are waiting for their finder. The quasi-stars will help to fill in the puzzle about the black holes. Those things will not be fundamental, and intermediate mass black holes are not fundamental. But they will confirm theories and models of back holes and their formation. 

The quasi-stars would not exist in our universe. The thing that forms the structure is the interaction between layers that form that object. The energy from inner structures interacts with the outer structure. Those structures push each other away. When those structures' temperatures turn lower, that breaks the quasi-star. 

"An illustration shows the JWST in space next to its observations of some of the earliest galaxies ever seen, the so-called "little red dots." (Image credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Dale Kocevski (Colby College)/ Robert Lea (created with Canva))" (Space.com, James Webb Space Telescope sees little red dots feeding black holes: 'This is how you solve a universe-breaking problem') 

If those little red dots (LRD) are black holes that formed before galaxies or even material that could mean that first were so-called “Kugelblitz”-black holes that formed straight from wave movement. Then those kugelblitz black holes formed galaxies around them. That means it’s possible that black holes formed before matter. 

"Size comparison of a hypothetical quasi-star to some of the largest known stars."(Wikipedia, Quasi-star)

“As a quasi-star cooled over time, its outer envelope would become transparent, until further cooling to a limiting temperature of 4,000 K (3,730 °C). This would mark the end of the quasi-star's life since there is no hydrostatic equilibrium at or below this limiting temperature. It would then dissipate without a supernova, leaving behind an intermediate-mass black hole. These intermediate-mass black holes are theorized as the progenitors of modern supermassive black holes, and would help explain how supermassive black holes formed so early in the history of the universe.” (Wikipedia, Quasi-star)

The energy that this quasi-star shines is energy that forms in the black hole’s material disk, and in the case that the back hole pulls that radiation’s wavelength longer. The extreme gravity causes a virtual redshift because gravity stretches light. That means quasi-stars should be red. The massive gravitational redshift will pull all radiation longer than it should be. Or to the red side of the electromagnetic spectrum. 

So the black hole can pull X-rays. And gamma-ray wavelengths turn longer. And that thing causes an interesting model. That can make a black hole invisible because extreme gravity pulls electromagnetic radiation’s wavelength so long. If the gravity is strong enough, that thing can turn even gamma-rays into radio waves. 

That means that there is a possibility that black holes’ gamma- and X-rays are also a result of some, yet unknown, radiation’s wavelength stretch.  A black hole's environment has a wavelength longer than it should. This means that the black hole seems to be at a longer distance than it actually is. Otherwise, if those objects are on the other side of the universe, the redshift would be strong anyway. 

https://scitechdaily.com/mysterious-universe-breaker-red-dots-could-be-black-holes-in-disguise/

https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-little-red-dots-galaxies-black-hole-growth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-star

Hawking was right. Black holes’ event horizons cannot withdraw.

   Hawking was right. Black holes’ event horizons cannot withdraw.

“Computer simulation of the black hole binary system GW150914 prior to merging. Credit: SXS” (Universe Today)

It’s possible that all black holes spin. 

Hawking was right about black holes. Their event horizon cannot withdraw.  When two black holes collide, their event horizons’ size is as big as both of those black holes before they collide. When black holes collide, they send a gravitational wave. And that wave is an energy impulse that forms when those black holes collide, meaning a small portion of their mass is converted into energy that is released as gravitational waves. But why does the size of those black holes' event horizon not decrease? 

The reason for that is in the nature of the spacetime and the universe. The thing that keeps a black hole in its form is the material and energy that forms a whirl around it. As the universe expands, the quantum fields and material pressure against the black hole weaken. That means that. The energy that keeps the black hole in its form turns weaker. When a black hole sends gravitational waves, it sends its event horizon’s “shell” away from it. The idea is that decreasing the energy level of the whirl around the black hole sucks energy out from the event horizon. 

In that model, the gravitational wave forms. When the whirl around the black hole jumps out of it. When the energy level in the whirl around the black hole decreases, that whirl jumps out from the black hole. The Schwarzschild radius is the singularity’s distance to the point at which the escaping velocity reaches the speed of light. That distance depends on the mass of the singularity. The Schwarzschild radius doesn’t depend on the whirl that surrounds the black hole. Actually, the Schwarzschild radius depends on the black hole’s mass and energy relation with its environment. 

The idea is that when we are in the middle of the quantum system. And we face a global change. That affects all particles. When a black hole loses its mass, the universe or space around it loses its energy in the same relation. That means the relation with the black hole and its environment is the same. We cannot see global changes in the system if we are in it. 

All mass in a black hole is in the structure called a singularity, where material, energy, and time are connected together. In this model, gravity waves form in the black hole’s gravity field. In that process, the black hole loses a photon. 

The interaction between the black hole and its environment is complicated. Materia is one energy form. It’s like a pack of energy. You can imagine what energy level is stored in a singularity, where an entire star, whose mass is many suns, is pressed into a size that is smaller than an atom. That is a lot of energy packed in a very compact space. Otcoming energy keeps that structure in its form. And without that energy that comes from outside, the energy  stored in that structure is released. So, the mass is relative to its environment. When a black hole binds energy from its environment, its own energy level rises. That process happens because a black hole spins. Without that spin, the black hole, or its singularity, cannot bind energy that travels against it. 

Above: A Spiral galaxy is a whirl around a supermassive black hole.(Wikipedia)

The singularity must bind more energy than travels into it because its energy level must turn lower than the energy that comes from the environment. The sigularity stores energy. If the energy level that the singularity can release turns higher. Than its environment. That thing starts to evaporate. So the question is not about how much energy is stored in the singularity. The question is about. How much energy can it release? When singularity releases its energy, it must have a higher energy level than the whirl it brings into it. Energy and material continue their spiral-shaped trajectory behind the event horizon. So the whirl around the event horizon continues behind the event horizon, and that spiral structure turns tighter and tighter. Without that whirl, the black hole will detonate. 

That spinning movement forms the whirl around it. And we see those whirls. Around supermassive black holes. As a spiral galaxy. This means that it's possible that the only existing black holes are spinning black holes. This spinning movement forms an energy transition in the singularity. Without that spin, the black hole would release energy. And that causes detonation. This means gravity forms when spinning particles bind energy, or quantum fields into them. That energy transports particles to those gravity centers. 

The mass is also relative to its environment and the gravitational field. Energy levels in energy fields are relative. To other energy fields, energy levels. Even if a black hole loses its mass, its environment loses its energy. And that means the black hole’s mass compared to its environment is stable. 

When we say that black holes oscillate, we mean that black hole sends gravitational waves. That doesn’t mean that the event horizon moves backward. The interaction means that the environment sucks those waves away from the event horizon. That means the point where the event horizon was before the gravity waves stays stable. 

The event horizon is the locked energy that surrounds. Something inside that structure. The distance of the event horizon from the core of the black hole is the Schwarzschild radius. Black holes spin, and that spin binds energy from around that thing. A black hole binds energy from its environment. And transforms it into kinetic energy. This process is one of the forms of gravity. The whirl, or the transition disk around the black hole, keeps that structure in its form. The whirl pushes energy to the black hole. Without that, the black hole detonates. When the universe expands, energy in that whirl turns lower. And that allows the black hole to send a gravitational wave. 

And then another layer in the event horizon takes the place of the shell that was left out of the event horizon. The idea in that model is that. The structure in the event horizon forms layers, which means the gravitational structure in the event horizon. Looks like an onion. The Schwarzschild radius is the distance to the point where the escape velocity reaches the speed of light from the singularity that exists in the center of the event horizon. Because the Schwarzschild radius is static until the singularity starts to lose its mass, the gravitational wave doesn’t decrease the black hole’s mass. The time that the whirl is separated from the event horizon is so short that this interaction has no time to reach the black hole’s core. But if that whirl is gone and the black hole cannot get energy. This causes the black hole to evaporate. And if a black hole is in a cosmic void, we would see that event as a detonation. 

https://www.britannica.com/topic/event-horizon-black-hole

https://as.cornell.edu/news/hawkings-black-hole-theorem-observationally-confirmed

https://www.livescience.com/physics-mathematics/quantum-physics/stephen-hawking-s-black-hole-radiation-paradox-could-finally-be-solved-if-black-holes-aren-t-what-they-seem

https://news.mit.edu/2021/hawkings-black-hole-theorem-confirm-0701

https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Black_hole_merger_provides_strongest_evidence_yet_for_Hawking_area_law_999.html

https://www.universetoday.com/articles/black-hole-merger-provides-clearest-evidence-yet-that-einstein-hawking-and-kerr-were-right

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild_radius

Researchers sent quantum information through the commercial network.

  Researchers sent quantum information through the commercial network.

“A Penn team has shown that quantum signals can ride alongside everyday internet traffic on commercial fiber. Their “Q-chip” experiment marks a step toward a scalable quantum internet with world-changing potential. Credit: Shutterstock” (ScitechDaily,Engineers Bring Quantum Internet to Commercial Fiber for the First Time)

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“A new integrated chip demonstrates how quantum networks could communicate using today’s internet protocols over existing commercial fiber-optic cables.”

“In a groundbreaking experiment, engineers at the University of Pennsylvania successfully extended quantum networking beyond the laboratory by transmitting signals over commercial fiber-optic cables using the same Internet Protocol (IP) that drives today’s web. Published in Science, the study demonstrates that delicate quantum signals can travel on the same infrastructure that carries routine online traffic. The tests were carried out on Verizon’s campus fiber-optic network. “

(ScitechDaily,Engineers Bring Quantum Internet to Commercial Fiber for the First Time)

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Researchers have introduced a method that allows sending quantum information alongside binary information. That is a significant step toward creating new and more secure quantum networks that can enhance communication safety. And that can make it possible to create new and powerful quantum computers, where those computers can send data in the form of a qubit. There is a possibility. To send a qubit along with binary data using a very thin light wave or laser beam. Then the photon, where the system stored information. Travels around that light string. The quantum information is stored in the photon. And that makes it possible to transport data in the quantum model over long distances. 

But the reality is this. The system must protect data that is stored in a qubit. It’s possible that the system can transport data in a regular optical cable in quantum form. The system can share information between optical fibers. And that forms the virtual qubit. In this case, we can think about the optical cable. There is one fiber in the center and five fibers around that central fiber. The system can share information with the fibers around the central fiber. That means those optical fibers around the central fiber act as a virtual photon. The ability to transport secured information over long distances is a key element in modern communication. 

Photonic data transmission and computing are the new tools for computing. Photonic communication makes networks immune to regular ECM systems. If we use quantum communication. The quantum system increases security to a level that we have never seen before. When information moves from a qubit to a sensor, the qubit loses its energy level. If a qubit travels in a fully controlled environment, the system can calculate how its energy level changes. 

When something looks at the qubit, it changes the energy level or destroys the entire dataset. When a qubit travels in its quantum channel, the system must touch it so that it can release information stored in its internal superposition. That can happen using radiological stress that can force the qubit to release its information. Or the system must make a qubit to send its information to another particle. But that destroys information from the qubits. And in fully secured data transmission, the system can transport information, sharing it with multiple qubits. 

Coherent radio waves can make it possible. Researchers can create room-temperature quantum computers. The system can use different radio frequencies to make the qubit. Each radio frequency in coherent radio waves is one of the qubit states. 

But we know that the photonic data transmission is only one of the ways. To make quantum data transportation. It’s possible to send the data through the hollow nanotubes or hollow metal cables. The system can use coherent radio waves and skyrmions. That travels around that electromagnetic fiber. The structure around the channel protects the signal from outside influence. 

The data that travels in the channel is safe; if somebody tries to affect that data, that actor must break the tube or quantum channel. That causes disturbance in the electromagnetic fields. And the resistance in the channel structure. This tells the system that there is damage in the quantum channel. 

https://scitechdaily.com/engineers-bring-quantum-internet-to-commercial-fiber-for-the-first-time/

Does spacetime (or, space-time) exist?

   Does spacetime (or, space-time) exist? 

"Exploring different approaches to understanding space-time deepens our understanding of reality. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, Does Space-Time Really Exist?)

"Is time something that flows — or just an illusion? Exploring space-time as either a fixed “block universe” or a dynamic fabric reveals deeper mysteries about existence, change, and the very nature of reality."(ScitechDaily, Does Space-Time Really Exist?)

Does spacetime exist? Does the space have time? We know the thing. Called material time. That time is seen in material evaporation. Because of the expansion of the universe. That thing causes an effect that all material turns into a wave movement. 

In the five-dimensional cosmological model, there are three spatial dimensions. And two dimensions in time.  Those two dimensions are time that goes forward and time that travels backward. In that model, time is one of the fundamental interactions. The idea in the spacetime model is that the Big Bang released material in time. Or it separated time and material. In this case. We talk about material evaporation. The model goes like this. The universe formed from a so-called Kugelblitz black hole. When the whirl started to collect energy in the proto-universe, it formed the black hole. Straight from that energy field that condensed into the black hole. When that black hole evaporated or detonated. That formed an event called the Big Bang. 

That means there is space formed between superstrings that will form the first particles. In that model, the superstring is an extremely thin energy field that turns into fermions and bosons. Superstrings are not single things. They are complicated internal structures. And in black holes, those superstrings are in such a tight form that they have no space to oscillate. That space caused an effect that those superstrings started to send sub-waves. When a superstring oscillates, it sends part of itself into its environment. This event would be similar to the material evaporation. 

When there is no energy that can resist the superstring, it sends the sub-string. In the same way as material, the existence, thickness, or number of structures in a superstring depends on the field that resists the superstring. The ten-dimensional superstring model explains the universe and space as an endless number of superstrings. The density or number of those superstrings in the space determines the strength of the field. When there are lots of strings in a small area, that means the field is strong. 

The main question in time dilation is this: Does that effect only push energy into particles? Or, does that affect cause a situation where the particle travels in time? 

Above: The 2D model of the gravity center. The gravity center packs energy fields around it. That forms a denser energy area. The gravity makes a pothole, but it also packs energy fields around the gravitational center. 

This denser, or higher energy area causes the effect that energy transfer to the environment slows down. And that slows material evaporation. If the difference between energy levels in the material and the environment is high. The energy level around the particle is very low. That raises the speed of energy flow out from the particle. The same effect can cause superstrings to decay just as matter. 

And that means the superstring model tells us that the spacetime should exist. When a gravity field forms, the gravity center rolls the field of those superstrings to the gravitational center. That effect is seen as a whirl in the universe. Those whirls can be extremely large. And all spiral galaxies are whirls that form around the supermassive black holes. Those whirls pull back, and without them, the black hole in the center of the galaxy will be detonated. 

And then we go to the spacetime. The idea in spacetime is this: energy fields or wave movement are everywhere. Those energy fields can condense into material. Because of the Schwinger effect. The Schwinger effect forms elementary particles, fermions. And bosons. In a similar way. The Schwinger effect explains the Kugelblitz black hole as a structure. Where the whirl will collect the energy fields or strings into one point. When there is enough field. Packed into one point. It creates a strong gravity effect that pulls everything into it. Without that whirl, the energy that is stored in a black hole is released. The whirl is the thing. That keeps the black hole in its form. 

We can think that when time moves from the past to the future, that thing looks a little bit like a superstring. When those time strings or “arrows of time”, or “time arrows” (Time’s arrow)move, they push time back around them. So when the arrow of time moves forward, that moves other arrows backward. If one of the arrows of time moves faster than the other arrow of time. That faster time arrow slows the slower arrows of time. The reason for that is that the time arrow moves energy into those other arrows of time. 

The arrow of time, along with Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, explains that when gravity turns so strong that the escape velocity turns higher than the speed of light. That means time starts to travel backward. The black holes will pump energy into the past if that model is right. And that energy is released at the point where a black hole forms. But the question is, does that thing really happen? Or does the black hole only store information and release it when it evaporates? This is the thing. That makes supernovae interesting. 

Theoretically, it is possible to decode the information that the black hole released. And there is a possibility. A black hole drives information straight into the point where. The black hole formed, and that point is the supernova explosion. Where the black hole got its beginning. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/argument-against-theory-of-everything/

https://scitechdaily.com/does-space-time-really-exist/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity

New materials require new tools.

 New materials require new tools. 

"MIT physicists propose a “neutrino laser,” a quantum-driven burst of neutrinos that could revolutionize communication and medical technology. Credit: Jose-Luis Olivares, MIT; Adapted by SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, MIT Physicists Propose First-Ever “Neutrino Laser”)

New X-ray systems make it possible for researchers to observe. How electrons change their trajectories when they send photons. When molecules form, those systems can observe how atoms flip their electrons. Those systems really see atoms. They see when the atomic nucleus will turn around. In the atom. And the highly accurate photon beams can control those processes. The ability to see how chemical bonds form, and where electrons really are. Makes it possible to create new materials. 

The highly accurate systems can manipulate single electrons around atoms. And that makes it possible to create things like atom-sized quantum computers. These kinds of systems. Those connected with algorithms and quantum computers make it possible to create new types of small robots. Those robots are smaller than a cell, but high-power quantum computer technology gives them abilities. That can beat large-sized systems. 

The problem with the X-ray impulses is that they can destroy entire molecules. The accuracy of this ksystem, which breaks the entire protein molecule, is incredible. In medical use, that system can break down tumors and blood clots. The problem is how to aim those X-ray impulses at the desired point. The single X-ray radiation burst can terminate complex molecules. This can also make it possible to create systems that break unwanted molecules. Like carbon chains, fullerene, and graphene. Those things are harmful in nature. The system can stress those carbon atoms and make standing waves between atoms. And that can destroy carbon bonds. 

"Direct hit. A soft x-ray (white) hits a holmium atom (green). A photo-electron zooms off the holmium atom, which releases energy (purple) that jumps to the 80-carbon fullerene cage surrounding the holmium. The cage then also loses an electron. Credit: Razib Obaid/University of Connecticut" (ScitechDaily, A Single X-Ray Strike Is Enough to Destroy an Entire Molecule)

Researchers want to create the first neutrino laser. 

MIT physicists want to create the most incredible tool that humans have ever created. The simpler way is to trap neutrinos in the tank. And then shoot them forward using lasers as accelerators. Photons will bomb those neutrinos and make them move forward. That makes it possible to create new types of quantum communication tools. And if neutrinos can be put into superposition and entanglement. That gives new possibilities for quantum computing. 

But there is a possibility of using neutrinos to send electromagnetic radiation. Those kinds of systems are tools that can make new observation tools possible. 

They aim to develop a neutrino laser. The concept in that system is the same as in free-electron lasers. The system pumps energy into the neutrino cloud, and those particles will send energy beams, or photons, to make the beam. Those systems can be used to scan atoms with incredible accuracy. The system’s biggest problem is how to trap neutrinos, which are very weakly interacting particles. That trap can be made using laser beams that create an energy point. That doesn’t let those neutrinos get out. Then another laser or other electromagnetic radiation can send energy stress to those neutrinos. 

Another way to create a neutrino laser could be a system that traps neutrinos in graphene. And the system sends energy stress to those things. The neutrinos at the bottom of the fullerene tube send radiation forward, and the neutrinos. That is around that structure, which pumps radiation to a beam that travels through the nanotube.

The possibility of creating graphene, or other 2D material layers. That can trap neutrinos, making it possible to create a radar that can see atoms from a new perspective. In some ideas, the neutrino can be trapped in a photon. The photon forms the tensor that is used to send energy signals to the neutrino. And the neutrino sends its extra energy to that photon. The system senses changes in photon brightness. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-single-x-ray-strike-is-enough-to-destroy-an-entire-molecule/

https://scitechdaily.com/illuminating-science-x-rays-visualize-how-one-of-natures-strongest-bonds-breaks/

https://scitechdaily.com/mit-physicists-propose-first-ever-neutrino-laser/

https://scitechdaily.com/its-its-own-new-thing-scientists-discover-new-state-of-quantum-matter/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-watch-an-atoms-nucleus-flip-in-real-time-for-the-first-time/

The Earth-size exoplanet GJ 1132 b has no atmosphere.

 The Earth-size exoplanet GJ 1132 b has no atmosphere.

"Artist’s impression of exoplanet GJ 1132 b and its host M-dwarf star. Credit: Dana Berry, Skyworks Digital, CfA"

"JWST confirms GJ 1132 b lacks an atmosphere. This challenges the habitability of planets around M-dwarfs."

(ScitechDaily, JWST Solves the Mystery: Earth-Like Planet GJ 1132 B Has No Atmosphere)

The Earth-size exoplanet GJ 1132 b has no atmosphere. And that causes some kind of re-estimation of the habitability of the M-type stars. Those M-type stars have violent eruptions that can raise the temperatures of their entire solar systems. Those solar systems are always quite small, and if the planet is in the habitable zone, that means it's locked because of tidal forces. 

The GJ 1132 b is almost a so-called hot Earth. That means there might not be a lifeform. But another question is, can we escalate those observations to other red dwarfs? Red dwarfs, or M-spectral class stars, are not all similar. Some of them are more active than others. 

If the planet is very young, that can explain the lack of atmosphere. The volcanic activity can explain the smoke or fog around the exoplanet GJ 1132 b. Or that slightly larger than Earth exoplanet can pull solar wind from its star, GJ 1132, an M4-type red dwarf, around it. This means the planet’s gravity pulls the gas that the red dwarf sends around it. And if the GJ 1132 b has a magnetosphere that pulls plasma around it. This means G J1132 b borrows its atmosphere from the star GJ 1132. 

The M-6 spectral Class star Proxima Centauri is under the influence of Alpha Centauri, and that means Alpha Centauri A and B’s star wind can affect Proxima Centauri and blow its atmosphere away. Or the gravitational effect of the bigger parts of this triple star system’s larger participants. Can pull the Proxima Centauri atmosphere off. The reaction can go like this. 

"Artist’s impression of GJ 1132 b – which now should be updated given its definitive lack of atmosphere. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Robert Hurt" (ScitechDaily, JWST Solves the Mystery: Earth-Like Planet GJ 1132 B Has No Atmosphere)

"Comparison of best-fit size of the exoplanet GJ 1132 b with the Solar System planet Earth, as reported in the Open Exoplanet Catalogue of 2015-11-14.  Open Exoplanet Catalogue (2015-11-14). Retrieved on 2015-11-14." (Wikipedia, GJ 1132 b)

Radiation from a binary star made the red dwarf shine brighter. That made M-star blow its atmosphere larger. Then the gravity and solar wind blew that material away. Some M-stars are more active than others. There are many variables that determine if a planet can have an atmosphere. If the red dwarf is very young, that means it's more active than older red dwarfs. Another thing is this. Planet formation is similar around red dwarfs as it was in our solar system. The planet that forms around M-type stars must have time to freeze.

The difference between M-stars and spectral class G-stars is that red dwarfs formed from a more mature nebula than G-stars. Those interplanetary nebulae formed when stars exploded as novae and supernovae. That means there are more heavy elements in the red dwarf system than in the G-type star systems. That means, there could also be more radioactive isotopes in those planets than in G-type stars’ planets. This could cause an effect. That some of those rocky planets are hotter than they should be. But that is hard to prove. 

The red dwarf could also form in a binary star system when the star’s heliospheres touch each other. That can cause the small star forms in that whirl. There is also a possibility that a red dwarf travels around space, and some bigger star traps it into its gravity field. The red dwarf can also steal planets from bigger stars' solar systems. If they travel close to the distant planets of the larger stars, those red dwarfs can take those planets to orbit around themselves. 

They can also trap rogue planets in their gravity field. There is a possibility that the Proxima Centauri planets originally orbited Alpha Centauri. Then Proxima trapped them in orbit around itself. 

https://scitechdaily.com/jwst-solves-the-mystery-earth-like-planet-gj-1132-b-has-no-atmosphere/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJ_1132_b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJ_1132

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri